(2) Cai Yong (A.D. 133- 192) was born in Qixian County, Henan Province. Cai Yong was a well-read cultural master in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He once worshipped the corps commander, so he was called "Cai Zhonglang". "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty" records that he is "good at writing, mathematics, astronomy, and proficient in melody". Cai Yong is an all-rounder in art, with outstanding achievements in calligraphy, unique style and neat and beautiful fonts. His Flying White Book is unique and far-reaching. His inscription is "the spirit of the bones is accessible, the spirit is clear and the qi is right", and his works include Six Classics Monument and so on. As an outstanding musician, he is familiar with temperament and has a good understanding of piano. Qin was invented by him. Cai Yong's literary achievements are also outstanding, and his works are numerous, and his artistic level ranks first among the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The more famous ones are Shu Fu and Kingfisher Poetry. Cai Yong was also a famous painter in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His paintings include "Speech" and "Little Lienv". Unfortunately, most of them have not been handed down. As a rare learned man in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Cai Zhonglang was a very famous figure at that time and was followed by many bachelors. His daughter Cai Wenji is also versatile, which has a lot to do with his influence. Cai Zhonglang's light will also attract the envy of other literati colleagues. In the end, this cultural giant was framed to death by Stuart Wang Yun and became a victim of politics, which is a great pity.
(3) Wang Wei (AD 70 1-76 1), a native of Yongji County, Shanxi Province, was a famous pastoral poet, painter, calligrapher and temperament expert in the Tang Dynasty. He can write poetry at the age of nine, and he is a scholar at the age of 2 1. He is versatile and famous in the capital. Poetry, which originated in the Tang Dynasty, is an idyllic school with high achievements, clear artistic conception, quiet and beautiful works, full of Zen, beautiful and natural poetic style and wide spread. Up to now, many famous sentences have been recited, and they are considered to be the greatest poets after Li and Du in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and they are called "". Another achievement of Wang Wei that can be compared with poetry is his painting achievement. He created splash-ink landscape painting, laid the foundation of China landscape painting, and almost influenced the whole history of China landscape painting development after the middle Tang Dynasty. The leading figures in landscape painting in past dynasties were all influenced by Wang Wei, and his theory of literati painting was inherited and carried forward by later generations, and he was honored as the predecessor of literati painting and the ancestor of "Nanzong Painting School". He skillfully combined the artistic conception of poetry and painting, and achieved the artistic characteristics of poetry and painting, which was greatly appreciated by scholars of all ages. Su: "Poetry is like verve, among which there are paintings to admire, among which there are poems". In calligraphy, Wang Wei is mainly composed of cursive script and official script, and has its own system. He is also proficient in the music of silk and bamboo and knows how to have fun. In addition, his prose and political theory are also excellent in literature. Later abdicated, lived in seclusion in the mountains and studied Zen. His words were taken from the Buddhist layman in Vimalakīrti (an erudite person), and he also achieved true erudition. Hermit's feelings and weak personality are also a spiritual realm advertised and imitated by later scholars.
(4) Li Yu (937-978), a native of Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, was a famous poet after the Southern Tang Dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. "How much sadness can you have? Just like a river flowing eastward. " This famous sentence, which was told by later generations through the ages, came from this ignorant emperor. As a writer, he is first-class, but as an emperor, he is an inferior, because the small country of Nantang was buried in his hands. "Being a talented person is really unparalleled, and being a poor and unlucky king" is a true evaluation of this talent. There are about 40 poems written by Li Yu, but each capital is a masterpiece. Every sentence reveals his pure temperament and strong artistic appeal, especially his works after the demise of other countries, such as Yu Meiren, Nightingale and Langtaosha, occupy an important position in the history of China Ci. His graceful ci achievements are outstanding, which have a far-reaching impact on later generations and won the nickname "Emperor of Ci". Li Yu is brilliant and knows everything about calligraphy, painting, music, singing and dancing. His calligraphy is as vigorous as cold pine and frost bamboo, and his landscape paintings are far more frequent than accidents. He can compose music, sing and dance, but unfortunately none of his works have been handed down. He knows everything except politics and being an emperor. All his talents are used to entertain the concubines in the palace. He completely ignores the world outside the palace and doesn't care about the security of the country. When Zhao Kuangyin's army swept in, the genius's life ended. He was poisoned by poisoned wine in prison. If history makes Li Yu a scholar instead of a monarch, his literary achievements will be even more dazzling, and his artistic versatility will be displayed more incisively and vividly. He can be an important artist in the history of China, but now, we can only lament the tragic fate of the all-round emperor.
(5) Shen Kuo (A.D.1031-KLOC-0/095), a native of Qiantang, Hangzhou, was an erudite scientific master in the Northern Song Dynasty. He presided over many astronomical observations during his tenure as celestial supervisor and found that the sun seen by the naked eye was larger than the actual height. He improved the armillary sphere, landscape watch and other instruments, and made great achievements in the calendar. He created the Twelve Calendars of Qi Dynasty, which is a unique creation in the history of China and has a great guiding role in agriculture and handicrafts. It was not until 800 years later that a similar Shaw calendar appeared in western Britain. Mathematically, the "gap product method" and "rounding" were invented, both of which are important calculation methods in the history of mathematics, and the formula for calculating the arc length of bow was put forward for the first time. In physics, his theory of magnetic declination was discovered more than 400 years before Columbus crossed the Atlantic. He also made a systematic description of small space imaging and concave mirror imaging through experiments. Geographically, he was the first person in the world to put forward the theory of flowing water erosion and the first person to discover and name oil. The map of Qidan drawn by Shen Kuo shows the geographical features of China's northern frontier in detail. In history, he recorded the scientific and technological inventions of past dynasties and their inventors. He is the only person who recorded the whole process of Bi Sheng and movable type printing, and made great contributions. There are Shen Cunzhong's poems in the literature, but unfortunately they have been lost. Shen Kuo also dabbled in medicine, biology, archaeology, music and fine arts. For example, he corrected some mistakes in medical books and pharmacopoeias of past dynasties, and also made a special discussion on music and art. All his achievements are recorded in the book Meng Qian Bi Tan, which is a big system. In addition, Shen Kuo also sent an envoy to the Khitan, which prevented the attack of the Khitan on the Song Dynasty, commanded many victories and made a lot of contributions. It can be seen that he is not only a scholar who specializes in culture, but also an excellent strategist and diplomat. It is not an exaggeration to call it erudition.
(6) Su Shi (A.D.1037-110/) was born in Meishan, Sichuan. Master of literature, master in the field of literature in Song Dynasty, calligrapher, painter, literary theorist. Su Shi studied Confucian classics since childhood and was deeply influenced by Confucianism. He has been wandering in the ruling and opposition politics all his life. His achievements in literature are obvious to all. Poetry, ci and prose all represent the highest achievements of the Northern Song Dynasty. As one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, he has his own prose style and rich and varied poems. He was the first person in Song Sijia, especially as a pronoun sect. His poems are magnificent, delicate and elegant, which created the largest school of Song Ci-the uninhibited school, and had a far-reaching influence on the development of Ci style and Ci realm, leaving many beautiful sentences for later generations. He put forward many literary theories, and had his own ideas and discussions on the creation of poems, words, essays and other styles for future generations to learn and use. Su Shi is one of the four great calligraphers in Song Dynasty, and he is as famous as Mi Fei, Cai Xiang and Huang Tingjian. He is good at running script and regular script and is famous all over the world. Lu You, Li Gang and Zhang Zhidong have all studied his calligraphy, which shows its far-reaching influence. His painting attainments are also extremely high, and he is good at painting ink bamboo. He put forward the concept of "literati painting", attached importance to similarity and inherited Wang Wei, which laid the foundation for later literati painting. He also made great achievements in epigraphy, irrigation and water conservancy, education, mathematics, medicine and cooking. In a word, Su Shi's achievements in many aspects have reached a position that the world can't reach. His typical character temperament and versatile image are deeply engraved in people's minds, and later generations compiled the Collected Works of Dongpo.
(7) Evonne (A.D. 1082- 1 135) was the owner of Xuanhe, namely Song Huizong, a painter, calligrapher and poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. His experience is reminiscent of Li Yu. Neither of them is the emperor's material, but both of them are artists' seeds. They are all-rounders in art and kings of national subjugation. The iron horse of Jin Ge, a northern barbarian, leveled the heaven and earth in the Northern Song Dynasty, captured Evonne and his son alive, and finally died in prison. As an emperor, Song Huizong was unsuccessful, but as an artist, he made great achievements. He is different from those arty emperors in history, but he really has an artist's personality level, which is unmatched by others. Hui Zong spent most of his life studying his beloved poems, calligraphy and paintings, and he seldom asked about state affairs, which made the treacherous court official in the DPRK turn against Taiwan and gradually weakened his national strength, which was also the main reason for the country's demise. Evonne's painting achievements have a great influence. He is good at ink painting, such as flowers and birds, figures and rocks. Representative works include Dragon Stone Map, Lotus and Golden Rooster Map, Liuti Map and Autumn Night Map of Pond. Calligraphy achievements are also outstanding, and he is good at regular script and cursive script. His original "thin gold body" is vigorous and natural, and is highly praised by calligraphers. In literature, he has many poems handed down from generation to generation, including Fang Jia's Poems, and he is good at writing beautiful words. In addition, his books and postscript inscribed on paintings are also famous literary works. Huizong believes in Taoism, and his works such as Notes on the Tao Te Ching, The South China True Classic and Roaming are important materials for studying Taoism. Evonne's erudition is in sharp contrast with his incompetence as an emperor. Yuan people sighed after reading Huizong Collection. "Song Huizong can do anything, but he can't be a monarch alone", which is a very accurate comment.
(8) Zhu (A.D. 1 130- 1200) was born in Fujian. Another master of Confucianism after Confucius, a thinker, educator, writer and philosopher in the Southern Song Dynasty, was called "Zhu Zi" by the world. He is an official. During his tenure, he was appointed to revitalize Bailudong Academy and formulated the Canon of Bailudong Academy, which was one of the earliest educational rules and regulations in the history of education in the world and had a far-reaching impact on pedagogy at home and abroad. The extensive annotation of ancient books has been discussed and annotated in natural science, Confucian classics, Buddhism, logic, exegetics, literature, history, music, law and other fields, which shows its wide knowledge. During the lecture, a variety of teaching materials were compiled, such as Notes on Four Books, Notes on Chuci, Illustration of Taiji, Interpretation of General Books, Yijing and so on. Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were listed as required reading books for beginners. As a generation of philosophers, he is the representative of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, the largest philosophical school in the Song Dynasty, and has developed into a complete theoretical system of objective idealism, with achievements and influence far exceeding that of the Northern Song Dynasty, which is an important system in the history of China philosophy. Zhu is a master of Confucianism, and his thought of "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires" made Confucianism the dominant thought in feudal society, and it continued until the demise of feudal society. As a writer, the literary criticism theory of Zhuzi School is quite unique. His words are pure in language, handsome in style, great in achievement and excellent in poetry creation. The poem "After Reading" is very appreciated by later generations. Zhu is respected for his extensive works and extensive knowledge. Later generations compiled The Complete Works of Zhu Zi.
(9) Tang Yin (A.D. 1470- 1523) was a famous painter, calligrapher and writer in the Ming Dynasty. The world says that Tang Yin was the first romantic genius in the south of the Yangtze River in Ming Dynasty, and he was indeed a veritable genius. He was smart and studious since he was a child, but he learned a lot from primary school. 65,438+06 years old, a scholar, ashamed to be an official, traveling around the world, bold and elegant personality, visible romantic. Tang Yin's greatest achievement is his painting, and he ranks alongside Chou Ying, Shen Zhou and Wen Zhiming as the four greatest painters of the Ming Dynasty. His landscape paintings reflect a kind of seclusion thought. Beauty maid painting has the highest artistic level and far-reaching influence, and its brushwork is elegant and clever, such as Dong Xiao Maid and Autumn Wind Fan, which are all masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. His flower-and-bird paintings and ink-and-wash paintings are also free and have made extraordinary achievements. The story about Tang Bohu Changshou Temple painting cats to scare away mice is also a beautiful story, which shows his high painting skills. As a writer, his poetry creation is remarkable, and his works are true and simple, especially peach blossom poems. He also wrote many songs and poems, which are as famous as Wen Zhiming, Zhu Yunming and Xu Zhenqing in literature, and he is also called the four great talents in the south of the Yangtze River. His fame in calligraphy is covered by his painting name, but he is an out-and-out calligrapher. His brushwork is elegant and graceful, and his works are handed down from generation to generation, such as calligraphy poems and falling flowers poems. Tang Yan's musical talent is also outstanding. He can compose music, set music for his own poems, and use folk songs more often. Tang Yin, a famous scholar, lived in Taohuawu in his later years, and his major works of art were also created here.
(10) Xu Wei (A.D. 152 1- 1593), a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang, was born in Tianchi Mountain, and was an Ivy League Taoist. A famous writer, painter and dramatist in Ming Dynasty. Yuan Hongdao of the Public Security School praised his poems, essays, characters, paintings and people. As a strange man, Xu Wei was clever and witty from an early age. His personality is rebellious and manic. At that time, because of dissatisfaction with reality, he was once insane. He committed suicide nine times, in a cruel and bizarre way. He was arrested for killing his wife. After his release, he felt at ease in artistic creation. Xu Wei first went down in history as a painter. His original ink-splashing freehand flower-and-bird painting has a unique artistic conception and is unique. It is unprecedented in artistic personality and artistic level, and has a far-reaching influence on painting circles. Qi Baishi admired him, and splashing ink has become a famous painting technique. Works such as Liu Shitu, Lotus Week, Ink Grape, Three Friends, etc. It is famous at home and abroad. The wonder of his calligraphy is that "there are pictures in the book and books in the painting", which is very close to Wang Wei's poems and paintings in the Tang Dynasty. His calligraphy style is profound, generous and bold, just like his personality, just like his splash-ink painting. Xu Wei, a literary genius, was the most accomplished playwright in Ming Dynasty. His satirical drama Four Sounds Apes is a masterpiece of Ming Dynasty. In addition, he also wrote the opera Dai Xiao and China's first theoretical monograph devoted to the Southern Song and Yuan Dynasties and the Early Ming Dynasty. His poetry and prose are also outstanding achievements, and he is one of the few literary masters in the Ming Dynasty. Like many predecessors, Xu Wei is also proficient in temperament and can compose music for his own plays, which is very harmonious. Later generations followed Xu Wei's master artists, including Zhu Da from Badashan, Zheng Banqiao, a lackey under the Ivy League, and Qi Baishi, who polished the pen and ink for the Ivy League. This shows the influence and position of this famous erudite madman in history.