On the stage of our country, fans are also indispensable. There are many programs using fans in traditional dramas, which have played a role in increasing artistic expression.
Modern dance also uses fans, such as the familiar fan dance and flower drum dance. There are also fans as fitness equipment, such as "Tai Chi Kung Fu Fan" which is deeply loved by middle-aged and elderly people. Fans are also good gifts. In cities, there are usually shops selling fans. There are cheap paper fans and expensive craft fans. Paper fans are a necessity for people to travel in summer. Craft fans can be given to friends as gifts. So not only in spring and summer, many people go in and out of the fan shop, but also in autumn and winter, many people still buy fans as gifts.
There are many kinds of fans with a wide range of uses. From ancient times to the present, it not only inherits the tradition, but also develops continuously. Now sandalwood fans in Suzhou, silk fans in Hangzhou, black paper fans in Shaoxing and feather fans in Huzhou are all loved by people because of their high quality and beautiful appearance.
Technical introduction
The origin of fans in China is very early, and the prototype of fans existed as early as Shang Dynasty. The fan is a practical thing. Because it is thin and has a large area, it can be fanned to cool down. There are many kinds of fans, but only folding fans and round fans are really mature and widely used. China has always had a tradition of decorating everyday objects, so there are engravers on the handle fan bones and paintings on the fan and back. The paintings and calligraphy of early sculptors were mostly done by ordinary craftsmen, and gradually all kinds of talented and imaginative artists participated. Fans have also evolved into works of art with practical functions, which make people envy and cherish and become a major category in today's collection. The industry itself is also the object of appreciation. Good quality earth gold sprinkled with gold, silk notebook, porcelain green tiger skin, tribute to North Korea, famous people are happy to see it, and there are many fine paintings and calligraphy. The materials of fans can be divided into ordinary persimmon fans, pink paper fans, Korean paper fans, alum fans, pink Gong Shan fans and thick silk fans. , each with its own characteristics.
Historical inheritance
The famous king of China was founded in Zhoujiaqiao, Shaoxing in the first year of Guangxu (1875). Wang Xingzhai, the boss, was a famous fan maker from his ancestors, and his wife, Chen Ying, was a skillful craftsman who pasted gold on paper fans. Nineteen years after Guangxu, Wang opened sales offices in Hangzhou, Shanghai, Hong Kong and other places, specializing in the sales of paper fans. Its workshop is still located in Zhoujiaqiao, and its direct descendant Gao is responsible for production. 1956, Shaoxing wangxingji fan village and Hangzhou wangxingji fan village were established respectively, and Shaoxing wangxingji fan factory was established respectively. Today, Zhoujiaqiao area in Shaoxing has become the only place in China that can produce brown bamboo and black paper fans, and there are only a few fans left. The black paper fan is made of pure mulberry paper and alpine persimmon paint. The manufacturing process is very complicated and precise. Senior black paper fan, refined from Wangshan Village, was once chosen as "tribute fan" and entered the palace, which was deeply loved by court nobles and literati. Black paper fans have won many awards in Milan, Panama and West Lake World Expo. At that time, Wang's founder was famous for his black paper fan, which is still a prestigious handicraft today.
"Xuanfan", China's intangible cultural heritage
Xuanfan is a folding fan named after its place of origin, which is produced in Anhui Ailan Bamboo Products Co., Ltd., Honglin Town, Xuanzhou District, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province. Boss, Luo, is Fan's ancestral home. Xuancheng has a long history and a rich collection of humanities. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "South Xuanbei congratulates". It has a history of more than 2,000 years since the county was founded in the Western Han Dynasty. It is the hometown of bamboo in Four Treasures of the Study and China, China. Xuancheng is located in Jiangnan, Chutou, Wuwei, the capital of Jiangnan, and the land of plenty. Xuancheng has a profound cultural heritage. It has been a big county in Jiangdong since the Western Han Dynasty. During the Jin Yongjia period, the wind of cultural prosperity was created. After the Six Dynasties, the culture of Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties was developed, and its cultural context has a long history, from which Xuanfan was born.
Xuanfan originated in Song Dynasty, when folding fan was generally called "bone-gathering fan", which played a great catalytic role in the production of Xuanfan when the technology of Xuan paper was mature. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xuanfan entered its heyday, and its skills reached its peak, which was deeply loved by scholars. Wen Zhiming in Ming Dynasty, Shi Tao in Qing Dynasty and other artists all used Xuanfan as the carrier to create. Xuanfan is exquisitely made, beautiful and generous, with auspicious meaning and rich connotation, and has high cultural, technological and collection value. The strict requirements of each process reveal that Xuanfan is the crystallization of traditional handicrafts and culture.
Xuan fan, bamboo fan bone is made of bamboo for more than six years, such as Phyllostachys pubescens, Zizhu bamboo and Feixiang bamboo. Precious trees, which has been growing for more than 50 years, is selected as the wood fan bone, such as rosewood and Daphne. The fan is made of high quality silk and high quality rice paper.
Department category
The most commonly used material for folding fans is paper, but there are also silk and yarn. Among them, the paper industry accounts for the vast majority. The paper department is divided into color department and white plain department. In addition to white flour, among the colored fans, the gold powder fan is the most exquisite, complex and popular. In addition, there are clay gold, waste gold and sprinkling gold, which are also very popular among the people. Among them, Tao Jin was used very early in China. In the Tang Dynasty, Taojinzhu was used in Kaiyuan and Tianbao. The manufacture of clay gold starts with gold foil and turns gold into gold foil. For example, as recorded in the Records of Wuxian County, Suzhou gold foil is made, commonly known as red flying gold, and each piece is three inches and three squares. Every two pieces of gold can be made into 23 19 pieces. There are three colors: Tai Chi, Fochi and Tianchi. Big red is the true color of gold; Buddha red into copper, deep red in color; Tianchi contains 20% phoenix tree, which is yellowish. There are three kinds of gold foil for making gold fans, so there are three colors for gold fans. Folding fan sector can be roughly divided into complete fan sector and fan sector. The value of the fan is much higher than that of the fan, because the material and shape of the fan bone itself, especially the sculptor, are very particular about it. Although the size of the sector is not large, it is made of multiple layers of thin publicity materials with creases due to its special shape and very thick texture of paper. Some materials, such as colored paper, gold stationery, hair stationery, etc. , are difficult to master, the average painter also dare not render at will. Zhu Yunming, a calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty, once compared the painting on the fan to a beautiful woman dancing on the rubble. Therefore, the ornament of the painter's fan is often not calculated by the size of a ruler, but is priced separately. The price is much higher than the album of the same size. Fan gives people a sense of visual extension, especially landscape painting, which is often thousands of miles away. A painter must have a plan in mind when creating. So it is a unique form of painting and calligraphy.
In addition to all kinds of gold fans, there are Ge Jing, persimmon green, supernatant, lake color, coral and other color fans, which are very popular. Unfortunately, most varieties have been lost at present. White flour has always been the main product of this department, including paper, silk and stationery. Among them, paper is the main one. Large output, many varieties and early appearance. The manufacturing process of the sector is complicated, and some of them are multi-layered rice paper with 3, 4 and 5 layers. Some choose the best rice paper as the surface layer, and the lining paper in the middle uses lint and Shi Lian. The quality of this department is not only the choice of materials, but also the manufacturing process. The same is Bai Sufan, and the competition is very different. There are mirror letterheads in history and so on. After liberation, the "old alum fan" is the most famous one, which is specially designed to match the fan bones of advanced folding fans. Exquisite production, simple and elegant, superior to pen drawing, tall and firm, durable. In particular, its manufacturing method is complicated, and it needs to go through ten processes: cutting, scraping, cutting, alum, finishing, mounting, brushing, folding, cutting and edging. There are also white plain fans such as antiques, stationery and silk. Especially the three-opening fan is specially prepared for the painting fan of erotic palace, which can be unfolded from left to right. Spread to the left, that is, show the erotic picture, spread to the right, and another picture appears for hiding. Just like magic, it is commonly known as the magic world.
Round Christine is also called the Unknown Fan, also called "Gongshan" and "Wan Fan". This is a round fan with a handle. Before the Song Dynasty, fans were called round fans. Wang Changling's poem "Long Letter Sorrow" says: "Give a broom to open the church in the next autumn, and make the round fan wander." . "New Records of Fan Zhang" contains: plain silk is commonly used in modern times, stretching on both sides, or clay gold, porcelain blue, lake color, full moon, round waist and hexagon, all of which are famous calligraphy and painting, with plum blossom, brown bamboo as handle and painted and ivory outside. It's called "round fan".
The round fan was invented by China, also known as Wan Fan, and was later introduced to Japan. Folding fans were invented in Japan and later introduced to China. The wisdom of Japanese and China people has enriched human life. This is an interesting event in the history of Japanese-Chinese civilization exchange.
The round fan, also known as "Gong Shan", is often used in the palace because it looks like a full moon, so it is called Gong Shan. The frame and handle of the round fan are made of bamboo, and the fan surface is white silk with landscapes, flowers, birds and cordyceps painted on it. In the early days, it was mostly round, and later it was mostly rectangular, oblate, plum blossom, sunflower and begonia. Exquisite and elegant round fans have high aesthetic appreciation value. From the Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, round fans prevailed. Sichuan, Gongshan, Suzhou and Hangzhou have the best output and the longest history. Gongshan, also known as Wan Fan, Tuan Fan and Fan Luo, appeared after feather fan and before folding fan. Ban Jieyu, the concubine of the Western Han Emperor, wrote a famous "Song of the Round Fan": "The newly made Su is as bright as frost and snow. Cut into acacia fans, round like the bright moon. In and out of your arms, shaking the breeze. I am often afraid that the autumn festival will come and the cold will seize the heat. Abandon donations, and be kind. " By chanting the fan, it shows the complex psychology of being excluded by Zhao's jealousy and afraid of being left out by the king. The beginning of this fan. Ancient yarn, silk, silk and silk can all be used as round fan fabrics. Today, only silk is used for silk, but silk is also discarded when it is near. Judging from the poems of swimming fans scattered in the past dynasties, from the Western Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, round fans prevailed for more than a thousand years, and after the Song Dynasty, they kept pace with folding fans and were deeply loved by concubines, ladies and literati. Tuanfan is very common in modern folk. Both sides of the sector are plain silk, or clay gold, or porcelain blue lagoon color, and also have the shape of full moon, round waist and hexagon. Painted by celebrities, it's called' Tuan Fan'. The handle is made of plums, ChristianRandPhillips, brown bamboo, foreign lacquer and ivory. As far as the shape of silk gongshan is concerned, most of them are round like a bright moon, but there are many other shapes, such as hexagonal, octagonal, melon-shaped, banana-shaped, buttonwood-shaped and so on. Among them, begonia, calla lily and plum blossom are more common except round.
Around the Southern Song Dynasty, round fans made of bamboo appeared. 1975, a bamboo fan was unearthed in Jintan, Jiangsu province. Wooden handle, bamboo bone, persimmon juice, black paint edge. Bamboo tendons are as thin as bristles and are neatly and tightly inserted on the fan pole. Black paint on the fan pole. The brownish yellow paint on the fan handle shows reddish-brown moire. A crescent fan frame is installed on the handle to protect the surface of the fan. The sector length is 26 cm, the width is 20 cm, the handle length is 16 cm and the maximum diameter is 1.6 cm. Exquisite production and beautiful shape. This kind of round fan is close to the bamboo-bone round fan popular in the modern market. Modern bamboo-bone round fans take bamboo silk as the skeleton, and both sides are covered with leather paper (a kind of pure mulberry handmade paper similar to Korean paper). At the same time, painting, calligraphy or printing patterns are painted on the fan surface, and then a round fan with one handle is completed after edging, flattening and mounting the wooden handle. In addition, modern round fans also include those made of round or flat bamboo by splitting, weaving and molding, those made of plastic, and those made directly from thick whiteboard paper or plastic hard sheets, and then installed with plastic handles.