1. There are three major trends in the early stage: the remnants of the romantic calligraphy style of the late Ming Dynasty, the calligraphy style of worshiping Dong and the craze of official script. It is mainly reflected in the surrendered minister Wang Duo and the survivors Fu Shan and Zhu Da. Their bold personalities and vigorous calligraphy influenced the calligraphy world in the early Qing Dynasty.
2. The mid-Qing Dynasty was a transition period from the Tie School to the Bele School. The aesthetics, techniques and theoretical system of the Bei School were gradually established, paving the way for the development of the Bei School. At this time, calligraphers who wrote seal scripts and integrated steles with broken inscriptions appeared, such as Jin Nong, Zheng Xie, Deng Shiru, Yangzhou Baguai and Xileng calligraphers.