History of Chinese Wine Culture
China is an ancient civilization with outstanding achievements in the world. China is the hometown of wine. Throughout the five thousand years of Chinese history, wine and wine culture have always occupied a dominant position. important status, wine is a special food, which is material, but wine is also integrated into people's spiritual life.
As a special cultural form, wine culture has its unique status in traditional Chinese culture. In the history of civilization for thousands of years, wine has penetrated into almost every field of social life.
First of all, China is an agricultural country, so all political and economic activities are based on agricultural development. The vast majority of Chinese wine is brewed from grain, and wine is closely attached to agriculture and has become a part of the agricultural economy.
The abundance of grain production is a barometer of the rise and fall of the wine industry. According to the harvest situation, rulers of each dynasty regulate wine production by issuing wine bans or lifting bans, thereby ensuring people's food. China is the kingdom of wine.
Wine comes in various forms and colors; the variety and production are among the best in the world. China is also a paradise for drinkers. There is no distinction between north and south, people are regardless of gender, old or young, and ethnic groups are Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan. The trend of drinking wine has lasted for thousands of years.
China is the most prosperous place of wine culture. The meaning of drinking is far more than physiological consumption, far more than oral pleasure; on many occasions, it is used as a cultural symbol and a kind of cultural consumption. To express a kind of etiquette, an atmosphere, a taste, and a state of mind; wine and poetry have always been inseparable. Not only that, China's many famous wines not only give people the enjoyment of beauty, but also provide inspiration and inspiration of beauty; the development of each famous wine embraces the exploration, struggle and heroic sacrifice of workers from generation to generation. Therefore, the spirit of famous wines and National pride is closely connected with fearlessness.
This is the drinking soul of the Chinese nation! It is even comparable to the "Bacchus" advertised in Europe. It seems that with famous wines, Chinese catering can be sublimated into a food culture that boasts the world.
Wine, as an objective substance in the world, is a changing spirit. It is as hot as fire and as cold as ice; it is lingering as a dream, vicious as the devil, soft as brocade and sharp as Steel knife; it is omnipresent, infinitely powerful, it is admirable and weeping, and should be killed; it can make people transcendent, broad-minded, talented, and capricious; it can make people forget the pain, sorrow and troubles of the world and enter the time and space of absolute freedom Soar to your heart's content; it can also make people act unscrupulously, sink bravely to the bottom of the abyss, make people lose their masks, reveal their true colors, and speak the truth. Wine, in the long history of human culture, is not just an objective material existence, but a cultural symbol, a symbol of the Dionysian spirit.
In China, the Dionysian spirit is derived from Taoist philosophy. Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of things and myself, the unity of heaven and man, and the unity of life and death.
Zhuang Zhou sang the song of absolute freedom and advocated "traveling on things", "traveling beyond the four seas", and "the land of nothing". Zhuangzi would rather be a free tortoise wagging its tail in a muddy pond than a strutting horse that is bound by others.
The pursuit of absolute freedom and the forgetfulness of life and death, as well as honor and disgrace, are the essence of the Chinese Dionysian spirit. There are striking similarities in the cultural phenomena of the world. The Western Dionysian spirit is symbolized by Dionysus, the god of grape growing and winemaking. In ancient Greek tragedies, the Western Dionysian spirit has risen to a theoretical level. German philosopher Nietzsche's philosophy sublimates this Dionysian spirit. Nietzsche believes that the Dionysian spirit represents the venting of emotions and is the survival experience of abandoning the traditional shackles and returning to the original state. Human beings are in the desperate and painful wail of disappearing individuals and becoming one with the world. Get the great pleasure of life.
In the kingdom of literature and art, the Dionysian spirit is everywhere, and it has had a huge and far-reaching impact on literary artists and their masterpieces. Because freedom, art and beauty are a trinity. Art comes from freedom, and beauty comes from art.
Obtaining a state of artistic freedom due to drunkenness is an important way for ancient Chinese artists to get rid of their constraints and obtain artistic creativity. Liu Ling, a famous scholar in the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the first "drunkard" who "has a broad-minded ambition and regards the universe as a narrow place" said in "Ode to the Virtue of Wine": "There is a gentleman who regards the heaven and the earth as a dynasty, ten thousand periods as a moment, and the sun and the moon as a dynasty. The eight wastelands are the courtyard thoroughfare.
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“Watch the sky and cover the ground, do whatever you want. "I'm drunk suddenly, I suddenly wake up, I can't hear the sound of thunder, I can't see the shape of mountains."
I don’t feel the cold and heat cutting my muscles, the feelings of lust. Looking down at all things, they are like duckweeds in Jianghan. "
This "perfect human" state is a typical embodiment of the Chinese spirit of Dionysus. "Li Bai wrote a hundred poems about drinking wine. He went to a restaurant in Chang'an to sleep, but the emperor couldn't get on the boat when he called him. He claimed that he was a wine immortal. . "
(Du Fu's "Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking") "I am a guest while drunk, and my poems become spiritual. "(Du Fu's "Poems Made by Drinking Alone") "Everyone has his or her own ambitions, and poems can be composed by drinking wine alone." "
(Su Shi's "Drinking with Tao Yuanming") "The poem has been completed before the cup is finished, and the poems are pouring out to the sky and I am shocked. " (Yang Wanli's "Going to the Wanhuachuan Valley in February after the Chongjiu Festival to pass the wine under the moonlight").
Zhang Yuannian, a political poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "After the rain, the flying flowers know the bottom, and you can win freedom when you are drunk." "Drunken poems are handed down from generation to generation. Such examples are everywhere in the history of Chinese poetry.
This is not only true for poems, but also in paintings and artistic calligraphy unique to Chinese culture. The spirit of Dionysus is even more lively. Wanduan. Among the painters, Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy and paintings could not be obtained easily, so the seeker treated him with dog meat and fine wine. When Zheng Banqiao was drunk, the seeker got his wish.
Zheng Banqiao also knew the trick of the seeker, but He couldn't resist the temptation of wine and dog meat, so he had to write a poem to laugh at himself: "Looking at the moon might as well be done by all the people, but I only regret that the wine is late for the moon. He laughs at him for begging for scholars, and for asking his husband to be drunk. "
Wu Daozi, the painting sage who "Wu Dai is in the style", must drink heavily before painting. After being drunk, he paints and paints immediately. Huang Gongwang among the "Four Schools of Yuan Dynasty" is also " If you are not drunk, you cannot draw."
The "Sage of Calligraphy" Wang Xizhi wrote the "Lanting Preface" when he was drunk. Ten books, but in the end I can't match them." Li Bai wrote about the drunken monk Huai Su: "After my master got drunk, he leaned on the Hu bed and swept away thousands of them in a moment.
The rain is falling and the snow is falling. "Huaisu was drunk and splashed ink, so he left his "Autobiography" in which the gods and ghosts were shocked.
The grass sage Zhang Xu "every time he was drunk, shouted and ran away, he started writing", so he had his "squandering" "paper is like clouds of smoke" in "Four Ancient Poems". Chinese wine culture has a history of several thousand years
It has a history of more than three thousand years.
The historical origin of Chinese wine making It dates back to the Shang and Zhou dynasties and has a history of more than 3,000 years.
Zhu Yizhong's "Jiu Jing" states that in the early years of the Xia Dynasty, an official named Yi Di used mulberry. The rice made from leaves was made into wine and presented to Dayu. After the meal, Dayu felt the taste was sweet and said with emotion: "Some future generations will surely perish because of drinking." Therefore, an order was made to ban wine making, but the method of making wine was still secretly circulated in the palace. According to "Shuowen Jiezi", "In ancient times, Shaokang first made broomsticks and wine, Shaokang, and Du Kang." ”
Since ancient times, literati have loved drinking, and they have given many elegant names to wine, such as "Golden Liquid", "Wan Ye", "Qiong Su", etc. Some of them have been directly incorporated into poems. . Wine has become an important part of the literati's life art. "Li Bai's Hundred Poems on Wine", wine has become a part of the literati culture here.
In the daily life of the Chinese people, wine is not a part of the life of the literati. It is not regarded as a simple drink, but a "lubricant" for interpersonal relationships and a "emboldening agent" for personal character. It plays a role in regulating interpersonal relationships, cultivating and stimulating people's character.
China. There is a saying that "no party is complete without wine". Wine is omnipresent in our social life. From ancient times to the present, Chinese people have always believed in friendship. When meeting friends, whether it is a reunion after a long separation or an invitation, they must drink wine to express love and drink.
The Chinese call the wedding banquet "wedding wine", the full moon celebration after the birth of a child is called "full moon wine", the Double Ninth Festival is celebrated with "Chongyang Wine", and the Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated with "Calamus Wine". To celebrate a victory, one needs to drink "celebration wine", to celebrate a victory, to drink "celebration wine", to make friends, to drink "celebration wine", in addition to worshiping gods, worshiping ancestors, opening a business, etc., drinking wine has become a bridge and link between Chinese people and plays an important role in daily life.
Extended information:
Chinese wine types and wine culture
Around the 19th century BC, it is said that the king of the Xia Dynasty at that time. Shaokang invented the brewing process.
As a result, wine, a drink full of poetry, legend, heroic spirit, and tragedy at the border, began to accompany all Chinese people. Perhaps everyone has overlooked another of Shaokang's achievements: leading the Chinese people to defeat the brutal Hanzhuo and realizing the revival of the Xia Dynasty.
In fact, according to archaeological findings, the emergence of wine as a drink in ancient China preceded the Xia Dynasty where Shaokang lived. In addition to Shaokang's wine making, there are also sayings in ancient China such as "Ape Wine Making", "Yidi Wine Making" and "Jiuxing Wine Making", which fully illustrates that Chinese wine culture has a long history.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the prosperity of poetry in the Tang Dynasty promoted the wine culture, and a brilliant "wine chapter culture" emerged. Wine and poetry, wine and music, wine and calligraphy, wine and art, wine and Painting, etc., blended in and flourished. The Tang Dynasty was a highly developed period of Chinese wine culture. The wine culture of the Tang Dynasty was profound, colorful and brilliant.
"Wine promotes poetry" is the most condensed and high-level embodiment of Tang Dynasty culture. Wine promotes poets' poetry, which is internalized in their poems. Wine also rises from the material level to the spiritual level. , wine culture is fully brewed in Tang poetry, and the taste is long-lasting. In the Tang Dynasty, the number of wine shops increased day by day, the wine order war became popular, and the wine culture was integrated into the daily life of the Chinese people.
At this time, ceramic wine vessels gradually replaced bronze wine vessels and became the most widely used drinking vessel in daily life. In addition, people in the Tang Dynasty began to use tables for drinking instead of "sitting on beds".
The wine culture of the Song Dynasty is the continuation and development of the wine culture of the Tang Dynasty. It is richer than the wine culture of the Tang Dynasty and closer to our current wine culture. The wine industry was prosperous and hotels were everywhere. Hotels in the Song Dynasty emphasized the cultural personality of famous brands.
In the Jin Dynasty, the northern peoples were known for drinking heavily and had a strong wine culture. The Jin Dynasty had a pot wine culture. In the Yuan Dynasty, soju (Alaki wine) appeared. In addition, the distillation method was invented in the Song Dynasty, and since then liquor has become the main alcoholic beverage consumed by Chinese people.
The porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty was unprecedentedly prosperous, and a large number of porcelains with warm, gorgeous and jade-like colors became wine vessels.
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