(Two Postscripts to Volume 5 of Tianku Collection and Notes on Yushan Mountain)
Liu Xianting, a great scholar in the early Qing Dynasty, said, "Li Daoyuan is well-read and knows the world. His annotation "water mirror" is also in the original tribe of Sidu Baichuan, and it is impossible to decide its direction and discipline its way. For thousands of years, I have been desecrated, such as reading palm prints and counting treasures; I have more spare capacity to write landscapes, a few words, wonderful ancient and modern, a wonderful book that the universe has never had before. "
("Yang Guang Miscellaneous Notes" Volume 4)
Therefore, literary historians attach no less importance to this book than historical geographers.
Li Daoyuan is a man full of aesthetic taste. He was originally from Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province. In his early years, he lived in Linqu County, Qingzhou, Shandong Province with his official father, and he loved the landscape there very much. In Volume 26 of Notes on Water Classics, he recalled: "The giant ocean water entered Linqu County from Zhuxu North and smelled the spring water. The water comes out of Xixi, the flying spring is at the edge, and under the poor ridge. Above the spring, at the foot of the source, there is a temple ... The water is clear, but it is clear and unique, and there is no hidden stone in the depths. There are ancient altars in the shallow carvings, staggered and opposite. Later generations added a little decoration and thought it was a swimming place. The north and south are empty and the trees are sparse. During the religious years, he served in Dongzhou, lived in seclusion when it was hot in summer, took the piano as his friend, played for entertainment forever, and enjoyed the laurel bamboo shoots (Yi).
Looking for waves, ignoring the forest and waves, singing and piano are in harmony, and they are happy and smooth. This is a good way to send them. "I was full of affection for the place where I swam and fished when I was a child, but after many years, I still remembered it urgently and couldn't say it. He also relished the scenery of his hometown kiosk. Volume 12 "Juma River" specifically mentions:
The giant horse water flows eastward, and the biting ditch accumulates water. On the water, Kanggou water is in the east of Qixian County and flows through Ziyuan East in the southeast. Liu Yu's sixth ancestor has been living in seclusion here since his ancestral home was Zhuo. The giant river in the west, the water in the east, the tributaries flowing through Tianjin and the winding market nursery, bandits can look forward to fishing in the fields, which is believed to be the victory of wandering gods.
This is a water town in the north. In Li Daoyuan's mind, she is a very beautiful place. Wherever there is water, it is beautiful for him. At that time, the northern part of China was very rich in water resources. Li Daoyuan's hometown and some places in Hebei Province today were just like Jiangnan. For example, there is a scene in Yangcheng County: "Shui Bo is in the southeast, Jinggu Pavilion is in the south, Yangcheng County is in the east, and it is scattered into Zhu Ze, and the water rises for several miles. Bandits have many straight bamboo shoots, but they also prefer lotus roots in Rao Ling. If you are a virgin, weak and young, or single-boat, or fold a raft. In the spring of Long song, they love water deeply, and the people who pick it up are not tired, but the people who sing it naturally ring. There is more travel, and there is also comfort in hope. The world calls it Yangcheng Lake. "This is totally Jiangnan flavor.
The scenery in Li Daoyuan is often only a few words. Grasping the characteristics of the place and downplaying a few words won its spirit. Park Plaza is close to the water network area. The water color of Qiuyequan in Linqu County makes him unforgettable, while Yangcheng Lake is fascinating with its open water surface and the singing of children picking diamonds.
Of course, the more exotic landscape is still in the south. Because of political division, Li Daoyuan has no conditions to make a southern tour. His notes were written in places he had never been to, so he had to borrow the words of his predecessors and quote many southern writers, such as Xiling Gorge in the Three Gorges and Yuan, a writer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in the thirty-fourth volume of his notes.
(? —40 1)
Yi Du's Landscape: "As the saying goes, the gorge is in a hurry, and the secretary and the mouth spread fear. Never called the beauty of mountains and rivers. I'm glad to be here, but I don't believe what I heard is better than what I saw with my own eyes. Its overlapping peaks present strange shapes, which are difficult to describe. The trees rustle, leaving a majestic appearance, which is on the surface of Xia Qi. Look up, look down, learn from each other's strengths, linger in the house, never forget. I have never read my resume. Since I am glad of this wonder and the mountains and rivers have spirits, I should be a friend for ever. " Li Daoyuan, who calls himself a bosom friend of mountains and rivers, and Yuan think alike.
There is a famous saying about the Three Gorges that Zhu often enters the anthology:
The Three Gorges, 700 Li, is surrounded by mountains on both sides, without gaps. The mountains are stacked and the sky is hidden. There has been no sunrise since midnight. As for Xiashui Xiangling, is it blocked along the back, or the king ordered an emergency announcement. Sometimes he goes on a pilgrimage to Bai Di and goes to Gangneung at dusk. In the meantime, although he took the wind, he didn't get sick. In spring and summer, the green pool is surging and the reflection is clear. Many cypresses, hanging springs and waterfalls, fly in the meantime, clear and brilliant, very interesting. At the beginning of every sunny day, the frost shines, the forest is cold and sad, and there are often high apes whistling, which leads to sadness, the empty valley echoes, and the sadness turns to leisurely. So the fisherman sang: "The Wuxia Gorge in the Three Gorges of Badong is long, and the apes cry three times, and tears are spilled on their skirts."
This passage was written by Sheng Hongzhi, a writer of Liu and Song Dynasties, in Jingzhou.
(See Collection of Literature and Art, Volume VII, and Taiping Magnolia, Volume 53)
There is a slight change in the text, which may be the difference in version, and it is more likely that Li Daoyuan has changed it. His quotations are often the same as his own words, showing a high degree of rhetoric. The works of southern writers cited by Li Daoyuan were later lost in large numbers, so his contribution to polishing and spreading was quite indispensable-this was unexpected in that year.
Li Daoyuan has never been to the south. Whoever records the mountains and rivers in the south usually records the relevant documents himself. Like the intellectuals in ancient China, he held the idea of unification in the Spring and Autumn Period. Therefore, although the North and South regimes are antagonistic, he always believes that the country will be reunified sooner or later, and the rivers and mountains in China will not be separated for long, so he wrote it with the same feelings. At that time, southern writers wrote detailed scenes and paid attention to description; Li Daoyuan's own scenery writing is generally simple and pays attention to the main features, so he also pays great attention to learning from southern writers and can turn it into his own flesh and blood, sometimes even at the expense of long quotations.
Li Daoyuan attaches great importance to the combination of natural landscape and human landscape in his landscape writing, and there are many examples, such as the description of the scenic cloud of Lushan Mountain in Volume 39, Lujiang Water:
Its mountains and rivers are clear and clean, the wind is clear and broad, the atmosphere is cool and harmonious, the soil is fertile, and the people are happy. Jia Dun's men, following the sounds of grottoes and rocks, were gifted by Long Qian, but forgot to go back to the past. Qin Shihuang, Han Wudi and Taishi Gong Sima Qian all raised rocks and looked at Jiujiang and the clock.
There is Shimen water in the north of Lushan Mountain, and the water comes out from the ridge. There are two high stones, like doors, because there are Shimen eyes. Between the two stones, the water is flying, nearly 300 steps, and the next ten steps are scattered, looking up at the sky. If you drag and fly, you can practice in the sky. There is a rock below, which can seat dozens of people. Champion general Liu goes every time. Its water flows through a small stream to the south of Longquan Jingshe and the middle of Taiyuan, where the shaman returned to Yuan Jian.
In fact, there are not many words about mountains and rivers directly, which are quite concise, but in a few lines, five historical figures, Qin Shihuang, Han Wudi, Sima Qian, Liu and Yuan, are mentioned to talk about their relationship with Lushan Mountain. There is spirit when the mountain is not high, and the landscape related to historical and cultural celebrities is much higher than the barren hills that have not been soaked by culture. The combination of nature and humanity is Zhu's most commonly used brushwork.
Li Daoyuan pays great attention to legends related to his name when describing landscapes. As mentioned in Volume XIII, there are two peaks in Juyong County, namely Da 'ao and Xiao 'ao. "The mountains block the clouds, the mountains break the fog, and the two hills are beautiful and compete for each other." The names of these two peaks come from a legend related to the Qin Dynasty:
In the kindness of the county king, there are few ambitions and weak crowns. He changed Cang Xie's ancient prose into today's official script. When Qin Shihuang was the first emperor, there were many official duties, which were easily simplified by the second class. Things are easy to call, and three brands are not enough. The second time, I was really pregnant with Taoism, and my skills were beautiful; The first emperor was very angry at his disrespect and ordered the sill car to be sent. The second time originated from the Tao, turned into a big bird and flew out of the car. It falls on four mountains, so its peak is named size.
Be polite to experts, it is not the way to arrest people at will. Wang Cizhong has a great relationship with the changes of Chinese characters, and experts who study the history of calligraphy are very concerned. Yang Shoujing, a famous calligrapher, is also a famous calligrapher, so he took long notes about it and expressed his understanding of the changes of Chinese characters.
(See Notes on Shui Jing by Yang Shoujing and Xiong, Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1989).
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In terms of human landscape, Li Daoyuan paid special attention to the narration of ancient inscriptions around the country, recording more than 300 people. Some of them extracted several inscriptions, while others only mentioned their names. In fact, it was the later Song people who first noticed the stone carving. Shi Hong used a special volume to record the inscription that Li Daoyuan saw in Shi Li. These inscriptions can prove history. For example, Volume 8 "Jishui II" says that Xiangyu Mausoleum is in Gucheng: "There is wolf water, which flows from the mountains and streams in the southeast, from the northwest to the west of Gucheng, and flows northward. There is a west-flowing spring, which is close to the mountains in the east, to the north of the northwest valley, and the wolf water is injected in the west, hence the name. Further northwest, into the water. Three miles northwest of the city, there is a tomb of Wang Yu, which has been destroyed by half, and the stone tablet still exists. The title cloud "The Tomb of Wang Xiang". " Huang Lan: "It's ridiculous to travel fifteen miles to the county in the cloud. There is another Xiangyu Mausoleum in the southwest of Guyangcheng in Pengcheng today, which is not true. I moved "Ji" according to historical records, Lu Shouchu, Hanwang showed the feather head, and Lu Nai fell, so I buried the feather in the old city with Lu. I'd rather say that. " Considering the tomb here together with the records in Sima Qian's Historical Records, Xiang Yu's tomb is indeed three miles northwest of the ancient city, and other statements may not be reliable. The academic value of Water Mirror Notes mainly lies in its accurate description of the origins of various waterways, as well as the textual research of some places of interest, which is particularly easy to attract the attention and interest of ordinary readers.
Sun Mei, a Qing Dynasty man, had long noticed this writing feature of Li Daoyuan. He said: "The magnificent mountains and rivers between heaven and earth were written by literati in pottery. If Lu Yun's reply to Che Maoan's letter, Bao Zhao's "Letter from Radan and Sister" and other articles were written by others, they will all become unique structures, and they can all be coined without fake carving. When he arrived in Li Shanchang, he began to drown his talents. He wrote a style of writing, and he wrote 40 volumes of Notes on Water Classics. He was ordered to take advantage of the situation to tell stories, portray beauty, and get to the bottom of it. Later, the author rarely succeeded. "
(Liu Si Cong Hua, Volume 31, Writer Li Si Daoyuan).
"Learning from ambition and anecdotes" means that Li Daoyuan organically added humanistic elements to the description of landscape scenery, thus greatly increasing the cultural content of his works.
Liu Xizai's "A Brief Introduction to Art and Literature" said: "Li Daoyuan has beautiful mountains and waters, deep and clean layers." The words in Water Mirror Notes are really concise and full of layers. For example, Volume IV "River IV" describes the Drum Bell Gorge and the Drum Bell City Cloud:
The river flows eastward, blending with religion. Water flows from North Point Mountain and South View Fushan Mountain in Yuanyuan County. The mountain is thirty miles high, with springs on it, and its depth is unpredictable. Five or six miles around the top of the mountain, there is little vegetation. "Shan Hai Jing" said that there is a Pingshan in the southeast of Mengmen, from which the Pingshui comes and dives under it, which is the second time for Wang Zhai. Suspected Hirayama also. Its water flows to the south, the bell and drum go up the gorge, the flood hangs five feet, and it flies straight into the ravine. The shore is deep and high, and the wall stands straight, with beautiful cliffs and a height of more than 100 feet. The peaks are all over the pines and cypresses, and the rocks are hung with ochre. There are pines and cypresses in the calendar. Dan Qing seven points, I hope it is embroidery. The water is ten paces wide, and the Guling River flows south, which is divided into two streams, one of which flows from west to north, and it is 160 miles before the cave passes through. Today, in the northeast of wenxi county, there is still a ditch in the dry river. Yishui calendar smelting official west, known as the drum clock city in the world, around the city, there are still copper coins and copper coins. There is a big spring under the mound in the west of the city, which flows into the west, hydrates with the teaching, falls under the stone and reaches the south Xiaxia. Shan Hai Jing says that the reason why the Emperor worships all gods is the mountain.
The objects described here are quite complex. Li Daoyuan does things step by step, and his writing style is graceful and neat, which is naturally written by everyone. Li Daoyuan also pays great attention to personally inspecting landscapes. He always mentioned what he saw with his own eyes in his articles, which greatly increased the sense of the scene of the articles, thus diluting the dryness and dullness of scientific articles and greatly enhancing the readability. There are many such paragraphs, such as a paragraph in the fifth volume of River Five, which talks about the elevation of Hulao Pass:
Qin thought that Guan, Han for the county. There is a small town in the northwest corner of this city. On Wednesday, you can see it in the north, by the river and on remote roads. In Jingmingzhong, it is said that Shouchun, the road is worth the city, and it has risen to Qingyuan, and it is exhausted. Swimming on the way hurts. South of Yumen, Han Zu and Teng Gong sneaked out, so the economy is also in place. The east of the gate faces the river, and there is a hole in Zean. Wei attacked Mao Dezu, the secretariat of Song Sizhou, in Hulao Pass for 200 days. The only well in the city is 40 feet deep, and the mountain is too steep to defend, which can be used as a tunnel for taking wells. Qing Yu went there to do business, so he went to look for it. His cave is still there.
The following are the two places I mentioned. I took advantage of my business trip to visit the local area. I not only wrote about the steep mountains and rivers here, but also introduced a great war in which Yuan and Wei attacked Liu and Song Dynasties, which made people feel at home.
The words in Water Mirror Notes are parallel and scattered, with flexible conversion and easy lifting, such as Shanshui Road in Xulingqiu County and Daomaguan in Swimming;
Swimming water flows into the gorge from the south of the county seat, which is called the pass, and it is forbidden to pass in the gorge. Through Nanshan, the peak is hidden in the sky and the deep stream is in the valley. Its water turns along Shanxi, goes straight to Tainan and stands in Beifu. There is an imperial stone tablet in Tainan. The scenery in the south is divided into clouds, cliffs pierce the sky, the rocks are steep, the city walls stand upright, cars come and go, and every time you go out, it is entertainment.
..... Swim to the west and pour Maguan, and the mountain pass is the deepest and steepest ... It flows down to the southwest and crosses the northeast. Xu Shui Nanshan, got up and sat in the pine garden, only to find himself in the East Garden. On both sides of the northeast, the mountains are deep, the summer peak hides the sun, the water is clear, there is no diving armor in the deep, the luggage is in the way, and I never linger.
Another example is the 13-volume "Luoshui", which describes Pingcheng, the ancient capital of Wei (now Datong, Shanxi).
Palace architecture and royal style way:
Its water flows south from Imperial Road to the west of Pengtai. Wei Shenrui built this white building in three years. The building is very high, and there is a pavilion on it. The exterior and interior are decorated with stone powder, and the white building is divided into white flowers. Therefore, it is called White House. After the drum is placed on it, it cuts thousands of vertebrae in the morning, which is the door switch of the city and the mainland, which is called the morning stop drum. The Huangjiu Temple in the south and west was built by Tai Shi Feng Jinguo, the king of Changli. The floating picture has five layers, and its statues are all made of bluestone, including gold, silver and fire. Of all the colors, Wewe Chan has nothing. There is a seven-level floating map in Yongning in the south, and its system is wonderful. Far away in the southern suburbs, weak in Liu Yin Street, Siyang flooding, public-private division, irrigation. ...
Generally speaking, prose sentences are used for narrative description and parallel prose for landscape architecture, with four more words. This combination of parallel prose and prose can give full play to the advantages of "writing" and "writing", increase readers' interest and avoid fatigue. Ancient writers in China attached great importance to this compatibility. Later, Zhang Hui's novels were narrated in prose, lyrical in poetry and picturesque in ci. Pay attention to the coordination of lyrics and Daobai in drama-it's all the same.
Later, there were almost no writers who wrote landscapes and travel notes without learning from Li Daoyuan.
It is precisely because of Zhu's great achievements in landscape description that later generations have repeatedly appeared this kind of anthology. Prior to this, there was Notes on Zhu's Scenery (edited by Pushe 1929, and later included in the sixth volume of Complete Works of Fan Wenlan, Hebei Education Press, 2002), and then there was Selected Notes on Zhu from the Perspective of Literature.