The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. From Shanhaiguan in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, it stretches for tens of thousands of miles, so it is called the Great Wall of Wan Li. In the past, it was a pass for tigers to live in dragon bowls and protect the environment and people. Today, the primary military defense function of the Great Wall has gradually faded out of the historical stage, replaced by people to explore the past tourist attractions.
Shanhaiguan, the first pass: also known as "Guan Yu", is located at 15km northeast of Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, Shanhaiguan was built and defended, and it was named Shanhaiguan because of its proximity to mountains and seas. It has the reputation of "the first level in the world". This monument is 5. 19 meters long and10.5 meters high, and was written by Xiao Xian, a famous calligrapher in Ming Dynasty.
? The second level? Huangyaguan: Huangyaguan is one of the ten scenic spots in Jinmen, located on Dongshan Mountain, 30 kilometers north of Jixian County. Also known as "Little Yanmenguan". Founded in the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty.
The third level? Juyongguan: Juyongguan is known as the "No.1 Xiongguan in the world", which was named after Changping District of Beijing in Qin Dynasty. The north and south pass, the south is called "Nankou" and the north is called "Juyongguan". Guo Yan became a military pass, and the Han Dynasty was very big. After that, the Tang Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Jin Yuan and Juyongguan Canyon were all related to the construction of the city. Genghis Khan entered this pass when he destroyed the gold, and the existing pass was built during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty.
The fourth level? Zijingguan: Located on Zijing Ridge, 45 kilometers northwest of Yixian County, Hebei Province, it has been one of the important gateways of North China Plain since ancient times. It was called Shangguguan in the Han Dynasty and WuRuanguan in the Eastern Han Dynasty, also known as Puyinjing and Zizhuangguan. Founded in the Warring States period, it is also known as the Inner Three Pass with Juyongguan and Daomaguan. In history, there have been many wars in Zijingguan 140 times, the most famous being that Genghis Khan attacked Juyongguan in 12 13. He divided his troops and defeated the nomads from Zijingguan, but successfully attacked Juyongguan from the inside. After the civil war in the 14th year of Ming Dynasty, the Mongolian army broke through Zijingguan and approached Beijing.
Daoma Pass, the fifth pass: Daoma Village, located 60 kilometers northwest of Tangxian County, Hebei Province, China, is one of the main roads for Hebei Plain to enter Taihang Mountain. There is a risk of "one person guards it, and a thousand people point to it", which is named because the mountain road is steep and the horse often falls. After the Ming Dynasty, it was called Daomaguan. The existing Daomaguan was built in Jingtai period of Ming Dynasty, and it was combined with Juyongguan and Zijingguan as the inner three passes.
Six levels? Pingxingguan: Located in Baiyatai Township, Lingqiu County, Datong City, Shanxi Province. During the period of Zheng De in Ming Dynasty, when the Inner Great Wall was built, it passed through Pingling and built a building on Guanling. Xing Ping Guancheng Tiger is located at the southern foot of Xing Ping Mountain, which was called bottle-shaped village in ancient times, and was named after the surrounding terrain like a bottle. Jin is a bottle-shaped town, which was called Lingguan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and later renamed. Historically, it has been a garrison for a long time, surrounded by more than 900 feet, with three characters "Xing Ping Ridge" engraved on the front door. 1937 Pingxingguan wiped out thousands of Japanese troops, which was the first great victory of the Japanese army since the full-scale outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It was also the first time that the Japanese army took the initiative to attack the Japanese army and won a great victory in the anti-Japanese battlefield.
Seven? Piantouguan: Located near the Yellow River in Pianguan County. It, together with Ning Wuguan and Yanmenguan, is called the "Three Passes", which is named after its terrain lying in the east and lying in the west. The existing buildings were built during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Piantouguan was not only the gateway to northern Shaanxi, but also the trading port between northern Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia. Piantouguan has a long history and is located at the turning point where the Yellow River flows into the south of Shanxi, which is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties.
The eighth level? Yanmenguan: "The First Pass of China"? Also known as Xiqiaoguan, it is located in Yanmen Mountain, about 20 kilometers north of Daixian County, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province. This is an important pass on the Great Wall. "The world is blocked by nine, and the wild goose gate is the head." "The first level of the Nine Saizun". Xiongguan is close to the mountain. It, Ning Wuguan and Pianguan are also called "External Three Passes". When it comes to Yanmenguan, people will immediately think of the story of Yang Jiajiang, a hero who fought against Liao in Song Dynasty, defending his country. Xiongguan Yanmen ranks first in the "Nine Blocks in the World" and has been regarded as a strategic place in all previous dynasties.
The ninth level? Niangziguan is a famous pass of the Great Wall in Wan Li. It is located at the foot of Mianshan Mountain in the northeast of Pingding County, Shanxi Province, west of Jingxing County, Hebei Province, and west of Taihang Mountain. Niangziguan was originally named "Weizeguan", because Princess Pingyang led the troops stationed here in the Tang Dynasty, and Princess Pingyang's troops were called "female soldiers" at that time. Therefore, it is named today. The existing Guancheng was built in the Ming Dynasty, and it is known as the ninth pass of the Great Wall of Wan Li, which is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties.
The tenth level? Killing Tiger Pass: Located at the junction of Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. One of the most important passes of the Great Wall outside Yanbei is the border between northern Shanxi and Inner Mongolia Plateau, and it is also the only pass for Inner Mongolia grassland to lead to the middle of Shanxi Basin or Taihang Mountain, which was called Shahukou in Ming Dynasty. During the Ming Dynasty, Mongolian nobles invaded the Southern Great Wall many times, taking this port as the breakthrough point. The Ming Dynasty sent troops to the Great Wall to fight, and many of them went in and out from this port, so they got such a name of killing people without blinking an eye. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty adopted a policy of appeasement towards Mongolian nobles, and changed the word "Hu" into the word "tiger". Therefore, the name of killing the tiger's mouth is still in use today. This is where the west exit happened.
? The eleventh level? Jiayuguan: Located 5 kilometers west of Jiayuguan City, Gansu Province, it is the first pass at the western end of the Ming Great Wall and the transportation hub of the ancient Silk Road. It is the starting point of the western end of the Great Wall in Wan Li in Ming Dynasty. Built in the fifth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. Built in 168, it became the most spectacular Guancheng along the Great Wall of Wan Li. On Jiayu Mountain, the highest terrain, the walls of the two wings of Chengguan pass through the desert Gobi, 8 kilometers north and 7 kilometers south, connecting the first pier in the world, which has been the first pass in Hexi since ancient times. 1965 build a city in the name of Guan.
The twelfth level? Yangguan: Yangguan is the throat of ancient land transportation in China and the only way of the Southern Silk Road. Located near the antique beach in the southwest of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. The pass was set up in the Western Han Dynasty because it was south of Yumenguan and was the gateway to the western regions at that time. Yangguan was founded in the Han and Yuan Dynasties and has been the only pass on the Southern Silk Road since the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty. Speaking of Yangguan, I will immediately think of the famous sentence of Tang Dynasty poet Wang Wei, "Advise you to drink more and go out of Yangguan for no reason."
The thirteenth level? Yumenguan: Yumenguan, also known as "Small Square City", was named after the legend that Hetian Meiyu was introduced into the Central Plains. Located about 102km northwest of Dunhuang city, it is one of the two western border crossings in Han Dynasty. It is the only way for the ancient Silk Road to leave Dunhuang from the west and enter the north and middle roads in the western regions. Since ancient times, it has been the gateway for the Central Plains to enter the Western Regions.
Wang Zhihuan, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a famous sentence in Liangzhou Ci: "Why blame Liu for the flute?". "Spring breeze is nothing but Yumenguan", which makes Yumenguan famous forever.
The existing customs address is just a square earthen city standing on a dry river and a mound. The walls are all rammed with yellow glue, one to the west and one to the north. The wall soil has partially collapsed, which is 26.4 meters long from north to south, 24 meters wide from east to west and 9.7 meters high, with a total area of more than 630 square meters. There is an east-west alley under the north slope.
At a distance of 0/5km from Yumenguan/Kloc-0, there is an ancient city of Hecang, which was the granary of Yumenguan in Han Dynasty. Although there are only ruins left, the momentum of that year is still visible.