Pu Songling was keen on imperial examinations all his life, but he was always frustrated. At the age of 72, he was a tribute student, so he was deeply touched by the irrationality of the imperial examination system. He completed 8 volumes of 49 1 Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in his life, with about 400,000 words. The content is rich and colorful, and the stories are mostly taken from folklore and anecdotes of unofficial history, personifying and socializing things in the world of flowers, foxes and ghosts, fully expressing the author's love, hate and good ideals. The works inherit and develop the excellent tradition and expression techniques of the legendary literature of strange stories in China literature, with fantastic plot, ups and downs, concise writing and orderly narration, and are regarded as the highest achievement collection of China's ancient short stories. Mr. Lu Xun said in "A Brief History of Chinese Novels" that this book is "the most famous one in the special collection"; Mr. Guo Moruo wrote an inscription for Pu's former residence, praising Pu's book "writing ghosts and writing demons is superior, stabbing greed and stabbing abuse"; Lao She also commented on Pu's "Ghost foxes have personality, which makes them laugh and scold".
After Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio was written, Pu Songling was unable to publish it because of his poor family, and it was not published until 1766 (the thirty-first year of Qing Qianlong). After repeated reprints, there are more than 30 versions at home and abroad. Famous versions include hanger-on Pavilion Edition and Zhu Xuezhai Edition, and nearly 20 countries have published their translations. There are 100 publications of Liaozhai in China, and 160 dramas, movies and TV series with the story of Liaozhai as their content. ?
In addition to Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Pu Songling has a large number of poems, plays, folk songs, agricultural and medical works. Collection 13 volume, more than 400 articles; Poetry 6 volumes, 1000; Word 1 volume, 100 Yu Tan; Three plays (textual research)
Nine turn peddlers, Zhong Mei's birthday, make a scene); Folk songs 14 kinds (wall stories, ancient songs, compassionate songs, songs, disasters, harp music, Penglai banquet, Junye tea, poor Chinese words, ugly Junba, fast songs, envious spells, lucky fairy songs, and buxing Yunge), as well as Nongsang Sutra and Nongsang Sutra.
Qi Jiguang is a famous contemporary. He not only has patriotic enthusiasm and battlefield command ability, but also is an innovator who is determined to forge ahead and reform the military system. His behavior has become a bright spot in the gloomy situation of the decline of the last dynasty.
1555, when Qi Jiguang was transferred to Zhejiang as commander-in-chief, the eastern coast of China was constantly occupied by the Japanese army. After landing, a group of 70 Japanese pirates went deep into the hinterland, plundering all the way from eastern Zhejiang to Anhui and Jiangsu, and made a big circle around Nanjing. At that time, there were 6.5438+0.2 million troops stationed in Nanjing, but many of them were afraid to go to the battlefield. Although the enemy was finally destroyed, the Ming army suffered 4000 casualties!
At that time, China's population, financial resources and the number of troops were many times more than those of Japan, and the Japanese pirates were still irregular. However, the Ming army was passively beaten along the coast for decades. A careful analysis of this abnormal phenomenon reveals the gap between China and Japan in military organization and tactics at that time. Although the enemy lacks unified command and only kills people with small forces, it reflects the tight structure of the lower class in Japan. Its leaders, big and small, can exercise strict control and command over their subordinates, and also adopt erratic cunning tactics, and are equipped with birds made of imitation western muskets, so they often win more with fewer. The Ming army has a large number and poor quality. The important reason is that it implements the system of "garrison" world soldiers, and each "military household" has one person, which will remain unchanged from generation to generation. After the establishment of this system, many soldiers fled and changed their titles. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were a lot of vacancies in the defenders, and most of the remaining soldiers were officers, and their training was slack. In the vast Ming Dynasty, there were as many as 2.8 million troops on paper, but only a limited number could fight.
After Qi Jiguang was ordered to resist Japan, he immediately reformed the military system, recruited scattered farmers and miners to replace Wei Zao's soldiers, and selected 3,000 people to form a new army. Many of these soldiers suffered disasters from the Japanese army, so Qi Jiguang punished the officers and men by "protecting the country and defending the people", and at the same time, he was serious about military discipline and practiced the "sitting in a row" method, stipulating that the whole team would be beheaded if they retreated, which made his fighting spirit high. He also abandoned the old training method of "watching martial arts" and adopted new tactics such as mandarin duck array, and established new teams, sentries and battalions, which made the organization and scheduling more flexible. Qi Jiguang also paid attention to learning new firearms from Portugal and Japan, and copied spears and "Franco" guns, thus enabling the Ming army to enter the stage of mixing hot and cold weapons.
After the military reform, this army appeared in the coastal battlefield in eastern Zhejiang, and the anti-Japanese situation changed rapidly. Qi Jiguang didn't divide the limited forces, but formed a fist to take the initiative to attack, and fought nine battles and nine wins in Taizhou. After the frightened Japanese pirates turned to harass the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong, Qi Jiajun also moved to the south. According to the characteristics that the Japanese pirates need some strongholds and islands as nests to cruise along the seashore, Qi Jiguang also takes the initiative to attack mainly, including attacking Hengdao at night, killing 2,000 people. After Qi Jiajun fought in Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong provinces for 10 years, the enemy was afraid of being wiped out and dared not do it again.
When future generations cherish the memory of the achievements of the national hero Qi Jiguang, they will also cause some regrets. Judging from the strategic situation of China and Japan at that time, the most effective way to pacify the Japanese pirates was to build a fleet stronger than the Japanese pirates, which was also achieved by Zheng He's shipbuilding level in the early Ming Dynasty. Yu, a famous soldier who fought alongside Qi Jiguang, advocated: "When thieves come, they will attack, when thieves go, they will chase, when thieves come, they will attack and chase." Defending and destroying the enemy at sea is indeed the fundamental way to defeat the powerful enemy at sea. However, those in power in Ming dynasty inherited the conservative concept of farming people and lacked the concept of ocean. The main way to deal with the enemy at sea is to fight on land. Imagine how spectacular it would be if Qi Jiguang and Yu Neng commanded the fleet to sail across the East China Sea! In the future, the history of China will be rewritten. Unfortunately, this is only a beautiful assumption, and history cannot be assumed.
2007123 October Liberation Army Daily
Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang (18 1-234), also known as Kong Ming, was called Mr. Wolong and Prime Minister of Shu and Han Dynasties. He lived in seclusion in Longzhong in his early years. Later, Liu Bei took care of Mao Lu and asked Zhuge Liang to be a strategist. Because Zhuge Liang was very young at that time, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others looked down on Zhuge Liang. Liu Bei said to them, "Only Kong Ming is like fish getting water." Guan Yu and others will not say anything after listening. In 208, Cao Cao went south and defeated Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang and Xu Shu were defeated by Cao Cao in their escape. Xu Shu then defected to Cao Cao. After Zhuge Liang arrived in Jiangxia, entrusted by Liu Bei, he went to Soochow to lobby and unite Wu against Cao. After Liu Bei entered Sichuan, Zhuge Liang guarded Jingzhou, and Zhuge Liang's political talents initially appeared at this time. After Pang Tong was shot with an arrow, Zhuge Liang went to Sichuan with Zhao Yun as a second-class reinforcement. Since then, Liu Bei has basically led the troops abroad, and Zhuge Liang has been staying in Chengdu. Because of his outstanding political ability, surprisingly, the economy has been greatly restored. This achievement was not only praised by everyone in Shu, but also praised Zhuge Liang's political talents many times by Zhong You and Dong Zhao of Wei in their memorials to Cao Cao. Cao Cao also wrote a letter to Zhuge Liang and sent some gifts. Of course, all this is in vain. After the war in Hanzhong, Liu Bei proclaimed himself the king of Hanzhong and named Zhuge Liang the general of the military division. 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and Zhuge Liang became prime minister. Liu Bei tried to attack Wu, but Zhuge Liang's earnest persuasion was useless and Liu Bei was defeated.
In 223, Liu Bei's Baidi City was entrusted to orphans. In order to limit Zhuge Liang's power, Liu Bei put Li Yanlai in charge of grain and grass to restrict Zhuge Liang. Later, Zhuge Liang went south, defeated Meng Huo, and the south was pacified. Then Zhuge Liang went north and collected Jiang Wei. Then Zhuge Liang asked Ma Su to guard the street pavilion. Andy defeated Ma Su and occupied Jieting, and the Shu army was defeated. Later, Zhuge Liang attacked Wei several times and successfully got rid of Li Yan. However, Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was successfully defeated by Cao Zhen and Sima Yi, and eventually the national strength of Shu became weaker and weaker. In 234, Zhuge Liang broke down from overwork and died in Wuzhangyuan. He was an official of the marquis of Wuxiang and the prime minister of Shu Han. Sima Yi called Zhuge Liang "a genius in the world" when he inspected the camp of Shu army. But Zhuge Liang's death doomed the demise of Shu.
Zhuge Liang's achievements in his life can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage is from mountain to Sichuan. At this stage, Zhuge Liang mainly demonstrated his diplomatic skills. In particular, his lobbying in Battle of Red Cliffs made Sun Liu form an alliance. Of course, from the later stage, there are still many people in Shu who have such diplomatic ability, such as Deng Zhi, Ying Zheng and others. However, Zhuge Liang's talk about the subtlety of war in front of Sun Quan coincides with Zhou Yu, the governor of Soochow at that time, Lu Su, a captain who joined the army, etc., which shows that Zhuge Liang still saw the war clearly and Zhuge Liang was a strategist. In the second stage, Zhuge Liang went to Sichuan Tuogu Baidi City. At this stage, Zhuge Liang mainly showed his outstanding political talent. It can be said that the survival of Shu after Zhuge Liang's death is related to Zhuge Liang's governance of Xichuan during this period. At this stage, Liu Bei stationed troops in public security and Yangpingguan successively, and all the internal affairs in Chengdu were handed over to Zhuge Liang. Different from the romance, Zhuge Liang did not participate in the battle of Hanzhong and the previous battle of Dingjun Mountain. He has been staying in Chengdu. The third stage is from Liu Bei's death to Zhuge Liang's illness. At this stage, Zhuge Liang's energy has shifted from internal affairs to military affairs. However, judging from Zhuge Liang's several northern expeditions, Zhuge Liang was good at running the army and lacked military strategy. During the Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang also invented the wooden ox and flowing horse for transporting grain and grass (note that the wooden ox and flowing horse here are two kinds of tools, which are also driven by human power, unlike what is said in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms), and created the Eight Arrays map (the Eight Arrays map has been lost today, but the Eight Arrays map is more a formation method when the two armies are at war than the Stone Arrays map mentioned in the Romance). From this point of view, Zhuge Liang is more suitable to be in charge of logistics work in the war. He is really not the person who can command the three armed forces. What I want to say here in particular is that Zhuge Liang's biggest mistake was his handling of the aftermath. Zhuge Liang's funeral was handled in this way: Sun Tzu's Art of War was passed on to Jiang Wei, the army belonged to Yang Yi, and the position of Prime Minister was inherited by Jiang Wan (since Liu Chan, the late Lord, never set up a Prime Minister, Jiang Wan only became a general). This kind of funeral treatment can only lead to civil strife in Shu and Han dynasties, because Yang Yi is difficult to accommodate people, and Jiang Wan and Jiang Wei have already completed the opposite attitude towards the Northern Expedition. This shows that Zhuge Liang is much worse than Liu Bei in knowing people. Finally, due to the influence of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, many people like to say the word "Zhuge Shi Jun", but in fact Zhuge Liang was never a real strategist of Liu Bei (Zhuge Liang was a general and a corps commander, but this was not a real strategist). Zhuge Liang's position under Liu Bei is similar to that of Yu Xun under Cao Cao, and they are both key figures guarding the rear. Of course, the deification of Zhuge Liang has never been reliable. As far as the legendary things are concerned, Zhou Yu belongs to the first three countries, Sima Yi belongs to the last three countries, and Zhuge Liang belongs to the three countries in the world. There is no comparability between them.
Sun Tzu's Art of War-Sun Wu
Sun Tzu's Art of War is a popular military work since the Warring States Period. Military strategists at all times and all over the world use the military theory discussed in it to guide the war. Moreover, the basic theories and ideas discussed in it have also been applied to modern business decision-making and social management. However, who is the author of this book? There is a lot of discussion in academic circles. One thought it was written by Sun Wu of the State of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period, another thought it was compiled by Sun Bin, another thought it was written by Chu Shi in the early Warring States Period, and another thought it was compiled by Cao Cao in the Three Kingdoms Period. Until April 1972, Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War written on bamboo slips were found in two Han tombs excavated in Yinxingshan, Linyi, Shandong. In this way, hundreds of years of debate ended, and the author of Sun Tzu's Art of War was confirmed as Sun Wu, the general of the State of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Sun Wu, whose real name was Changqing, was a grandson and an unknown strategist in the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi people He once saw He Lv, the prince of Wu, in Thirteen Articles on the Art of War, and was appointed as a general. Led the troops to fight, invincible, Wu Zixu led Wu Jun to break Chu, winning five out of five, and led 60,000 troops to defeat 200,000 troops of Chu and enter the capital of Chu. Qi Jin in the north, Yue people in the south, famous soldiers. Thirteen Chapters is the earliest art of war in China, and it is known as the "Holy Book of the Art of War", ranking first among the seven books of the Art of War. It has been translated into English, French, German and Japanese, becoming the most famous model of military science in the world.
Speaking of Wang Xizhi, most people in China have heard of him, even those who don't know the history of calligraphy are no exception. Indeed, no one can replace this famous calligrapher, whose position in the history of calligraphy in China is so deeply rooted in people's hearts.
Wang Xizhi was born in the second year of Tai 'an in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 303) and died in the fifth year of Mu Shengping in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 36 1 year) at the age of 59. There is a saying that he was born in 307 and died in 365, which is different for historians to distinguish and ignore. ) Linyi (present-day Shandong) people, officers to right generals, will review the internal history, named Wang Youjun.
Most of his life and artistic activities were in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, so he was called the calligrapher of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Book of Jin said: "It is not surprising that you are a teenager." "There will be dragon mountain, called bone mountain. You Shu is the crown of ancient and modern times. Critics say that his brushwork is like a cloud and agile as a dragon. " Wang Xizhi was taciturn when he was young, but he grew up arrogant and eccentric. At that time, he sent his protege Jian to see Wang Dao.
The famous calligrapher Xi Zhitang asked for a son-in-law, and Wang Dao asked his protege to inspect the children of the Wangs in the East Room. Later, when his apprentice came home, he told Chi Jian that all the Wangs' disciples were fine, but when he heard that he wanted a husband, he had some reservations. Only one person eats openly in the East Bed, as if there is nothing. Chi Jian made a decision immediately after hearing this, saying that he was the one he was looking for. Later, knowing that this person was Wang Xizhi, I married my daughter to him. Wang Xizhi's personality can be seen from this, which may be the result of the pursuit of personality freedom by scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
When Wang Xizhi was twelve years old, his father taught him the theory of brushwork and an outline. His teacher, Mrs. Wei, a famous female calligrapher at that time, saw his handwriting and was amazed. He even said, "This child will cover my title." When he crossed the river to the famous mountains in the north, he saw the traces of Reese and Cao, and he saw Cai Yong's Xi Jing and Zhang Chang's At Brother's Place. Wei and Jin Dynasties is an important historical stage in the history of calligraphy in China. It is a generation that all forms of calligraphy have been prepared, especially the three forms of calligraphy have been perfected at this time. This is inseparable from the achievements of Zhong You and Wang Xizhi, two calligraphy innovators, who are a bridge between the past and the future. It can be said that they have turned a new page in the history of China's calligraphy development and set an aesthetic model of authentic calligraphy. Wang Xizhi's achievements are mainly in his running script and cursive script. As the name implies, cursive script means scribbling, and running script is a kind of calligraphy between true cursive script and true cursive script. Almost at the same time as the emergence, development and finalization of official script in Qin and Han Dynasties, a cursive script with official script wave was produced, which was later called Cao Zhang, and a cursive script without official script wave was also produced, which was later called Cao Jin. In the era of Wang Xizhi, the cursive script of running script has been widely used. Wang Xizhi combined the advantages of pen and writing in his ancestors' calligraphy, became a master of running script, and created a generation of rhyming atmosphere.
Wang Xizhi's calligraphy works have been handed down to this day, and only the wax paper hook ink book in Tang Dynasty is left. Among them, it's sunny when it snows, orange when it snows (Taiwan Province province), funeral when it snows, Confucius' mansion when it snows, eye-catching when it snows (Japan), menstruation's post when it snows (Liaoning), cold-cut post when it snows (Tianjin), and far official post when it snows (Taiwan Province province) and ok. Most importantly, except for "Youmutie", which is said to have been destroyed by war, "Cold Cut Iron" was seriously damaged, and the paper color of "Fast Snow Iron" was too black, and everything else was wonderful and eye-catching. Preface to Lanting Collection, especially Feng Chengsu's codex, is the most fascinating. The characteristics of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy are summarized by later generations as "vigorous and free words, such as the sky in Yue Long and the tiger lying in the phoenix pavilion" and "I will be pregnant tomorrow if the breeze comes out of my sleeve".
His brushwork inherited the seal script, but he didn't show any traces. The thickness of strokes has changed, and he uses the side strokes of the pen to gain momentum, and the density of words has changed obliquely. The font size is uneven, forming a unique rhythm and rhythm. His works are natural, quiet and graceful, showing the open-minded and quiet demeanor and interest of Wei and Jin literati. Later generations have always had a high opinion of Wang Xizhi. Emperor Taizong was so impressed by his calligraphy that he buried the original ink of Preface to Lanting with Zhaoling after his death, so the ink of Preface to Lanting we see now is only the copy of Feng Chengsu and the copy of Yu Shinan and Chu Suiliang. Emperor Taizong praised Wang Yue and said, "It is perfect to study ancient and modern seal script in detail, but Wang Yi is the only one who is less? ..... Heart copy hand chase, this person. What about other districts? " Li Simiao also commented that "the right army is healthy, such as the four seasons of Yin and Yang, and the cold and heat are smooth; The rock gallery is spacious and solemn; Its voice is also a stone; Its yufen is also a blue musk deer; It is difficult to collect, but it is a fairy; Impressed, obviously, can be described as a book saint. ..... "So did his words. A dull mind is often hidden behind a passionate style.