During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, China's porcelain-making technology reached its peak in history. Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory fired a batch of porcelain imitating various handicrafts, animals and plants, and fruits. Both the shape and texture are similar to the original, and sometimes it is impossible to distinguish the true from the false with the naked eye. As Zhu Yan said in Tao Shuo during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty: "Gold, silver, stone, lacquer, Luodian, bamboo and enamel. The elephant-shaped fruit in this dish is lifelike, lifelike and ingenious. There are conch, mussel, shrimp, chicken, duck, elephant, crane, residual lotus, ganoderma lucidum and so on, which are accurate in proportion and lifelike. Pastel hollow rotary bottle, height 40.2cm, caliber 19.2cm, foot diameter 2 1cm. The bottle mouth is turned outward, the neck is short and thick, the plastic elephant ears are piled on both sides of the neck, the shoulders are drooping, and the belly is bulging and round. A small bottle with a straight belly is sleeved in the bottle, and the small bottle is connected with the bottleneck of the outer bottle and can rotate. Small bottle of white glaze, decorated with pastels on the ground. Draw 12 openings on the neck and shoulders respectively, facing up and down. There are regular script "Wannian", "Jiazi" and seal script Tiangan names at the neck; Through the window, you can see pictures of babies playing on the bottle. Boys ride horses, carry Tai Chi flags, hold umbrellas, beat drums or play lanterns in various ways. The elephant ear, the edge of the bottle mouth and the edge of the hollow window of the bottle body are all painted with gold. The bottle is painted with turquoise and green glaze. Blue and white seal script in the late Qing Dynasty, six characters.
The mouth and neck of this bottle can be rotated, especially the neck and shoulders are combined to form a perpetual calendar. The bottle body must be painted in three parts. In the process, the shrinkage rate of each part should be controlled to avoid leakage after assembly, bonding and color filling. This exhibition is a new variety specially made after eight years of Qianlong (1743). Pastel and enamel bottles, with clear landscape patterns, have a height of 24.6cm, a diameter of 12.6cm, a foot diameter of 1 1.9cm, and the bottle body is curled, the neck is tied, the abdomen is bulging, and the circle is slightly curled. There is a vertical band ear on each side of the neck. The bottle body is painted with turquoise and green glaze, and the exterior is decorated with pastel and blue materials. The abdomen is round and white, with four seasons of landscapes painted inside. Spring and summer pictures, two seven-character poems for each question. Chun said, "Spring is strong in the heart, and willow mist and rain always please people." Xia Yue said: "The wind comes out of the valley round and far away, and the peak of Xiadui reflects the light." In the autumn and winter pictures, there are two five-character poems for each question. Autumn said, "The bright moon and phoenix trees are fragrant." Winter said, "Plum blossoms melt snow in spring, and the bright moon dances in the window." After the poem, there are two seals: Yang "Gan" and Yin "Miao Linglong". The circle is covered with turquoise glaze, and the outsole is covered with blue and white seal script "Qing Gan Long Nian System". Because the bottleneck is designed as a double layer and the outer layer can rotate, it is called a "rotating neck bottle".
It is popular to decorate porcelain with circular openings when it is dry, so that the pattern is clear and the three-dimensional sense is enhanced. When enjoying the different opening pictures of the four seasons, this bottle can always keep its ears on both sides of the front by turning the bottleneck, which is clever and interesting. Pastel covers the altar with four seasons of mountains and rivers, which is clear and dry, with a height of 19.2cm, a caliber of 7cm and a foot diameter of 7cm. The altar mouth is restrained, the shoulders are plump, and it converges below the shoulders and is round and full. The pot body is attached with two tower-shaped hollowed-out gold-tracing covers. The light pink floor of the tank is covered with lotus patterns, and the abdomen is surrounded by a circular opening, where the scenery of the four seasons is painted. Apply watercress green glaze to the circle and blue and white to the outsole.
The opening method is widely used in the design of porcelain in Qing dynasty, and it is also common in pastel porcelain. In Qianlong dynasty, four circles were used to open the light, which was flexible and changeable, and the theme was prominent. This can is novel in shape and colorful, especially the hollowed-out can cover is exquisite and exquisite, which sets off the can body exceptionally exquisitely. The landscape painted by Kaiguang has profound artistic conception, pleasant scenery and excellent brushwork, which shows the superb porcelain painting level of Qianlong Dynasty. Pastel hollow elephant ear rotary bottle, clear and long, with a height of 33. 1cm, a diameter of 7.2cm and a foot diameter of 1 1cm. The bottle is opened, the neck is tied, the stomach is hung, and the feet are circled. There is an elephant with a bottle ear on each side of its neck. The outer neck of the bottle is decorated with the lotus pattern of yellow ground roll pastel folding branches, the belly is decorated with the lotus pattern of golden butterfly painted in blue, and the four sides are engraved with the green fan pattern, which is full of the lotus pattern of yellow ground roll pastel clouds. The whole device is divided into two parts: the outer coat and the inner bottle of the neck and abdomen. The bottle neck is connected with the inner bottle and can rotate. The bottle body is coated with white grinding powder to draw a fire picture of the baby play. The inner wall of the bottle is painted with turquoise glaze. In the foot, turquoise, green glaze and red "Qing gan long nian system" seal script is applicable.
Hollow decoration and beautification of objects are common techniques used in porcelain in Qing dynasty, especially in Kang, Yong and Gan periods, and hollow techniques were widely used in revolving bottles and rotating neck bottles. Due to the difficulty in making hollowed-out objects, high technical requirements and low yield, the hollowed-out parts need to be carefully designed, so the successful firing of a large number of hollowed-out porcelain in the Qing Dynasty fully demonstrated the superb level of porcelain firing technology in this period. Pastel hollow Yunlong pattern bottle, dry, 30cm high, 6.5cm in diameter and 9.8cm in foot diameter. The bottle body is slender, with an opening and a sliding shoulder, which is divided into two parts from the shoulder. The mouth, neck and shoulders are octagonal petals, decorated with blue pastel flower patterns, and golden phoenix ears are stuck on both sides of the neck. The belly of the bottle is decorated with turquoise and green glaze hollowed-out dragon patterns, and the top and bottom are decorated with purple pastels. Through the hollow place, you can see the red bat pattern painted on the inner bottle. The foot is decorated with lotus petals and connected with a gold lacquer base that imitates black paint. The soles of the feet are painted with the four-character seal script of "Qianlong Year System".
This bottle is fired at one time, with exquisite workmanship, unique decoration and originality. Pastel baby celestial bottle, dry, 5 1cm high, 1 1.3cm in caliber and 18cm in foot diameter.
The bottle has a straight mouth, a straight neck, a round belly and a lying foot. Draw decorative patterns with crayons. The bottle shows the baby playing under two pine trees, or setting off firecrackers, beating gongs and drums, playing the trumpet, riding a wooden horse, raising flags or carrying lanterns. The scene is very lively. Next to the plum blossom stone, the theme of "making Spring Festival couplets" was pointed out. There is a blue-and-white six-character seal script in the outsole.
This device is tall and steady, with many people and large scenes. It is far superior to the porcelain with the same decorative theme in Kang Yong period of Qing Dynasty in baby play pictures. Pastel figurine teapot, clear and dry, with a height of 12.6cm, a diameter of 5.5cm, and a foot diameter of 6.3cm The ampulla of this teapot is round, the handle is ear-shaped, and the bowl cover is decorated with lotus buttons. The pot body is made of beige phoenix-tailed brocade, with the front opening and the back opening. The front opening takes "making tea in the rain" as the theme, and depicts the scene of making tea in the courtyard with a light colored pen; On the back, he wrote a poem in ink, saying, "The stream is smoky and Shan Yu is empty, and the clothes are sitting alone in the breeze. The bamboo stove is full of tea, and the painting and calligraphy of Mijia will be the same. There are fish eyes in the loose wind diarrhea, so there is no need to divide the Three Gorges. The fragrance of fairy dew is full of poetry and spleen, and this seat does not feel fragrant. " The lid and bottom of the pot are painted gold. In the center of the bottom of the pot, the blue-and-white seal script "Qing Gan Long Nian System" has three lines and six characters.
This pot has a plump shape, rounded lines and elegant pastels. The ornamentation is based on the poem "Making Tea and Sleeping in the Rain" (1742) written in the seventh year of Qing Dynasty. The picture composition is sparse, the description is exquisite, and the calligraphy of the poem is exquisite. Gan Long was an elegant emperor. He left a wealth of poems in his life, and his literati interest can be seen from this official kiln teapot. The yellow pastel hook lines are large, clear and dry, with a height of 56.3cm, a caliber of 20.7cm, a foot diameter of 29.3cm, a curled mouth, a short neck, slippery shoulders, a drooping and plump abdomen and a rolled foot. Paint your honor with turquoise and green glaze. The exterior wall is covered with yellow glaze, and the hook pattern is painted in pastel. Apply turquoise glaze to the circle foot and blue and white to the outsole.
This statue is huge in shape and colorful, which shows the typical extravagance and beauty of porcelain in Qianlong Dynasty. The crochet pattern of the abdomen is pitching, leaning back, gathering and dispersing, elegant and different postures. Hook patterns originated in the west and are widely used in Buddhist culture. Later, it gradually evolved into an auspicious pattern symbolizing happiness, which was one of the typical patterns on porcelain in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. Pastel nine peach bottle, dry, 64.7cm high, 22.2cm in diameter and 20.4cm in foot diameter. The bottle has a straight mouth, a straight neck and a full, round belly. Draw a peach tree with a thick trunk, nine flat peaches on its branches and a bunch of roses next to it. Blue-and-white ribbon is a full version of the six-character seal script of Qing Gan Long Nian System.
There are a lot of auspicious patterns in Ganlong pastel porcelain, and most of these themes imply auspiciousness with the help of natural scenery. Fine painting, clear hierarchy and complicated content are the characteristics of its times. This bottle uses the rendering technique to draw the peach fruit, and the peach fruit is full of ink and color, which successfully shows the delicate color of the mature peach fruit, and the composition is dense and dense, forming the effect that the leaves are yin and yang and the trees have old branches and new buds. It is a representative work of Gan Long pastel large vessels.
Decorating porcelain with nine peach patterns has been the theme and style of official porcelain since Yongzheng, and it was still copied during Guangxu period. Nine peach patterns in Yongzheng period can be found in pastel celestial bottles, pastel olive bottles and pastel dishes with branches. Among the famille rose nine-peach porcelain in Yongzheng, Qianlong and Guangxu periods, the pattern coloring in Yongzheng period is the most vivid and diverse, and the painting level is also the highest. Sky-blue hollow pastel revolving bottle, Qing Kangxi, 73cm high, 3 1cm in diameter and 28cm in foot diameter. The bottle mouth is curled, the neck is long, the sides of the neck, the shoulders are round, the upper abdomen is round, the lower abdomen is round, and there are five round holes at the bottom of the bottle. The bottle consists of neck, abdomen and base, and is fixed with copper rivets. The whole body takes azure glaze as the ground and draws blue and white plain patterns. The abdomen is illuminated all around, and the pastel window bar is hollowed out. There is a barrel bottle in the bottle, and the bottle body is covered with pastel paintings of western characters. The bottom of the bottle is in the shape of lotus petals with broken branches painted on them. Four-character seal script of "Qianlong year system" in the cross of outsole.
This bottle of azure glaze is in harmony with golden color and blue and white, with luxurious and elegant color, ingenious structure and exquisite carving, which embodies the peak level of porcelain industry in Qianlong Dynasty. Bronze banana leaves are tattooed with halberd flowers, which are clear and long, with a height of 27.7cm, a diameter of 17.5cm and a foot diameter of 8.5cm. The bud is shaped like a bronze ware with halberds on all sides. Bronze color is applied to the body of the vessel, and local ornamentation depicts gold. Banana leaf pattern is printed on the body of the vessel, and real dragon pattern is printed on the waist. There are three lines and six characters printed on the outsole.
The firing of bronze color is more complicated. First, the tea glaze should be fired at high temperature, then painted with gold and green rust spots, and then put into a kiln for secondary firing at low temperature to achieve the antique effect. The imitation of porcelain in Qianlong period was very prominent and vivid, especially the imitation of bronze ware was the most successful. This flower pattern is vivid, the glaze color is simple, and the lines are clear, which is amazing. Enamel-colored double-ring bottle, clear and dry, with a height of 14. 1cm, a caliber of 5.5cm and a foot diameter of 6.4cm, the bottle body imitates the style of a bronze pot in the Han Dynasty, with an open mouth, a short neck, bright shoulders, a bulging belly and a round foot, and a golden elephant head ring on the shoulder. The inner wall and the ring foot of the bottle are painted with turquoise glaze, and the outer wall is painted with golden brocade patterns, with various deformed precious flowers. There are five golden strings separated from the mouth edge to the ring foot, which is even more rich and gorgeous. The outsole has a four-character double-line seal script with a black glaze color.
In the late Qianlong period, the enamel color was mostly based on flowers, and various patterns were decorated on the colored ground by rolling process, and then the decorative technique of imitating gold plating effect was adopted, which was gorgeous and exquisite. Its decorative pattern changed the exquisite style of enamel in Yongzheng period, and it was basically the same as pastel porcelain in decorative art.