Titles for official positions in ancient China
Jue refers to titles and titles, which were bestowed by ancient emperors on nobles and heroes. It is said that in the Zhou Dynasty, there were five kinds of titles: Duke, Marquis, Bo, Zi and Male. The title and title system of later generations often changed with time. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang not only made the prince king, but also made seven meritorious officials kings. Peng Yue was the king of Liang, Yingbu was the king of Huainan, etc.; Cao Zhi of Wei was named the king of Chen; Guo Ziyi of the Tang Dynasty was named the king of Fenyang; Zunurhachi named his son Azig as Prince of Ying, Duduo as Prince of Yu, and Hauge as Prince of Su. Another example is that in the Song Dynasty, Kou Zhun was granted the title of Duke of Lai, Wang Anshi was granted the title of Duke of Jing, and Sima Guang was granted the title of Duke of Wen; in the Ming Dynasty, Li Shanchang was granted the title of Duke of Korea, Li Wenzhong was granted the title of Duke of Cao, Liu Ji was granted the title of Chengyi Bo, and Wang Yangming was granted the title of Xinjing Bo; in the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan was granted the title of first-class Yiyong Marquis. Zuo Zongtang was granted the title of second-class Ke Jinghou, and Li Hongzhang was granted the title of first-class Su Yibo.
The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy. He is the person who upholds the monarch's will and manages the national government affairs. Sometimes it is called the prime minister, often referred to as the prime minister, or "prime minister" for short. For example, "Chen She's Family": "Princes and generals have a lot of talent." "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "A mediocre person is still ashamed, how much more so than a general!" "Xiang of Shu": "Where can I find the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister? Jin Xiangru There are many people outside Guancheng. ""Guide Record) Preface": "In addition to the right prime minister and privy envoy, I will supervise all the troops and horses. "
Taishi refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao were called the "Three Dukes." Later, they were mostly given titles to senior officials to express favor but no actual duties. For example, Zhao Pu in the Song Dynasty , Wen Yanbo, etc. were once awarded the title of Taishi. Secondly, in ancient times, they were also called the "Three Masters of the East Palace": the Prince's Grand Master, the Prince's Taifu, and the Prince's Taibao. They were all the Prince's teachers. Taishi was the abbreviation of the Prince's Grand Master. Gradually it became a false title. For example, in "The Story of Meihua Ridge", "Yan Taishi was defeated by troops", Yan Zhenqing was once given the title of Prince and Grand Master, so he was called. Another example is that Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty had eight false titles, and was finally given the title of Prince and Grand Master; In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also awarded the title of Prince Taishi, but he did not actually teach the prince.
Taifu refers to one of the "Three Masters" in ancient times. For example, Jia Yi served as the teacher of the princes Changsha King and Liang Huai King, so he was granted the title of Taifu. Later, it gradually became a virtual title. For example, Zeng Guofan, Zeng Guoquan, Zuo Zongtang, and Li Hongzhang were all forced to give it to Taifu after their death.
Shaobao refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Shaoshi, Shaofu and Shaobao were called the "three orphans". Later, they gradually became empty titles. For example, "Wen Shaobao" in "Meihua Ridge" Wen Tianxiang once held the official position of Shaobao, hence the name. Secondly, in ancient times, the Prince Shaoshi, the Prince Shaofu, and the Prince Shaobao were called the "Three Young Masters of the East Palace", which later gradually became a false title.
Shangshu was originally the official in charge of documents and memorials. In the Sui Dynasty, there were no six departments. In the Tang Dynasty, the six departments were designated as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and workers. Each department had ministers and ministers as chief and deputy officials. For example, "Zhang Heng Biography": "Sending letters to beg for the bones, soliciting worship from the minister. "Another example is the great calligrapher Yan Zhenqing who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, the poet Bai Juyi who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Justice, and Shi Kefa who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of War.
In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the bachelor was in charge of ceremonies and compiled various affairs. After the Tang Dynasty, it was referred to as the Imperial Academy. A bachelor became the emperor's secretary, advisor, and participated in secret affairs, so he was known as the "inner minister". Although the imperial edicts, ministers, lecturers, editors, and sage scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were also Hanlin bachelors, they were not related to the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the status and duties of Hanlin bachelors were different. For example, in "(Guidelu) Later Preface", "he served as a bachelor of Zizheng Palace", which was the official position awarded by Wen Tianxiang after he resigned as prime minister; in "Tan Sitong", "the king was recommended by Xu Gong as a bachelor." ", Xu Zhijing was serving as a bachelor of Hanlin Academy at that time, which was an official position dedicated to giving lectures to emperors. Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, Song Lian, etc. were all bachelors of Hanlin Academy.
Shangqing Zhou Dynasty Official According to the system, the emperor and the princes all have ministers, divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower. The most noble one is called "Shangqing". For example, "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" says: "Lian Po is the general of Zhao...he is worshiped as Shangqing." ”
General) was the highest title for generals in the pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties. For example, the emperor of the Han Dynasty regarded Han Xin as the general, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty regarded Wei Qing as the general. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became a false title without actual duties. Ming Dynasty During the Qing Dynasty, the rank of general was only established during the war and was abolished after the war. According to "The Biography of Zhang Heng", "General Deng Zhi was very talented". Deng Zhi was the general of Emperor He of the Han Dynasty.
Involved in political affairs. Also referred to as "political participation".
He was one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Together with Tongping Zhangshi, Privy Envoy, and Deputy Envoy Jiami, he was collectively known as "Zai Zhi". Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, and Wang Anshi all held this position in the Song Dynasty. "Xun Jian Shi Kang" "Participated in politics and served as an admonishment official", "Lu Gong" refers to Lu Zongdao during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. "Tan Sitong" "Those who participated in the New Deal were just like those in the Tang and Song Dynasties who participated in political affairs and fulfilled the duties of prime minister."
The Military Aircraft Department, the Minister of Military Aircraft, was a government agency that assisted the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. There is no fixed number of vacancies, and they are usually held concurrently by princes, bachelors, ministers, ministers, or ministers of the capital, who are called military ministers. There are as few as three or four military ministers and as many as six or seven, and they are called "pivot ministers". In the late Qing Dynasty, only Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong, Yuan Shikai and others served as military ministers for a short period of time among the Han people. "Tan Sitong" "The minister of military aircraft at that time was resolute in overseeing the execution."
For military aircraft Zhang Jing, please refer to the article "Military Aircraft Minister". He is a staff member of the Military Aircraft Department and an official subordinate to the Minister of Military Aircraft. He is called a "little military aircraft". "Tan Sitong": "The emperor promoted Si Jingqing to the military title Zhang Jing, and participated in the New Deal together with Yang Rui, Lin Xu, and Liu Guangdi."
The censor was originally a historian, such as "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" "The Prehistoric Book of Qin Yu said", "Xiangru Gu Zhaozhao Yu Shi said". After the Qin Dynasty, the imperial censor was appointed. His position was second only to the prime minister, and he was responsible for impeachment and inspecting officials' faults. Han Yu once served as the censor of supervision, and Hai Rui served as the censor of Youqiandu in Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty. Another example is "Record of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs": "The Duke was the censor of the capital and guarded Liaoning with a certain eunuch." Wang Ao was the chief procurator of the capital at that time.
The Privy Councilor is the head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, the position was held by eunuchs, but after the Song Dynasty, it was changed to ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state institutions that manages important military affairs. The power of the Privy Council is equivalent to that of the prime minister. In the Qing Dynasty, military ministers were often respectfully called "Privy Councilors". Ouyang Xiu in Song Dynasty served as deputy envoy to the Privy Council. "Post-Preface to "Guide Record"": "In addition to the Prime Minister and Privy Envoy on the right, I will supervise all the troops and horses." Wen Tianxiang was in charge of important military affairs at that time.
Zuo Tu’s official name in the Chu State during the Warring States Period is equivalent to that of the left and right in later generations. The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Qu Yuan's name was Ping, the same surname as Chu. He was the left disciple of King Huai of Chu."
The official title of Taiwei before the Yuan Dynasty. He was the highest military officer assisting the emperor and was called Da Sima in the Han Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, he was designated as the highest military attaché. "Lin Jiaotou Fengxueshan Temple": "I hated Taiwei Gao, caused trouble and framed me, and suffered a lawsuit." Taiwei Gao refers to Gao Qiu.
The official title of Shangdafu in pre-Qin Dynasty is one level lower than that of Qing. "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" says: "I worship Xiangru as a senior official." At that time, Lin Xiangru had a lower official position than Shang Qing Lian Po.
The content of "dafu" varies in different dynasties. Sometimes it can refer to important positions in central agencies, such as censor doctor, admonishment doctor, etc. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Shangguan officials are in the same category as him. They compete for favors but are unwilling to harm their abilities." "Shangguan officials" are generally believed to refer to Shangguan Jin Shang. "Zi Fei San Chang Da Fu?" Qu Yuan served as the chief executive in charge of the affairs of the three surnames of the royal family: Zhao, Qu and Jing. "The Preface to the Guide": "Jin gentry, officials, and scholars gathered in the Prime Minister Zuo's Mansion." This refers to the imperial censor, the admonishment doctor, etc.
Scholar-bureaucrats used to refer to officials or intellectuals with greater prestige and status. "Shi Shuo": "As a clan of scholar-bureaucrats, when someone calls him a disciple, he or she will gather together and laugh." "Shi Zhongshan Ji": "The scholar-bureaucrats will never use their small boats to anchor under the cliff at night, so there is no way to know." "Xun" "Jian Shikang": "The whole family of scholar-bureaucrats was like this at that time." "Tombstones of Five People": "The wise scholar-bureaucrats in the county were invited to be in power."
Tai Shi was a high-status court minister in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. In charge of drafting documents, giving orders to princes and officials, recording historical events, and also managing classics, calendars, sacrifices, etc. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishi Ling was established, and the scope of his duties gradually became smaller and his status gradually declined. Sima Qian served as Taishi Ling. "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "At the beginning of Emperor Shun's reign, he was transferred to Taishi Ling again." "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "As a wise scholar and official, I asked you why it was Duke Wu, Taishi Wenqi Wen Gong, and Meng Chang Yao Gong." Wenqi was compiled by the Hanlin Academy and was an official historian, so he was called Taishi.
The Chang Shi was an official subordinate to the Prime Minister during the Qin Dynasty. For example, Li Si once served as the Chang Shi, which was equivalent to the Prime Minister's secretary-general. After the Han Dynasty, he became an officer affiliated with the general and the chief of staff. "Chu Shi Biao": "Shi Zhong, Shangshu, Chang Shi, and Join the Army, these are the ministers of Zhenliang's death festival." "Chang Shi" refers to Zhang Yi. "Battle of Chibi": "Ziyu, Liang's brother Jinye, avoided the chaos in Jiangdong and became a long history of Sun Quan.
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The minister was initially a close servant of the palace. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became an official subordinate to the minister. In the Tang Dynasty, the minister was the deputy position of the ministers (shangshu) of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia, ??and Shangshu) (see "Three Provinces and Six Ministries" for details) "Article). Han Yu once served as the minister of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of War, and the Ministry of Officials. "Shi Shi Biao" "Shi Zhong, ministers Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc.", among which Dong Yun is the minister. "Tan Sitong": "Early August - One day, Yuan Shikai was summoned and the minister was given a special reward. "Yuan Shikai was the Minister of the Ministry of War.
The Shizhong was originally one of the additional officials in addition to the regular official positions. As he served the emperor, his status gradually increased and his rank exceeded that of the Minister. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister. " Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi mentioned in "Chu Shi Biao" were palace guards during the Warring States Period. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, they became senior officials below the minister and minister, and were in charge of various affairs. : "All the men who are in charge of the troops are all Your Highness Chen. "This refers to the palace guards. "The Biography of Zhang Heng" "The official car is characterized by worshiping the doctor." "Langzhong" is the official name that manages the chariot and riding portal.
Joining the army is the abbreviation of "staff military affairs". It was originally the military staff of the prime minister. , such as Jiang Wan who joined the army as mentioned in "Chu Shi Biao". After the Jin Dynasty, his status gradually declined and he became an aide to the kings and generals. For example, Tao Yuanming once served as a soldier in the army, and Fan Ye, the author of "Book of the Later Han", once served as a soldier in the army of Liu Yikang, Liu Yu's fourth son. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, they gradually became local officials. For example, Du Fu served as the right guard and led the governor to join the army, and the Huazhou Sigong Cao joined the army. Bai Juyi once served as the governor of Jingzhao and joined the army.
Ling Yin was in charge of the military and political power of the Chu State during the Warring States Period. The chief is equivalent to the prime minister, as in "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Yin Zilan was furious when he heard about it. "In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it referred to the county magistrate. For example, in "Jiu Zhi": "Heaven will reward those who have grown up and are generous, so Fu Chen and Ling Yin will also receive the kindness of Ku Zhi. "
Yin, please refer to the article "Ling Yin". During the Warring States Period, the assistants of Ling Yin of Chu State were Zuo Yin and You Yin. For example, "Hongmen Banquet" "Chu Zuo Yin Xiang Bo", Zuo Yin's status was slightly higher than that of You Yin . It is also a general name for ancient officials, such as Jingzhao Yin, Henan Yin, Zhou Yin, County Yin, etc. ?
"Chen She's Family": "Chen She established himself." He was a general, and Wu Guang was a captain. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has come out, and King Xiang sent the captain Chen Ping to summon Pei Gong. ”
Another name for Ji Qing and Tai Pu Si Qing, who is in charge of the emperor’s carriages, horses and livestock. “The Tombstone of Five People” says, “For those who are wise men and officials, Ji Qing is the Duke of Wu.” “Yin Zhi” is Wu Mo's name.
The official positions of Sima in different dynasties were different. During the Warring States period, he was the adjutant in charge of military affairs and military awards. For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gongzuo Sima Cao Wushang said. "In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was an official subordinate to the prefect (provincial governor) of the prefecture and county. For example, "Pipa Xing" says: "In the tenth year of Yuanhe, I moved to the left to be Sima of Jiujiang County. "Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, and was under the jurisdiction of the prefectures and counties.
In the Tang Dynasty, Jiedushi was the general manager of the military and political affairs of several states. He was originally only located in the border states; later in the interior They were also set up all over, resulting in a separatist situation, so it was called "vassal town" in the world. Chapter 4 of "Dream of Red Mansions": "Yucun quickly repaired the second letter and joined Jia Zheng to camp Jiedushi Wang Ziteng. "
Jinglue envoy is also referred to as "Jinglue". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was a border military officer and was juxtaposed with the governor. For example, Fan Zhongyan once served as the deputy economic envoy of Shaanxi. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were important military tasks The official position is higher than that of the governor. For example, "Jinglue Hong Chengchou has a long history with him". After Hong Chengchou was transferred to the Qing Dynasty, he served as the governor of seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.
He was originally the governor. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became the highest military and political officer of the state and county, and was sometimes called the governor. Bai Juyi of Tang Dynasty served as the governor of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan served as the governor of Liuzhou.
The governor is also called "the governor". "Junsu", the highest chief executive of a state or county. Fan Ye once served as the prefect of Xuancheng. "Peach Blossom Spring": "When I came to the county, I met the prefect and said this. "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "Speaking directly of the prefect's family, there is this son. "Battle of Chibi": "I have an old relationship with Wu Ju, the prefect of Cangwu, and I want to surrender to him." ”
For governor, please refer to the article “Jinglue Envoy”. The official name of a military commander or a leading general. In some dynasties, the highest local governor is also called a “dudu”, which is equivalent to a military envoy or a prefectural governor. For example "Meihua Ridge": "Ren Taishou Min Yu and all generals Liu Dudu Zhaoji and others died. "Liu Zhaoji was the military commander stationed at the local guard station.
In the early Ming Dynasty, the governor directed the capital officials to inspect local areas.
In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became a provincial governor, with a status slightly lower than that of the governor. He was also known as "Fuyuan", "Futai" and "Fujun". For example, "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "At that time, the person who used Dazhong Prime Minister to Fu Wu was Wei's private person." Fu Wu means serving as the governor of Wu.
For Fujun, see "Governor". "Promoting Weaving": "It is rewarded and presented to the Fu army." The Fu army was overjoyed and entered with a golden cage. "Also known as "Fuchen", such as "The imperial edict bestows the name of Fuchen on horse clothes and satin".
The official position of school lieutenant was second to that of general during the Han Dynasty. For example, "Battle of Chibi": "With Lu Su as the Praise to the military captain. "Lu Su served as the deputy general who assisted the commander Zhou Yu in planning the military. After the Tang Dynasty, his status gradually declined.
He was an officer who taught martial arts in the Song Dynasty army. Lin Chong in "Water Margin" was the gun of the 800,000 forbidden troops in the capital.
The official name of the military attache in the Song Dynasty, responsible for training the army and supervising the arrest of thieves. For example, Lu Ti governed Lu Zhishen in "Water Margin". The staff members appointed by the central or local governors are also called "engagers". "Battle of Chibi": "If you have a good reputation, you will not lose your job. "
The prefect is the "prefect", also known as the "prefect". "The Record of Climbing Mount Tai": "It was the end of the month, and I climbed up from the southern foot with the prefect Zhu Xiaochun and his son Ying." "
The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county, also known as the "magistrate." "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "More than ten days after returning home, the county magistrate sent a matchmaker. ”
In ancient times, the township officials were as long as one mile. For example, "Promoting Zhi": "The order is followed by the responsibility." "
Lixu manages the affairs of the village. "Promoting Zhi": "Lixu is cunning and pretends to be a master. ”
The three provinces, six ministries and three provinces are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government agencies. Generally, the Zhongshu Province was in charge of decision-making, the Menxia Province was in charge of deliberation, and the Shangshu Province was in charge of implementation. The chief officials of Zhongshu Province are all prime ministers. The governor of Zhongshu Province is called Zhongshu Ling, and he has the official title of Zhongshu Shilang and Zhongshu Sheren; Under the order, there are official positions such as left and right servants. The Shangshu Province has six departments: the Ministry of Personnel (in charge of the appointment, removal and evaluation of officials, etc., equivalent to the current Organization Department), the Ministry of Husbandry (in charge of land registration, taxation and finance, etc.), and the Ministry of Rites (in charge of the appointment, removal and evaluation of officials, etc.). Ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.), the Ministry of War (in charge of the military, equivalent to the current Ministry of Defense), the Ministry of Justice (in charge of justice and prisons, equivalent to the current Ministry of Justice), and the Ministry of Industry (in charge of engineering construction, farmland, water conservancy, etc.). He is called Shangshu, with the deputy title of Minister, and has the following official positions: Langzhong, Yuanwailang, and Chief. The six-ministry system was implemented from the Sui and Tang Dynasties and lasted until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The promotion, appointment and dismissal of official positions are usually governed by the following words:
(1) Worship. Use certain etiquette to confer certain official positions or titles, such as "(Guide Record gt; Preface). The "then resigned from the prime minister's seal but refused to worship" means that he did not accept the seal of the prime minister and did not take office.
(2) Removal from the official appointment, such as "I will eliminate the right prime minister and the privy envoy" ( The word "exclude" in the sentence "(Guide Record gt; Preface)" means to grant an official position.
(3) To promote an official position, such as "Warring States Policy? Yan Ce": "The former king passed. Lift, promote among the guests, and establish above the officials. "
(4) Transfer. Transfer of official positions, including promotion, demotion, and horizontal transfer. To make it easy to distinguish, people One word is often added before or after the word "qian". Upgrading is called promotion, transfer, transfer, demotion is called transfer, relegation, left move, horizontal transfer is called transfer, official transfer, transfer. Reinstatement is called relegation.
Relegation. Demotion or transfer to a remote area. The word "relegation" in "Teng Zijing was relegated to Baling County" in "Yueyang Tower"
(6) Deposed. "Deposed" and "removed, dismissed, seized" all refer to removal from official positions. For example, "Guoyu": "The general deposed the prince Shen Sheng and established Xi Qi."
(7) Go. There are three types of dismissal: resignation, transfer and removal from office. Resignation and transfer are general situations and adjustment of official position, while removal from office is to reduce the position to the people.
(8) ) Begging for bones. When he gets old, he asks to resign and retire. For example, "The Biography of Zhang Heng" says: "After serving for three years, he submitted a letter to beg for bones and worshiped the minister.
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China’s current official levels
National-level official positions:
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, President of the State, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and member of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Chairman, Premier of the State Council, Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Vice Chairman of the State, Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
National-level deputy:
Member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, alternate. Member, Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, Secretary of the Central Secretariat,
Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,
Vice Premier of the State Council, State Councilor,
Supreme People's Court President, Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate,
Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Provincial and ministerial level officials:
Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China,
Senior leaders (deputies with special provisions) of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, administrative offices of ministries and commissions and public institutions (party groups) under the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (deputies with special provisions)
All people's organizations (Party group) Principal positions
Principal leaders of party committees, people’s congresses, governments, and CPPCC of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government (deputies with special provisions),
Principal leaders of national ministerial-level enterprises. /p>
Deputies at the provincial and ministerial levels:
Member of the Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China,
Ministries and commissions under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, and the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Deputy leaders (members of the Party group) of administrative offices and public institutions and principal posts of deputy ministerial-level agencies (Party group),
Deputies of various people's organizations (Party group)
Party committees of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government ( Deputy secretary, standing committee member) deputy leaders of the National People's Congress, the government, and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, secretary of the Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection,
Full-time leaders of deputy provincial-level city party committees, people's congresses, governments, and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (deputies under special provisions),
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Deputy ministerial-level party and government officials in colleges and universities
Department and bureau (region) positions:
Directly under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, and the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. The principal positions in the administrative offices of ministries and commissions and the subordinate departments and offices of public institutions are deputy positions in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, and deputy ministerial-level organs (party groups) of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Party committees and committees of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Principal positions in the agencies and institutions directly under the People's Congress, the Government, and the CPPCC,
Deputy leaders of the deputy provincial-level city party committees (deputy secretaries, standing committee members), the People's Congress, the Government, and the CPPCC, and Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission.
Principal positions of party committees, people's congresses, governments and CPPCC in various cities (districts),
Deputy positions of departments and bureaus (prefectures):
Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress , deputy positions in the departments and offices directly under the State Council, the administrative offices of ministries and commissions directly under the CPPCC National Committee and public institutions,
Deputy positions in the departments and public institutions directly under the Party committees, people's congresses, governments, and CPPCC of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and at the deputy department level
Principal positions in subordinate organs of deputy provincial-level city party committees, people's congresses, governments, and the CPPCC;
Deputy positions in various municipal (district) party committees, people's congresses, governments, and CPPCC, and secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission
Principal positions at the county level:
Principal positions in the departments directly under the party committees, people's congresses, governments, CPPCC and public institutions of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.
Deputies in subordinate agencies of party committees, people's congresses, governments, and CPPCC in sub-provincial cities,
Principal positions in subordinate units of party committees, people's congresses, governments, and CPPCC in various cities (districts)
Principal positions of the party committees, people's congresses, governments, and the CPPCC of each county and city,
Deputy positions at the county level:
Directly subordinate positions of the party committees, people's congresses, governments, and the CPPCC of each province, autonomous region, and municipality directly under the Central Government Deputy positions in subordinate departments of government agencies and public institutions.
Deputy positions and principal positions in subordinate units of the party committees, people's congresses, governments, and CPPCC of various cities (districts) and deputy division-level units.
Deputies of county and city party committees, people's congresses, governments, and CPPCC, and secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission
Principal positions at the township level:
Party committees and people's congresses of cities (districts) , the government, and the CPPCC's subordinate units have full-time positions in departments and departments
The county and city party committees, people's congresses, governments, and CPPCC's subordinate units have full-time positions,
The township party committees, and the government have full-time positions,
Deputies at the township and section level:
Deputies in departments and departments affiliated to the municipal (district) party committees, people’s congresses, governments, and CPPCC committees
County and city party committees, people’s congresses, governments, The deputy positions of the units under the CPPCC,
the township party committees, the principal and deputy positions of the government,
civil servants, the military, state-owned institutions and state-owned enterprises
Professional and technical personnel are not civil servants,
Not a civil servant, but still a state cadre
But still a state cadre.
First-level state president, Premier of the State Council, Chairman of the Military Commission, Vice Chairman of the Military Commission
Chairman of the National People's Congress, National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Chairman, Vice Chairman of the State,
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Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, member of the Politburo Standing Committee
Second Vice Premier, member of the Politburo, Fourth Headquarters of the Supreme Military Commission
(Second Floor) President of the Court, Prosecutor of the Supreme Procuratorate Chief of Navy, Air Force, and Second Artillery,
Principal post of second- to third-level military regions
Deputy post of secretary of third-level provincial (autonomous regions, municipalities) committees of large military regions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
(Fourth level), provincial governor, minister of central ministries Group Army full-time Academy of Social Sciences
Third to fourth level
Fourth-level provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government) Group Army deputy positions Ten key institutes 44 large-scale national backbones of the university
(Fifth level) Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee, Vice Governor, Enterprise Group
Deputy Ministers of various central ministries,
Sixteen deputy
Municipal Party Secretary of a provincial-level city.
Mayor
Fourth to fifth levels
Five-level prefectures (cities, states, leagues, and districts of municipalities directly under the Central Government) have the right to award bachelor's degrees and large state-owned enterprises
( Fifth floor) Party secretaries, university presidents with a degree of inspector or above,
Fifth to seventh-level professors, senior engineers,
Chief physicians
Art first-level
Deputy Secretary and Assistant Inspector Brigade of District Committees and Assistant Inspectors of Sixth Level Prefectures (City, State, League, Municipality Associate Normal College and below)
(sixth level) p>Level 6 to Level 8
Level 7 Director, Secretary of the County Party Committee, Deputy Brigade Associate Professor Medium-sized State-owned Enterprise
(Level 6) County Magistrate, Senior Engineer of the Research Team, Deputy Chief Physician ,
Senior teacher of middle schools from grades seven to ten, art grade two
Deputy director of grade eight, deputy deputy director of the county committee
(sixth floor) secretary, deputy County magistrate, assistant investigator
Eighth to eleventh level
Nineth level township party committee secretary, township lecturer, engineer, attending physician,
(sixth level) Chief, section chief, chief section member, middle school first-level teacher, primary school teacher
9th to 12th level senior teacher, art level 3
Tenth-level township party committee deputy secretary, camp
(Level 6) Deputy Township Mayor, Deputy Section Chief,
Deputy Chief Section Member
Levels 9 to 13
Level 11
p>(Seventh floor)
Doctor’s starting level deputy battalion
Twelve-level deputy company
(Seventh floor)
The starting level of a master's degree
Thirteenth-level staff is ranked as teaching assistant, assistant engineer,
(seventh level) ninth to fourteenth-level physician, primary school level one
p>Bachelor’s starting teacher, Art Level 4
Starting level
Fourteenth level technician
(Eighth level) Middle school level 3 teacher,
College graduates, doctors, nurses,
starting level primary school teachers, level 2, art level 5
level 15 ministers
Primary school third-level teachers,
(eighth level) 10th to 15th level
The starting level of vocational school graduates
Provincial-level cadres (ministerial-level cadres):
Principal cadres of various ministries and commissions under the State Council (such as the Minister of Education, Director of the National Development and Reform Commission)
Principal cadres of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipal governments (such as Governor of Jiangsu Province, Mayor of Tianjin)
Permanent military cadres (such as Commander of the Jiangsu Provincial Military Region, Commander of the 12th Army)
Deputy provincial cadres (deputy ministerial level) Cadres):
Deputy cadres of various ministries and commissions of the State Council (such as the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Public Security, Deputy Director of the State Sports General Administration)
Personal cadres of the national bureaus managed by ministries and commissions of the State Council (such as the Director of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage)
Deputy cadres of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipal governments (such as the deputy governor of Anhui Province and the deputy mayor of Chongqing)
Permanent cadres of all deputy provincial and municipal governments (such as the mayor of Nanjing) )
Deputy military cadres of the army (such as deputy commander of the Zhejiang Provincial Security Command and deputy commander of the 31st Army)
Department-level cadres (prefecture-level cadres):
Permanent cadres of various departments of ministries and commissions of the State Council (such as the Director of the Department of Social Science Research and Ideological and Political Work of the Ministry of Education)
Private cadres of departments and bureaus of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government (such as the Director of the Department of Transportation of Hebei Province, Beijing Director of the Municipal Finance Bureau)
Deputy cadres of various sub-provincial municipal governments (such as the deputy mayor of Ningbo City)
Permanent cadres of local municipal governments (such as the mayor of Wuxi City)
p>
Leader-level cadres of the army (such as the director of the 1st Army Logistics Department and the political commissar of the 34th Division)
Note: The above are senior cadres
Deputy department-level cadres:
Deputy cadres in various departments of ministries and commissions of the State Council (such as the Deputy Director of the Talent Mobility and Development Department of the Ministry of Personnel)
Deputy cadres in departments and bureaus of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government (such as the Deputy Director of the Department of Construction of Heilongjiang Province, the Deputy Director of the Department of Construction of Shanghai Municipality) Deputy Director of the Cultural Affairs Bureau)
Principal cadres of the bureaus of sub-provincial cities and district and county governments (such as the director of Nanjing Municipal Education Bureau and the mayor of Jiangning District)
Deputy cadres of local governments ( Such as the deputy mayor of Suzhou City)
Deputy divisional cadres of the army (such as deputy political commissar of the 35th Division, commander of the 179th Brigade)
Director-level cadres (cadres at the county and regiment level):
Full-time cadres in the departments and offices of the ministries and commissions of the State Council (such as the Director of the Economic Crops Division of the Planting Industry Management Department of the Ministry of Agriculture)
Full-time cadres in the departments and bureaus of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government (such as the Director of the Economic Crops Division of the Planting Industry Management Department of the Ministry of Agriculture) Director of the Rural Science and Technology Division of the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology)
Deputy cadres of the bureaus of deputy provincial-level cities and district and county governments (such as the deputy director of the Shenyang Municipal Health Bureau and the deputy district chief of Pukou District)
Official cadres of the bureaus and district and county governments of prefecture-level cities (such as the director of the Yangzhou Municipal Labor Bureau and the head of Binhai County)
Regimental cadres of the army (such as the political commissar of the 105th Regiment)
Cadres at the deputy department level:
Deputy cadres in the departments and offices of the ministries and commissions of the State Council (such as the deputy director of the Epidemic Prevention Division of the Veterinary Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture)
Departments and offices in all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government Deputy cadres (such as the deputy director of the Personnel Department of the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education)
Deputy cadres in the bureaus and offices of deputy provincial-level cities and full-time cadres in district and county bureaus (such as the director of the Science and Technology Achievements Department of the Nanjing Science and Technology Bureau, Xuanwu District Health Bureau Director)
Deputy cadres of the bureaus and district and county governments of prefecture-level cities (such as the deputy director of Zhenjiang Civil Affairs Bureau and the deputy mayor of Zhangjiagang City)
Deputy regimental cadres of the army (such as Chief of Staff of the 105th Regiment)
About the cadres at the section level and deputy section level
Note: The cadres at all levels of institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutes, hospitals and other public institutions shall refer to the cadres at all levels of the government. Level-level cadres receive the same treatment, but they do not have administrative levels and do not belong to the civil service establishment
If government cadres at all levels are members of the standing committee of the party committee at the next higher level, their administrative level will be upgraded by one level.
For example, the mayor of Zhangjiagang City is a department-level cadre, and if he is a member of the Standing Committee of the Suzhou Municipal Party Committee, he is a deputy department-level cadre
As a rule, senior cadres after the age of 60 or 65 are often transferred to the National People's Congress, The CPPCC holds leadership positions, commonly known as "retreating to the second line"
Provincial-level cadres are roughly equivalent to the governors and chief envoys of the Qing Dynasty, and are second-level cadres
Deputy provincial-level cadres are roughly equivalent to the governors and chief envoys of the Qing Dynasty. Equivalent to the inspector-general in the Qing Dynasty, they were the third rank of Zheng.
The cadres at the department level were roughly equivalent to the prefects in the Qing Dynasty, and they were the fourth rank from Cong
The cadres at the deputy department level were roughly equivalent to the prefects in the Qing Dynasty. Tongzhi is the fifth rank cadre
The cadres at the division level are roughly equivalent to the county magistrates in the Qing Dynasty, and they are the seventh rank cadres
The deputy division level cadres are roughly equivalent to the county magistrates in the Qing Dynasty. Zhengbapin