The Olympic movement rose in the era of capitalist industrialization in Europe. Relying on a solid social, economic, political and cultural foundation, it conforms to the needs of social development and the development trend of sports. It is a great social practice that human society began after entering industrial civilization, and its emergence has the following background.
Sixfold background
1. The three major ideological and cultural movements laid the ideological foundation for the rise of the Olympic Movement. 14-18th century, three large-scale ideological and cultural movements took place on the European continent, namely the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment. The three major ideological and cultural movements broke the feudal shackles that bound people's thoughts in the Middle Ages, cleared the main ideological obstacles on the road of capitalist development, and ushered in a period of ideological emancipation, talented people and scientific prosperity. To meet the needs of new productivity development and new production relations, new ideology and culture and new science and art have emerged. At the same time, a new sports concept-modern sports concept came into being.
A large number of great figures produced in the three major ideological and cultural movements are in direct opposition to the dark Christian asceticism in medieval Europe. They denounced asceticism as a violation of human nature, pointed out that people's desire is a legitimate purpose of life, believed that harmony must be established between soul and body, advocated the unity of body and mind, paid attention to the balanced and coordinated development of body, attached importance to physical health and bodybuilding, and made people rediscover the value of sports and realize that only physical health can enjoy the happiness of life. The rise and establishment of this thought has fundamentally changed the traditional moral standards and concepts of beauty and ugliness, and laid the ideological foundation for the rise of the Olympic Movement.
In the three major ideological and cultural movements, humanists explored and sorted out the rich heritage of ancient Greek sports, such as sacrificial competitions such as the ancient Olympic Games, ancient Athens sports and Spartan sports, the educational thought of harmonious development of body and mind in ancient Greece, and various sports means and methods in ancient Greek sports. Humanists believe that ancient Greek sports conform to "human nature" and attach importance to personal happiness, so they vigorously publicize and inherit the legacy of ancient Greek sports in modern sports thought and practice, so that modern sports are greatly influenced by ancient Greek sports in holding regular sports meetings, paying attention to the all-round development of the body, and the content and form of sports events.
2. Capitalist industrialized production and bourgeois education provide suitable soil for the rise of the Olympic Movement. The capitalist industrial revolution has brought a series of profound changes to human society, promoted the development of modern natural science, provided a solid economic foundation for modern sports, and promoted sports to gain stronger vitality. Because the production and lifestyle of industrialized society have brought a series of severe challenges to people's physiology and psychology, it has prompted people to seek a new ideal lifestyle and have a new understanding of physical activities. People began to turn their attention to improving people's health, and sports, as a new social demand, was further developed.
Since the Renaissance, bourgeois educators have strongly advocated sports as an important means to train talents. They not only restored the sports system in ancient Greece, but also further formulated various measures to exercise, actively studied various sports methods, and strived to make students' bodies develop in an all-round way. Physical education has become an important and indispensable educational activity. 1423, Vitorino, an Italian humanist educator, founded a new school named "Sports Palace" after the ancient Greek gymnasium. The school implemented the policy of paying equal attention to physical education, moral education and intellectual education, and carried out various sports activities, becoming the representative of bourgeois education in the Renaissance. Vitorino's educational thought and sports practice made sports get unprecedented attention, and also made sports as a part of education begin to be implemented in schools.
The exploration of education in the reform and the Enlightenment further established the status of sports. Martin Luther, the representative figure of bourgeois religious reform, advocated that physical education should be a part of education. Comenius, a Czech educator, systematically discussed school physical education according to the educational requirements of the bourgeoisie and introduced it into school education in a mature form. He advocates that schools should set up spacious sports venues and carry out extensive sports activities to encourage students to develop their body and mind by participating in sports activities. Comenius has made important contributions to the development of school physical education and is known as the "father of school physical education". Locke, a famous British educator, clearly divided education into moral education, intellectual education and physical education in his "gentleman education" system, pointing out that physical education is the foundation of all education and makes physical education an indispensable independent part of school education. Rousseau, a French enlightenment thinker, expounded his naturalistic educational ideal in his masterpiece Emile. He called for the close combination of education and physical education, and advocated that physical education should be carried out according to the laws of nature, and physical activities should be organized according to the different characteristics and hobbies of children at different ages to cultivate "physically and mentally healthy" talents.
/kloc-after the 0/9th century, Britain also began a series of educational reforms, among which Arnold's reform in rugby college was the most successful. He founded the system of "autonomy of competitive sports" to give full play to the exercise value and educational function of competitive sports. Through this reform, the students of rugby college manage themselves in a dynamic sports field, which not only exercises their strong physique, but also cultivates the ideology and morality of fair competition, unity and friendship, obeying rules and being brave and tenacious, which greatly changes the school spirit and discipline. Arnold's reform has stabilized the position of sports in education, established the educational and social value of competitive sports, and provided suitable soil for the rise of the Olympic Movement.
The excavation of ancient Olympic sites aroused people's yearning for the Olympic movement. In the Renaissance movement of14-16th century, the emerging bourgeoisie in Europe enthusiastically praised the sportsmanship of ancient Greece, reminding people of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The remains of the ancient Olympic Games aroused people's strong yearning. Scholars from Britain, France, Germany and other countries all hoped to enter Greece to look for the remains of the ancient Olympic Games, but this wish was not realized due to the blockade of the Turks.
It was not until 1766 that the British scholar Chandler was allowed to visit Greece on the spot. He discovered the ruins of the ancient Olympic Games. 1828, scholars embedded in the French legion who supported Greece in resisting Turkish aggression excavated the site of Olympia, and then transported a batch of precious cultural relics to the Louvre in France for exhibition.
1852 65438+1October 10, Professor Curtis of Berlin University gave a long speech about the ancient Olympic Games after visiting the Peloponnesian Peninsula, which caused great repercussions in the society. 187 1 year, Germany and Greece reached a treaty to comprehensively excavate the ruins of the ancient Olympic Games. 1875- 188 1 year, German scholars led by Curtis excavated Olympia for six years. 188 1 year, the main facilities of the ancient Olympic Games site were finally revealed to the world. From 65438 to 0887, a large number of cultural relics unearthed from Olympia were exhibited in Berlin, which aroused people's yearning for the Olympic movement and people expected the Olympic Games to return to reality as soon as possible.
4. The international trend of sports has created conditions for the appearance of the Olympic Movement. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, with the transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism and the formation of the world market, the barriers between countries were broken, and sports transcended national boundaries, and international sports exchanges and competitions appeared, forming the trend of sports internationalization. Due to the needs of international sports competitions and mutual exchanges, some international individual sports organizations have been born one after another. 188 1 The first international individual sports organization, the International Gymnastics Federation, was established. 1892 The International Rowing Federation and the Skating Federation were established one after another. The appearance of international sports organizations makes sports competitions break away from the original local tradition and move towards internationalization. On the basis of the continuous establishment of international individual sports organizations and the vigorous development of international individual sports competitions, people urgently demand to hold the largest comprehensive sports meeting in the world, creating conditions for the emergence of modern Olympic Games. At the same time, with the increase of international sports exchanges, the birth of international sports organizations that coordinate the activities of various sports organizations has become inevitable.
Attempts to revive the Olympic Games around the world have accumulated experience for the rise of the Olympic Movement. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, some countries in Europe and America made various attempts to revive the Olympic Games. 65438+In 1930s, Professor Skatu of Lund University in Sweden organized two competitions called "Olympic Games" by local newspapers. From 65438 to 0849, once a year, Dr. Brooks of Britain organized the "Olympic Festival" for decades.
/kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, the Greeks were eager to revive the ancient Greek civilization by reviving the ancient Olympic Games. With the support of King Otto of Greece, a Greek named Zapas organized and held the 1 Pan-Greek Olympic Games in Athens on 1 June+10/October. Since then, four Pan-Greek Olympic Games have been held in 1870, 1875, 1887 and 1889. Due to poor organization and limited Greek participation, the Pan-Greek Olympic Games failed to continue to develop, but it had a great impact on European countries. Newspapers in many countries reported the Games in detail, which caused far more repercussions than Greece, and accumulated experience for the rise of the Olympic Movement from both positive and negative aspects.
The threat of war and people's desire for peace promoted the rise of the Olympic Movement. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, monopoly capitalism and imperialism appeared in the world. A new powerful imperialist country, Germany ruled by William II, stepped onto the historical stage and wanted to carve up the world again through war. The cloud of war hangs over Europe.
At this stage, Germany is calling for the revival of the Olympic Games. Some Germans with ulterior motives want to expand their influence and serve the world by hosting the Olympic Games. France is a close neighbor of Germany. If Germany starts a war, the disaster of the war will first fall on the French people. The French people strongly oppose war and are eager to maintain world peace. The peaceful and friendly spirit of the ancient Olympic Games coincides with the desire for peace of the French people and the people of the world. Restoring the Olympic Games is not only conducive to the development of international sports, but also helps the French people and the people of the world to resist German rule over the world. Reviving the Olympic Games has become an urgent need for people, and this glorious historical mission falls on the shoulders of the French.
Coubertin made the Olympic Movement a reality.
Coubertin, a French educator, is recognized as the founder of modern Olympics. He made outstanding contributions to the birth and development of the Olympic Movement. From 65438 to 0888, Coubertin became the Secretary-General of the Preparatory Committee for School Education and Sports in France. From 65438 to 0889, Coubertin represented France in the international sports training conference held in Boston, USA, and learned more about the trends of world sports. He believes that the development of modern sports is going international, and international sports should be promoted with the help of the experience and traditional influence of ancient Greek sports, so the idea of reviving the Olympic Games came into being. In order to realize this idea, Coubertin did a lot of work.
189 1 year, Coubertin founded Sports Review, which played a positive role in promoting the founding of the Olympic Games. From 65438 to 0892, Coubertin visited Europe to promote the Olympic ideal. In the same year165438+125 October, he made a famous speech at the meeting to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the French Federation of Sports Associations, and officially put forward the initiative to establish the modern Olympic Games for the first time. Coubertin said in his speech that the modern Olympic Games should aim at unity, peace and friendship like the ancient Olympic Games, but it should be more developed and innovative than the ancient Olympic Games. It should be open to all countries, all regions and all ethnic groups and held in turn around the world. Coubertin's initiative made the modern Olympic Games break through the boundaries between nations and countries from the very beginning, and it has a distinct international character. From 65438 to 0893, Coubertin held an international sports coordination meeting in Paris to unite people in the international sports field to discuss the establishment of the Olympic Games. The following year, he also wrote an open letter about his initiative, which was sent to sports clubs in many countries and received support from many sports clubs.
With the promotion of various international factors and Coubertin's unremitting efforts, all the preparations for the founding of the Olympic Games are finally ready. 1894 In June, at Coubertin's suggestion, representatives of 49 sports organizations from the United States, Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Greece and other countries 12 participated in the international sports conference held at the Sorbonne Theological Seminary in Paris. During the meeting, 265,438+0 countries sent letters to express their support and congratulations to the meeting. The meeting adopted a resolution to establish the International Olympic Committee, and elected 15 members of the IOC 1 session from 79 official representatives. The General Assembly also decided that IOC members from the host country of the Olympic Games should serve as IOC presidents. As the first Olympic Games will be held in Athens, Greece on 1896, Greek member Vi Kailas was elected as the first president of the International Olympic Committee, and Coubertin was appointed as the secretary-general. The General Assembly stipulated that the Olympic Games should be held every four years, and adopted a resolution to follow "amateur sports". The Congress also stipulated that the Olympic Games should include track and field, water sports, swimming, rowing, sailing, fencing, wrestling, boxing, equestrian, shooting, gymnastics and ball games.
1 From April 6 to April 5, 896,1The modern Olympic Games was finally held in Athens as scheduled. Although the organization is not perfect, it is an important symbol of the official birth of the Olympic Movement and has the significance of connecting the past with the future.
The Olympic Movement has finally stepped onto the historical stage and opened a new chapter in the history of human civilization.
The Olympic rings were conceived and designed by Pierre De Coubertin in 19 13. It is the most widely known Olympic symbol in the world. The five rings in different colors represent the five continents participating in the modern Olympic Games-Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and America. Every country participating in the Olympic Games can find at least one five-ring color on the national flag.
Description of the emblem of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
There is a story behind every emblem.
This story is full of enthusiasm and expectation from China and Beijing. This emblem records China's commitment to the world. This is "Dancing Beijing", and this is the emblem of the Beijing Olympic Games.
milestone
"Dancing Beijing" is a milestone of the Olympics. It is a classic China chapter in the Olympic epic, which engraves the spirit of the Chinese nation, writes the meaning of ancient civilization and casts the character of Chinese people. It is concise and profound, showing the evolution and development of a city; It is dignified and romantic, reflecting the thoughts and feelings of a nation. On the way to "Beijing 2008", people will meet in Beijing, get together in China and meet people here.
promise
"Dancing Beijing" is the symbol of China. This "China Seal" is engraved with the oath of a country with a population of1300 million and 56 nationalities to the Olympic Movement; Witness a nation with ancient civilization and modern style's admiration for the Olympic spirit; It represents the aspiration of a future-oriented city for the Olympic ideal. It is a symbol of honesty; This is a sign of self-confidence; This is a solemn and sacred commitment made by Beijing, the host city of the 29th Olympic Games, to the whole world and mankind. The emblem is based on the creativity of the sages and the image of lithograph, with the theme of "Sincerity, stone opens the door", expressing the respect and sincerity of the people of China for the Olympic Games. When we solemnly print this "Chinese Seal", it means that China in 2008 will show the world a magnificent picture of "peace, friendship and progress" and will play a passionate movement of "swifter, higher and stronger" for all mankind.
picture
"Dancing Beijing" is the face of this city. It is an image, showing the oriental thought and national charm presented by Chinese characters; It is an expression that conveys the unique humanistic characteristics and elegant character of Chinese civilization. Inspired by China's calligraphy, the word "Jing" in Beijing has evolved into a dancing human body, which embodies the concept of "New Olympics" in one fell swoop. The calligraphy "Beijing 2008" condensed thousands of expressions of China people about the Olympic Games into simple strokes with the charm of Chinese characters. When people savor the profound connotation and charm of Chinese character engraving, a "new Beijing" is born.
beautiful
"Dancing Beijing" is the color that China people advocate. In this sign, red is interpreted particularly strongly, and passion is publicized particularly unrestrained. This is China people's praise for auspiciousness and beauty, and this is China people's interpretation of life. Red is the color of the sun, red is the color of the flame, and red represents life and a new beginning. Red is a happy mood, a symbol of vitality, and China's blessing and goodwill to the world.
hero
"Dancing Beijing" calls for heroes. The Olympic Games is a stage for heroes, miracles and glory. On this stage, every participant is an indispensable role. This powerful and dynamic shape is a life poem written by all participants with enthusiasm, emotion and passion, and an oath of every participant to contribute strength and wisdom to the Olympic Games. Olympic heroes have inherited the essence of combining sports and culture in the Olympic movement. They cheered for Olympic athletes and art.
spirit
Dancing Beijing is an extension of Chinese totem. The running "human" shape represents the beauty and glory of life. Beautiful curves, like the winding body of a dragon, tell the past and future of a civilization; It is like a river, bearing a long history and national glory; It is like blood, surging with the vitality of life. In his dance, the sports connotation of "athlete-centered" and "people-oriented" has been artistically analyzed and sublimated. Sing if you don't say enough; Lack of songs and dances. Vibrant Beijing is looking forward to the carnival in 2008, and the Olympic Games is looking forward to all mankind dancing with it.
invite
"Dancing Beijing" is a kind invitation. The open arms in the emblem show that China is opening its mind and welcoming people from all countries and regions to join the Olympic Games, which is a grand ceremony of "peace, friendship and progress" for mankind. "It's a great pleasure to have friends coming from afar", which is a portrayal of the friendly and hospitable China people's mood and a sincere expression of Beijing. Come to Beijing to learn about the historical features of this city and feel the modern atmosphere of this country. When I came to Beijing, * * * enjoyed every joy of this city and experienced the vitality of this country. Come to Beijing, let's weave a peaceful and beautiful dream together in 2008.
Interpretation of the theme slogan of Beijing 2008 Olympic and Paralympic Games
"One World, One Dream" embodies the essence and universal values of the Olympic spirit-unity, friendship, progress, harmony, participation and dreams, and expresses the common desire of the whole world to pursue a better future for mankind under the inspiration of the Olympic spirit. Although human beings have different colors, languages and races, we share the charm and joy of the Olympics, pursue the ideal of human peace, belong to the same world and share the same hopes and dreams.
"One World, One Dream" profoundly reflects the core concept of the Beijing Olympic Games, and embodies the harmonious values contained in the people's Olympics as the core and soul of the three concepts of "green Olympics, high-tech Olympics and people's Olympics". It is our dream and pursuit to build a harmonious society and realize harmonious development. "Harmony between man and nature" and "harmony is precious" are the ideals and pursuits of China people for the harmonious relationship between man and nature and between people since ancient times. We believe that peaceful progress, harmonious development, harmonious coexistence, win-win cooperation and a better life are the common ideals of the whole world.
"One World, One Dream" is simple and profound, which belongs to both China and the world. The slogan expresses the lofty ideal that the people of Beijing and China and the people of other countries in the world have a beautiful home, share the fruits of civilization and work together to create the future. Expressed the firm belief that a great nation with 5,000 years of civilization and moving towards modernization is committed to peaceful development, social harmony and people's happiness; It expresses the desire of the 654.38 billion+300 million people in China to contribute to the establishment of a peaceful and better world.
The English slogan "One World, One Dream" has distinctive features. The two ones form a beautiful parallelism, and the "world" and "dream" echo back and forth. The whole slogan is concise, loud and profound, which is easy to remember and spread.
China's slogan "One World, One Dream" uses "one" to express the same, which makes the theme of "All mankind belongs to the same world, and all mankind * * * pursues beautiful dreams together" more prominent.
Fuwa is the mascot of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008. Its color and inspiration come from the Olympic rings, the vast mountains, rivers, lakes and seas of China and people's favorite animal images. Fuwa conveys the spirit of friendship, peace and initiative to children all over the world, as well as the beautiful wish of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.
Fuwa are five lovely close friends whose shapes combine the images of fish, giant panda, Tibetan antelope, swallow and Olympic flame.
Every doll has a catchy name: Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying and Nini. In China, the same name is a traditional way to show love for children. When the names of the five dolls are linked together, you will read Beijing's kind invitation "Welcome to Beijing" to the world.
Fuwa represents the dreams and aspirations of the people of China. Their prototypes and headdresses contain their connection with the ocean, forest, flame, earth and sky. Their image design applies the expression of China traditional art and shows the splendid culture of China.
Bring blessings to all corners of the world.
For a long time, China has a tradition of conveying blessings through symbols. Each doll of the mascot of the Beijing Olympic Games represents a good wish: prosperity, happiness, passion, health and good luck. With the hospitality of Beijing, the dolls brought their blessings to all corners of the world and invited people from all over the world to gather in Beijing to celebrate the 2008 Olympic Games.
Beibei's blessing is prosperity. In China traditional culture and art, the patterns of "fish" and "water" are symbols of prosperity and harvest. People use "carp yue longmen" to mean successful career and dream realization, and "fish" also means good luck every year.
Beibei's head decoration adopts the fish pattern of Neolithic age in China. Beibei is gentle and innocent, and is a master of water sports, which is in harmony with the blue ring in the Olympic rings.
Jingjing is a naive giant panda, and wherever she goes, she will bring joy to people. As the national treasure of China, the giant panda is deeply loved by people all over the world.
Jingjing comes from the vast forest, symbolizing the harmony between man and nature. His head decoration originated from the lotus petal shape on Song porcelain. Jingjing is simple, honest, optimistic and full of strength, representing the black part of the Olympic rings.
Huanhuan is Fuwa's eldest brother. He is a fire doll, symbolizing the Olympic flame. Huanhuan is the embodiment of sports passion, which spreads passion to all parts of the world and conveys the Olympic spirit faster, higher and stronger. Everywhere Huanhuan went, Beijing 2008 was full of enthusiasm for the world.
Huanhuan headdress originated from the flame patterns in Dunhuang murals. He is extroverted and unrestrained, familiar with all kinds of ball games, representing the red ring of the Olympic rings.
Yingying is a clever, agile and flying Tibetan antelope. He comes from the vast western land of China and sends his best wishes to the world. Yingying is a unique protected animal in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and a demonstration of the Green Olympics.
Yingying's head decoration combines the decorative styles of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xinjiang and other western regions. He is agile and an excellent track and field athlete, representing the yellow ring in the Olympic rings.
Nini is from the sky. She is a swallow spreading her wings and flying. Her modeling creativity comes from the traditional Shayan kite in Beijing. Yan also stands for Yanjing (the title of ancient Beijing). Nini brings spring and joy to people. Wherever she flies, she spreads good wishes of "good luck".
Naive, cheerful and agile Nini will make her debut in gymnastics competition. She represents the green ring in the Olympic rings.
The medals of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games are 70 mm in diameter and 6 mm in thickness. On the obverse of the medal, there are uniform patterns stipulated by the International Olympic Committee-the Greek goddess of victory standing with wings and the Panathinaiko Arena in Greece. The back of the medal is inlaid with jade from ancient Longyu in China, and the emblem of the Beijing Olympic Games is engraved on the metal pattern in the middle of the back. The medal hook evolved from the traditional Yulong Puwenhuang in China. The whole medal is noble and elegant, with strong China characteristics, which not only reflects the praise for the winner, but also vividly interprets the Chinese nation's values that "jade" is more important than "virtue" since ancient times. It is another "combination of Chinese civilization and Olympic spirit" in the image and landscape project of the Beijing Olympic Games.