1. Combination of front and side
Scenery description can start from the front and directly describe the characteristics of the scenery so that people can understand it at a glance; you can also not start from the front scenery, but from the side with it. Relevant side scenes are written to reveal the characteristics of the thing and at the same time provide readers with rich imagination space. The combination of the two methods can make the characteristics of the scenery more vivid and prominent.
For example, Bai Juyi's "Poem of Willow Branches" "One tree has thousands of branches in the spring breeze, tender as gold and soft as silk. In the deserted garden in the west corner of Yongfeng, who does it belong to when all day long, no one belongs to it?" 1st and 2nd This sentence uses positive description to describe the beautiful shape of the willow tree in spring.
Wang Changling's "Army March" "The desert is windy and dusty, the sun is dim, and the red flag is half-rolled out of the camp gate. The front army is fighting in Taohebei at night, and has been reported to capture Tuyuhun alive." The second sentence describes the battle situation from the side, by writing that the wind is strong , rolling up the red flag for a quick march to describe the tragedy of the war.
Another example is Liu Yuxi's "Stone City", "The motherland is surrounded by mountains, and the empty city is lonely when the tide hits it. In the old days on the east side of the Huai River, I still have to cross the female wall late at night." It is titled "Stone City". It is obviously about "Stone City", but the poem does not start from Stone City, but starts from the scenery around Stone City - mountains, tides, and the moon, and writes about the decline and desolation of Stone City, the "homeland".
2. The combination of movement and stillness
In ancient Chinese poetry, poets paid special attention to dynamic description in order to create artistic conception. The combination of movement and stillness is a commonly used technique for describing scenes. In the use of this technique, poets often use originality and "every word" to make "the whole realm come out". For example, the words "push" and "knock" are used in "The bird stayed on the tree beside the pond, and the monk knocked on the door under the moon" in Jia Dao's "Li Ning's Residence", and the "green" in "The spring breeze turns green on the south bank of the river" in Wang Anshi's "Boating the Boat on Guazhou". The adjectives of "" are used as causative verbs, which are some examples of dynamic description. Many articles have been written on the use of verbs. However, as a way of describing scenery that combines movement and stillness, it often describes the dynamic and the static in the same artistic conception, and often focuses on stillness, with movement lining the stillness, forming a harmonious unity of artistic conception and image. Therefore, the technique of depicting scenes that combines movement and stillness is often inseparable from the contrast.
For example, Wang Wei's "Autumn Dwelling in the Mountains" "After the new rain in the empty mountains, the weather comes late in autumn. The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring rocks flow up. The bamboos return to the Huannu, and the lotus leaves the fishing boat. Feel free to rest in the spring fragrance. "The king and his grandson can stay here." The poet Wang Wei is worthy of being a master in describing landscapes. The combination of movement and stillness is one of his main techniques for describing landscapes. In the scenery described by the poet, there is movement in the silence, using movement to contrast the stillness, and combining movement and stillness to form a moving artistic conception. The second couplet, "The bright moon shines among the pines," is a quiet scene, what is seen, and it is written about the moonlight spreading all over the earth through the pine branches; and "the clear spring flowing up the stone" is a moving scene, what is heard, the movement and stillness are integrated. Together, they form a quiet and lovely landscape painting. In the third couplet, the poet uses "bamboo noise" to set off the tranquility of the mountains, which is what he hears, and uses "lotus movement" to set off the quiet water, which is what he sees. The seeing and hearing are intertwined, and the "noisy" and "secluded" complement each other, which is quite artistically appealing.
3. The combination of sound and color
The description of scenery in ancient poetry often involves sound and color. This is the poet's use of the senses to describe the scenery from multiple angles, allowing readers to feel as if they are on the scene, and has received a high degree of appreciation. artistic effect.
For example, in Du Fu's "Quatrains", "Two orioles sing in the green willows, and a row of egrets ascend to the blue sky. The window contains the snow of Qianqiu in the West Ridge, and the door is docked with a ship thousands of miles away from the East Wu." The first couplet is a set of antithetical sentences. There are many willows around the thatched cottage, and a pair of orioles are singing happily on the freshly green willow branches. It is a pleasant scene, full of sound and color, forming a fresh and beautiful artistic conception. "Cui" means fresh green, and "Green Willow" means the phenology of early spring, when willow branches have just sprouted buds. "Two orioles singing in the green willows", the birds are in pairs, showing a lively atmosphere and a festive meaning. The second sentence writes about the egret flying freely in the blue sky. This long-legged bird flies gracefully and naturally. The sky is clear and blue, and the egrets are extremely vivid in color against the "blue sky".
In the two sentences, four distinct colors of "yellow", "emerald", "white" and "green" are used in succession to weave a gorgeous picture; the first sentence also has a description of the sound, conveying extremely joyful emotions
4. The combination of virtuality and reality
"Virtual" and "real" are two huge concepts. To be specific, they are intangible and tangible, abstract and concrete, imagination, memory and reality. . For example, "sorrow" is fictitious because it is intangible and abstract, while "a river of spring water", "a boat", "spring grass is luxuriant" and "the willow bank is full of wind and the moon is waning" are real. Ancient poems often use Use concrete and perceptible things to express certain feelings and feelings, or use imagination or memories to write about real situations and tastes. When appreciating, students should pay attention to which part of the poem is real and which part is fictitious. And whether the poet intends to express reality or fiction. Only by clarifying these points can we accurately grasp their relationship. The real scene is the realistic objective scene described by the poet, while the virtual scene is the virtual scene created by the poet through association or imagination. The combination of virtual and real can express a kind of overflowing emotion.
For example, Gao Shi's "Listen to the Flute on the Fortress" "The snow is clear and Hu Tian's horses are returning, and the moon is bright and the Qiang flute is garrisoning the tower. May I ask where the plum blossoms fell? The wind blows all over the Tianshan Mountains all night." One or two lines from the poem Realistic scene, the content of the description is Hu Tianbei, the ice and snow are melting, and the season of horse herding has arrived. In the evening, the soldiers returned with their horses, and the bright moon shone in the sky. In such a vast and clear night scene, I don't know which garrison was playing the Qiang flute. It was the familiar tune of "Plum Blossoms Fall"! Three or four sentences describe the scenery in a virtual way, using the word "plum blossoms falling" as if the wind was blowing not the sound of the flute but the falling plum blossoms. They were flying everywhere, filling the Tianshan Mountains with harmonious color and fragrance overnight. This poem describes the soldiers who listened to the music and thought of the plum blossoms in their hometown (there are no plum blossoms in the Hu land), and thought of the falling plum blossoms, which expressed their deep homesickness.
5. The combination of points and surfaces
Everything is interconnected and does not exist in isolation. The same is true for the described scenery. They are always related to the surrounding scenery. Inextricably linked. Therefore, when the poet writes about the scenery, he does not write about the main object in isolation and stillness, but also writes about the connecting objects around the main object, combining points and surfaces to make the main image fuller and more distinctive.
For example, Liu Zongyuan's "Snow on the River" uses the method of combining points and faces in "Thousands of mountains and birds have disappeared, and thousands of people have disappeared. A lone boat and a man with a coir raincoat fishing alone in the cold river snow". The "Coiled Hat Old Man" appears relatively small in the picture, but it is in a very conspicuous position and is the center of the poem. The "Lone Boat Coiled Hat Old Man" is a dotted description; the first two lines are "Thousands of mountains and birds are gone, and thousands of people are gone." " Belongs to the layout of the surface, the poem describes the bitter cold and loneliness of the character's situation from "the birds fly away" to "the traces of people disappear", and the quantifiers "thousands" and "ten thousand" are preceded by "mountains" and "paths". It is about the perseverance and outstanding character of outstanding figures. It can be called point-to-face combination. Point out one point and cover it comprehensively
6. The combination of far and near
Looking at the same scene, the observer is in different directions and angles, looking down, looking up, far and near. Look, the visual image will show various shapes and changes. Describing from different angles will enable readers to have a more comprehensive understanding of the described scenery and gain a more perfect feeling.
For example, Du Mu's "Mountain Travel" "The stone path up the cold mountain in the distance is slanted, and there are homes where the white clouds are growing. I parked my car and sat in the maple forest at night, the frost leaves are as red as the February flowers." The first two sentences describe the distant scenery of the autumn mountains. . The first sentence describes the lofty scenery of autumn mountains and expresses the poet's courage to climb. The second sentence describes a specific scene in the autumn mountains. Several households are vaguely visible under the sky with floating white clouds. The last two sentences describe the close-up view of the autumn mountains. The sentence "frost leaves are as red as February flowers" is full of vitality, bright and dazzling, fresh and vigorous, and has a vivid image, giving people a sense of beauty that autumn is better than spring.
7. Line drawing technique
Line drawing was originally one of the traditional techniques of Chinese painting. It is roughly close to the sketch or sketch in Western painting. It is characterized by the use of concise ink lines. Outline the picture, give the form a freehand brushwork, without any background or color.
This painting method is introduced into the creation of poetry, that is, there is no need for adjectives and modifiers, no need for elaborate carving and layer-by-layer rendering, and no need for curved pens or foils, but to grasp the description object and use accurate and powerful strokes. Bright and concise language, simple and plain text, neatly outline the shape, light and darkness (sound) of things, etc., to express the author's feelings about things.
For example, Wen Tingyun's "Morning Journey to Shangshan" "Starting in the morning to recruit the priests, the travelers are sad for their hometown. The cock sounds in the cottage in the moon, and the people leave Banqiao in the frost. The oak leaves fall on the mountain road, and the orange flowers brighten the post wall. Because Thinking about the dream of Du Tomb, the pond is filled with geese." The second couplet of the poem is a combination of six nouns (i.e. six types of scenery) without any modifiers. It expresses the hard work of going early. When the rooster crows and my eyes are still wet, I brave the frost and hit the road, which shows the hard work of walking early.
1． Direct lyricism means that the author directly narrates the strong inner feelings in the article without concealing it, allowing the strong emotional torrent to pour out directly.
How can you not be in ecstasy if you are not in ecstasy? The new cry mark presses the old cry mark, and the heartbroken person remembers the heartbroken person. (Wang Shifu's "December Brings Yao Folk Songs? Farewell") (The poem adopts a direct lyrical approach, describing the young woman from four perspectives: "fear of dusk", "unecstasy", "new cry mark", and "heartbroken person" The silence of lovesickness after farewell is vividly expressed)
2. Lyrical expression through scenery is a kind of indirect lyrical expression, which expresses the author's feelings through the description of the real scene.
The smoke is in the cold water, the moon is in the sand, and I stay in Qinhuai at night near the restaurant. The merchant girl didn't know that her country had been destroyed for ten years, but she was still singing "Flowers in the Back Garden" across the river.
(Du Mu's "Po Qinhuai") (The first two sentences describe the scene, and the last two sentences are lyrical. The scene written is not a clear moonlit night, a cloudless blue sky, but a misty smoky moon, shrouded in cold water. Baisha, the scenery is so bleak and the atmosphere is so cold, which adds atmosphere and color to the author's worry in the last two sentences, and the two scenes blend into one.)
3. Expressing one's ambitions through things is a kind of indirect expression. Expressing one's ambitions and wishes by describing and narrating things.
Drink the clear dew from the hanging wisps, and the sound of the flowing water comes from the sparse tung trees. The reason for speaking loudly and staying far away is not to borrow the autumn wind. (Yu Shinan's "Cicada")
(The image of the cicada described in the poem is: the cicada hangs its tentacles on the branches to suck the clean dew, and bursts of cicada sounds come from the sparse sycamore trees. Body When you are at a high place, your shouts naturally travel far, without relying on the power of the wind. The real sentiments of life that the author wants to express in the poem are: all people with noble character always strictly demand themselves and constantly improve their self-cultivation. A good reputation can spread far and wide, and there is no need to rely on other people to brag about it. It can be seen that writing cicadas is the basis, and expressing one's aspirations is the real purpose)
4. Blending of scenes blends the author's subjective feelings into the description of scenery, making the poem achieve "the unity of things and myself", making it difficult to distinguish which is "scenery" and which is "emotion".
The house is in a human environment, and there is no noise of carriages and horses. I ask you how you can do it, but you are far away and you are biased. Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence: leisurely seeing Nanshan Mountain. The mountain air is getting better day by day and the birds are flying back and forth. There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to explain it. (Tao Yuanming's "Drinking")
(The four underlined sentences appear to describe scenery, but in fact they imply the poet's emotional state of being detached from the world, loving nature, and far away from officialdom. Here It is both "scenery" and "emotion". It is indistinguishable which is "scenery" and which is "emotion")
5. The combination of movement and static refers to the description of people, things, and scenes when they are in motion or relatively static.
You can see fishing lanterns in the dark moon, and a single firefly in the lone light. A slight breeze stirred up the waves, scattering stars all over the river. (Zha Shenxing's "What I Saw on the Boat at Night")
(The whole poem uses line drawing to describe the scenery that the poet saw on the boat at night. The first two sentences describe the static scene and the last two sentences describe the dynamic scene.)
6. Contrasting stillness with movement is one of the contrasting techniques, that is, by describing, rendering, and contrasting the dynamic, the static is displayed, that is, the dynamic is shown in the dynamic description.
The sweet-scented osmanthus falls when people are idle, the night is quiet and the spring mountains are empty. The moonrise scares the mountain birds, and they sing in the spring stream.
(Wang Wei's "Birdsong Stream")
(The scenery written in the poem, such as falling flowers, moonrise, birdsong, etc., are all moving scenes. At the same time, through these moving scenes, the beauty of the spring stream is more highlighted. Tranquility. "The mountain becomes more secluded when the birds sing." There is stillness in the movement, and there is a dialectic in it.)
7. Writing sadness in a happy scene is one of the contrast techniques. On the surface, it writes a happy scene, but in fact it is used to express a sad and miserable emotion.
The article "The Peacock Flies Southeast" describes the scene of marrying Liu Lanzhi. "They talked quickly and dressed up, and the crowds were like floating clouds... There were four to five hundred people, and they came to the county gate in gloom." The more lively the scene is written, The more tragic it becomes.
8． In the process of discussion or lyricism, the poem stops abruptly, turns to describing the scene, and ends with the scene, making the poem "ruthless is better than emotion at this time" and seems to be unfinished.
The pipa dances to a new sound, always leaving the mountains behind. I can't hear endless sorrow while being confused. The high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall. (p> word, so how can the concluding sentence express this "endless" feeling with a limited number of seven words? At this time, the poet gently opened a stroke to express his love with the scene, as if after drinking and having fun in the army, a month-long photo suddenly appeared. The vast and desolate scene of the Great Wall; the ancient and majestic Great Wall undulates, the autumn moon shines high, the scene is magnificent and desolate, which deepens the poet's thoughts and feelings and leaves unlimited space for the reader's imagination)
9. ． Arrangement is the "fu" in the expression technique of "The Book of Songs". "The writer elaborates on the matter and speaks directly" refers to taking the trouble to elaborate and state the story from multiple angles.
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10． Rendering is one of my country's traditional painting techniques. It was later borrowed to refer to writing techniques such as emphasis, repetition, and other deliberate narratives used in literary and artistic creation to highlight characters and environments.
The autumn leaves of Jinjing sycamore are yellow, and the bead curtains are not rolled up by the night frost. The jade pillow in the smoked cage has no color, and I can lie down and listen to the sound of Nangong's clear water. (Wang Changling's "Autumn Poems") (The first sentence breaks the title and describes the autumn scenery to exaggerate the atmosphere of the cold night in the palace.)
11. Contrast and foil are originally one of the traditional painting techniques in my country. Also known as "Hyun Yun Tuo Yue". Post-borrowing refers to a writing technique, that is, a technique that highlights a certain mood of a character or emerges a character's image through the description of a specific environment and atmosphere.
To be specific, it means not to say the original intention, but only to talk about things related to it, so as to achieve the purpose of highlighting the original intention. This technique is often used in combination with rendering techniques and is easily confused.
... Being new to losing weight has nothing to do with illness and wine, nor does it have to do with autumn. ...(Li Qingzhao's "Reminiscences of Playing the Xiao on the Phoenix Stage")
(What I want to say is clearly the pain of lovesickness, but I don't say it directly, but use "it's not about illness and wine, not about sad autumn")
12. Enlightenment (transformation) reprocesses and re-creates the language of previous written works and the oral creations of the masses, giving it new content and artistic conception. It can be divided into three types: word enlightenment, content sublimation, and artistic conception development.
①The sky is blue, the ground is filled with yellow flowers, the west wind is strong, and the northern geese are flying south. Whoever gets drunk in the frost forest at dawn will always shed tears when leaving. (Wang Shifu's "The Romance of the West Chamber")
13. Yongdian is also called Yongshi. It refers to a rhetorical method that uses words from historical stories or ancient books to explain one's point of view. Usage has both explicit and implicit uses.
The term Xin Qiji (Yong Yu Le Jingkou Beigu Pavilion Nostalgia for the Past) uses allusions to five historical stories including Sun Quan, Liu Yu, Liu Yilong, Huo Qubing, and Lian Po.
14 ．The combination of reality and fiction refers to the direct and positive narration and description of characters or events. The combination of fiction and description refers to the use of side explanations or contrasting narratives and descriptions, that is, the two techniques are used simultaneously in narration and description. Use.
Crows roost on the white trees in the atrium, and the cold dew wets the sweet-scented osmanthus silently.
...(Wang Jian's "Looking at the Moon on the Fifteenth Night")
(The poet began to write "earth" and "crow" instead of the moon, but it made us clearly feel the existence of the moon, because "the earth is white", "The crow" is the result of the bright moonlight. Since the ground is as white as frost and the crows are visible, it can be seen that although the poet did not explicitly write "the moon is bright", we can feel the "moon is bright and bright" everywhere, so it is a literal description of "the ground is white". , "Crow", fictitiously writes "Moonlight", and implicitly refers to the poem title "Looking at the Moon")
15. When we praise or criticize something, in order to convince others or prevent others from refuting in advance, we often criticize the thing that needs to be praised based on a certain shortcoming, and praise the thing that needs to be criticized based on a certain advantage. This is This rhetorical technique is called circumlocution. There are two types of circumflex: 1. If you want to promote, suppress the law first; 2. If you want to suppress it, you should first promote the law.
You should pity the green moss on the teeth of the shoes, and the small buckle firewood door will not open for a long time. The garden is full of spring scenery, and a branch of red apricot comes out of the wall. (Ye Shaoweng's "Visiting the Garden Is Not Worth It") (The first two lines of the poem describe the poet's joyful visit to the garden, but was turned away; the last two lines state that the poet gained something else, saw the spring scenery in the garden, and there was a gap in feelings before and after, and he regretted the previous one. , be happy later. Here the method of suppressing desire is adopted)
16. Duplicate words: To express the need, the same polysyllabic words are used together one after another. This rhetorical technique is called duplication words. Searching and searching, deserted and miserable. ...(Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice")
(The first fourteen overlapping words set an emotional tone of late autumn and loneliness for the whole poem, exaggerating the lonely and helpless life of the poet in his later years. And the desolation deep inside)
17. Intertextuality: Two relatively independent words in the context complement and penetrate each other in meaning, and express a complete meaning at the same time. This rhetorical method is called intertextuality. The two common forms of intertextuality are the mutual occurrence of sentences and the mutual occurrence of couplets. It is easy to make mistakes when translating, so special attention should be paid.
The bright moon of the Qin Dynasty and the pass of the Han Dynasty (Wang Changling's "Crossing the Fortress")
(The correct translation is: the bright moon and Guancheng of the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty. It is easy to be mistranslated as: the Qin Dynasty's The bright moon and Guancheng of the Han Dynasty)
18. Image combination (montage-style picture combination) Montage is a form and method of expression in film art. It mainly refers to the combination of shots and scenes of life. The scenes change from time to time as the plot develops, giving people a distinct sense of image.
Withered vines, old trees and dim crows, small bridges and flowing water, people's houses, the west wind and the thin horse on the ancient road, the sunset, the heartbroken people are at the end of the world. (Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn Thoughts") (In this poem, "withered vine", "old tree", "faint crow", "small bridge", "flowing water", "people's house", "ancient road", "west wind", "thin" appear Different scene images composed of 9 juxtaposed nouns such as "horse". They are cleverly organized in one picture, rendering a desolate and bleak late autumn atmosphere, thus implicitly highlighting the sadness of the traveler.)
19 ． Line Drawing and Gongbi Line Drawing was originally a brushwork technique in Chinese ink painting that uses only ink lines and no color to outline the outline of objects. Later borrowed from literary writing, it refers to a descriptive method that uses concise pen and ink without rendering to depict a vivid and vivid image. Gongbi was originally a painting brushwork, and later refers to the depiction of fine carvings, heavy colors and thick ink.
After washing up, I leaned alone in Wangjiang Tower. All the thousands of sails that have passed are not the same, the slanting light and the flowing water are long, and the heart is broken by Bai Pingzhou. ("Wen Tingyun lt; Looking to the South of the Yangtze River")
(This poem uses a line drawing technique to describe a woman's mood of looking forward to the return of her lover from morning to night)
In addition, there are Some rhetorical figures commonly used in modern Chinese, such as metaphor, personification, exaggeration, metonymy, contrast, etc., are also often used in ancient poetry, so I will not list them one by one here.
1. Direct lyricism means that the author directly describes the strong inner feelings in the article without concealing it, allowing the strong emotional torrent to pour out directly.
How can you not be in ecstasy if you are not in ecstasy? The new cry mark presses the old cry mark, and the heartbroken person remembers the heartbroken person.
(Wang Shifu's "December Brings Yao Folk Songs? Farewell") (The poem adopts a direct lyrical approach, describing the young woman from four perspectives: "fear of dusk", "unecstasy", "new cry mark", and "heartbroken person" The silence of lovesickness after farewell is vividly expressed)
2. Lyrical expression through scenery is a kind of indirect lyrical expression, which expresses the author's feelings through the description of the real scene.
The smoke is in the cold water, the moon is in the sand, and I stay in Qinhuai at night near the restaurant. The merchant girl didn't know that her country had been destroyed for ten years, but she was still singing "Flowers in the Back Garden" across the river.
(Du Mu's "Po Qinhuai") (The first two sentences describe the scene, and the last two sentences are lyrical. The scene written is not a clear moonlit night, a cloudless blue sky, but a misty smoky moon, shrouded in cold water. Baisha, the scenery is so bleak and the atmosphere is so cold, which adds atmosphere and color to the author's worry in the last two sentences, and the two scenes blend into one.)
3. Expressing one's ambitions through things is a kind of indirect expression. Expressing one's ambitions and wishes by describing and narrating things.
Drink the clear dew from the hanging wisps, and the sound of the flowing water comes from the sparse tung trees. The reason for speaking loudly and staying far away is not to borrow the autumn wind. (Yu Shinan's "Cicada")
(The image of the cicada described in the poem is: the cicada hangs its tentacles on the branches to suck the clean dew, and bursts of cicada sounds come from the sparse sycamore trees. Body When you are at a high place, your shouts naturally travel far, without relying on the power of the wind. The real sentiments of life that the author wants to express in the poem are: all people with noble character always strictly demand themselves and constantly improve their self-cultivation. A good reputation can spread far and wide, and there is no need to rely on other people to brag about it. It can be seen that writing cicadas is the basis, and expressing one's aspirations is the real purpose)
4. Blending of scenes blends the author's subjective feelings into the description of scenery, making the poem achieve "the unity of things and myself", making it difficult to distinguish which is "scenery" and which is "emotion".
The house is in a human environment, and there is no noise of carriages and horses. I ask you how you can do it, but you are far away and you are biased. Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence: leisurely seeing Nanshan Mountain. The mountain air is getting better day by day and the birds are flying back and forth. There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to explain it. (Tao Yuanming's "Drinking")
(The four underlined sentences appear to describe scenery, but in fact they imply the poet's emotional state of being detached from the world, loving nature, and far away from officialdom. Here It is both "scenery" and "emotion". It is indistinguishable which is "scenery" and which is "emotion")
5. The combination of movement and static refers to the description of people, things, and scenes when they are in motion or relatively static.
You can see fishing lanterns in the dark moon, and a single firefly in the lone light. A slight breeze stirred up the waves, scattering stars all over the river. (Zha Shenxing's "What I Saw on the Boat at Night")
(The whole poem uses line drawing to describe the scenery that the poet saw on the boat at night. The first two sentences describe the static scene and the last two sentences describe the dynamic scene.)
6. Contrasting stillness with movement is one of the contrasting techniques, that is, by describing, rendering, and contrasting the dynamic, the static is displayed, that is, the dynamic is shown in the dynamic description.
The sweet-scented osmanthus falls when people are idle, the night is quiet and the spring mountains are empty. The moonrise scares the mountain birds, and they sing in the spring stream. (Wang Wei's "Birdsong Stream")
(The scenery written in the poem, such as falling flowers, moonrise, birdsong, etc., are all moving scenes. At the same time, through these moving scenes, the beauty of the spring stream is more highlighted. Tranquility. "The mountain becomes more secluded when the birds sing." There is stillness in the movement, and there is a dialectic in it.)
7. Writing sadness in a happy scene is one of the contrast techniques. On the surface, it writes a happy scene, but in fact it is used to express a sad and miserable emotion.
The article "The Peacock Flies Southeast" describes the scene of marrying Liu Lanzhi. "They talked quickly and dressed up, and the crowds were like floating clouds... There were four to five hundred people, and they came to the county gate in gloom." The more lively the scene is written, The more tragic it becomes.
8． In the process of discussion or lyricism, the poem stops abruptly, turns to describing the scene, and ends with the scene, making the poem "ruthless is better than emotion at this time" and seems to be unfinished.
The pipa dances to a new sound, always leaving the mountains behind. I can't hear endless sorrow while being confused. The high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall.
(p> word, so how can the concluding sentence express this "endless" feeling with a limited number of seven words? At this time, the poet gently opened a stroke to express his love with the scene, as if after drinking and having fun in the army, a month-long photo suddenly appeared. The vast and desolate scene of the Great Wall; the ancient and majestic Great Wall undulates, the autumn moon shines high, the scene is magnificent and desolate, which deepens the poet's thoughts and feelings and leaves unlimited space for the reader's imagination)
9. ． Arrangement is the "fu" in the expression technique of "The Book of Songs". "The writer elaborates on the matter and speaks directly" refers to taking the trouble to elaborate and state the story from multiple angles.
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(The article here writes about the number of pavilions, the strange structure, and the clever layout of Epang Palace from multiple angles, which reflects the majesty of Epang Palace)
10. Rendering is one of my country's traditional painting techniques. It was later borrowed to refer to writing techniques such as emphasis, repetition, and other deliberate narratives used in literary and artistic creation to highlight characters and environments.
The autumn leaves of Jinjing sycamore are yellow, and the bead curtains are not rolled up by the night frost. The jade pillow in the smoked cage has no color, and I can lie down and listen to the sound of Nangong's clear water. (Wang Changling's "Autumn Poems") (The first sentence breaks the title and describes the autumn scenery to exaggerate the atmosphere of the cold night in the palace.)
11. Contrast and foil are originally one of the traditional painting techniques in my country. Also known as "Hyun Yun Tuo Yue". Post-borrowing refers to a writing technique, that is, a technique that highlights a certain mood of a character or emerges a character's image through the description of a specific environment and atmosphere.
To be specific, it means not to say the original intention, but only to talk about things related to it, so as to achieve the purpose of highlighting the original intention. This technique is often used in combination with rendering techniques and is easily confused.
... Being new to losing weight has nothing to do with illness and wine, nor does it have to do with autumn. ...(Li Qingzhao's "Reminiscences of Playing the Xiao on the Phoenix Stage")
(What I want to say is clearly the pain of lovesickness, but I don't say it directly, but use "it's not about illness and wine, not about sad autumn")
12. Enlightenment (transformation) reprocesses and re-creates the language of previous written works and the oral creations of the masses, giving it new content and artistic conception. It can be divided into three types: word enlightenment, content sublimation, and artistic conception development.
①The sky is blue, the ground is filled with yellow flowers, the west wind is strong, and the northern geese are flying south. Whoever gets drunk in the frost forest at dawn will always shed tears when leaving. (Wang Shifu's "The Romance of the West Chamber")
②Looking back and smiling, the sixth palace has no color. (Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow")
(①Periods change the words "Blue sky, yellow leaves on the ground" in Fan Zhongyan's "Su Muzhe". ②Periods change Wei Yingwu's "Xi Shi smiled, all the girls The artistic conception of the poem "An Deyan".)
13. Yongdian is also called Yongshi. It refers to a rhetorical method that uses words from historical stories or ancient books to explain one's point of view. Usage has both explicit and implicit uses.
The term Xin Qiji (Yong Yu Le Jingkou Beigu Pavilion Nostalgia for the Past) uses allusions to five historical stories including Sun Quan, Liu Yu, Liu Yilong, Huo Qubing, and Lian Po.
14 ．The combination of reality and fiction refers to the direct and positive narration and description of characters or events. The combination of fiction and description refers to the use of side explanations or contrasting narratives and descriptions, that is, the two techniques are used simultaneously in narration and description. Use.
Crows roost on the white trees in the courtyard, and the cold dew wets the sweet-scented osmanthus silently... (Wang Jian's "Looking at the Moon on the Fifteenth Night")
(The poet began to write "ground" and "crow". , does not write about the moon, but it makes us clearly feel the existence of the moon, because the "white ground" and "crows" are the result of the bright moonlight. Since the ground is as white as frost and the crows are visible, it can be seen that although the poet did not explicitly write "the moon is bright" ", but we feel "the moon is bright and clear" everywhere, so it actually writes "white ground" and "roosting crows", while the fictitious writing "moon bright" implies the title of the poem "looking at the moon".)
15.
When we praise or criticize something, in order to convince others or prevent others from refuting in advance, we often criticize the thing that needs to be praised based on a certain shortcoming, and praise the thing that needs to be criticized based on a certain advantage. This is This rhetorical technique is called circumlocution. There are two types of circumflex: 1. If you want to promote, suppress the law first; 2. If you want to suppress it, you should first promote the law.
You should pity the green moss on the teeth of the shoes, and the small buckle firewood door will not open for a long time. The garden is full of spring scenery, and a branch of red apricot comes out of the wall. (Ye Shaoweng's "Visiting the Garden Is Not Worth It") (The first two lines of the poem describe the poet's joyful visit to the garden, but was turned away; the last two lines state that the poet gained something else, saw the spring scenery in the garden, and there was a gap in feelings before and after, and he regretted the previous one. , be happy later. Here the method of suppressing desire is adopted)
16. Duplicate words: To express the need, the same polysyllabic words are used together one after another. This rhetorical technique is called duplication words. Searching and searching, deserted and miserable. ...(Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice")
(The first fourteen overlapping words set an emotional tone of late autumn and loneliness for the whole poem, exaggerating the lonely and helpless life of the poet in his later years. And the desolation deep inside)
17. Intertextuality: Two relatively independent words in the context complement and penetrate each other in meaning, and express a complete meaning at the same time. This rhetorical method is called intertextuality. The two common forms of intertextuality are the mutual occurrence of sentences and the mutual occurrence of couplets. It is easy to make mistakes when translating, so special attention should be paid.
The bright moon of the Qin Dynasty and the pass of the Han Dynasty (Wang Changling's "Crossing the Fortress")
(The correct translation is: the bright moon and Guancheng of the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty. It is easy to be mistranslated as: the Qin Dynasty's The bright moon and Guancheng of the Han Dynasty)
18. Image combination (montage-style picture combination) Montage is a form and method of expression in film art. It mainly refers to the combination of shots and scenes of life. The scenes change from time to time as the plot develops, giving people a distinct sense of image.
Withered vines, old trees and dim crows, small bridges and flowing water, people's houses, the west wind and the thin horse on the ancient road, the sunset, the heartbroken people are at the end of the world. (Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn Thoughts") (In this poem, "withered vine", "old tree", "faint crow", "small bridge", "flowing water", "people's house", "ancient road", "west wind", "thin" appear Different scene images composed of 9 juxtaposed nouns such as "horse". They are cleverly organized in one picture, rendering a desolate and bleak late autumn atmosphere, thus implicitly highlighting the sadness of the traveler.)
19 ． Line Drawing and Gongbi Line Drawing was originally a brushwork technique in Chinese ink painting that uses only ink lines and no color to outline the outline of objects. Later borrowed from literary writing, it refers to a descriptive method that uses concise pen and ink without rendering to depict a vivid and vivid image. Gongbi was originally a painting brushwork, and later refers to the depiction of fine carvings, heavy colors and thick ink.
After washing up, I leaned alone in Wangjiang Tower. All the thousands of sails that have passed are not the same, the slanting light and the flowing water are long, and the heart is broken by Bai Pingzhou. ("Wen Tingyun lt; Looking to the South of the Yangtze River")
(This poem uses a line drawing technique to describe a woman's mood of looking forward to the return of her lover from morning to night)
In addition, there are Some rhetorical figures commonly used in modern Chinese, such as metaphor, personification, exaggeration, metonymy, contrast, etc., are also often used in ancient poetry, so I will not list them one by one here.