The Mongolian rule turned from prosperity to decline, and what his predecessors left him was a shabby mess. Although Emperor Shun of Yuan Dynasty abolished the old government and reformed the bad government, it ended in a tailspin and the desire to govern disappeared. , this powerful super kingdom that has conquered almost the entire Eurasian continent has also embarked on a path of decline and no return, > > 1. The Yellow River stirs up rebellion in the world > The great Yuan Dynasty, the treacherous and sycophantic dictatorship. The opening of the river has become the source of trouble, causing thousands of red scarves. Official laws are indiscriminate, criminal laws are heavy, and the people are resentful. How has it ever been seen that people eat people and buy money for money? Thieves become officials, officials become thieves, and fools and wise men are mixed up. What a pity! This is the "Drunken Taiping Xiaoling" contained in "Zhuigeng Lu". This small order revealed the "human cannibalism" nature of the dark rule in the late Yuan Dynasty and the social situation of "people's resentment", and pointed out that "opening rivers and converting banknotes" was the fuse of the Red Turban Uprising. > > In the fourth year of Zhizheng (1344), it rained heavily for more than 20 days and the Yellow River overflowed. Within two months, there were two executions, Baididi and Jindi. Many riverine areas in Henan, Shandong, Anhui, and Jiangsu suffered floods, and the water transportation and salt fields of the Yuan Dynasty were seriously affected. It was not until the eleventh year of Zhizheng (1351) that Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty appointed Jia Lu as the Minister of War and the envoy in charge of river defense. He recruited 150,000 soldiers and civilians from the north and south of Henan and 20,000 garrison troops from Luzhou and other places to serve on the river. The peasants were requisitioned, which affected the livelihood of the farmers. Twenty thousand soldiers also supervised the work on the river management site and beat the peasants arbitrarily. The food and wages of the common people were deducted by the river management officials, causing the common people to complain. The opening of the river provided a mass base for launching an uprising. > > When Emperor Yuan Shun came to the throne, the already empty treasury, coupled with his profligacy and waste, caused a serious financial crisis. Chao Zhedu, the Minister of Civil Affairs, and others suggested using banknote replacement to get rid of financial difficulties. This suggestion was supported by Prime Minister You Tuotuo. The specific method is: issue "to-orthogonal banknotes" banknotes. Let it be used together with the "Zhiyuanbao banknote" originally issued by Shizu. However, new banknotes have always been equivalent to two strings of "Zhiyuanbao banknotes". In addition, the Baoquan Banknotes, which was in charge of printing and issuing banknotes at the time, were indiscriminately printing and issuing banknotes. In fact, they were using "banknotes to buy banknotes." The paper used in the new banknotes is of very low quality and becomes blurry and tattered after a short period of use, making it difficult for people to exchange them. Then there is the casting of "Zhiyuan Tongbao" copper coins, which are also in common use with the old coins of the past dynasties. When money is universal, people are naturally unwilling to use banknotes that have no actual value and would rather use copper coins. Tuotuo once ordered that anyone who did not use banknotes would be punished, but this did not solve the problem. Later, people bartered and simply threw away the coins issued by the Communist Party. > > At that time, the White Lotus Sect was popular in Henan and Jianghuai areas. > > The White Lotus Sect is a sect of the Pure Land Sect of Buddhism, named after the White Lotus Society in Huiyuan, Lushan Mountain in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Mao Ziyuan, a native of Kunshan, founded this religion. Because the teachings are simple and the practice is simple, and they claim that as long as they recite Amitabha, they can go to the Western Paradise after death, so the followers develop rapidly. During the uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Red Scarf Army in the north and south used the White Lotus Sect to organize the masses. The "White Lotus Sect" mainly spread in the Jianghuai generation, with many believers. The main preachers were Han Shantong in Huaidong and Monk Peng in west Huaibei. > > Han Shantong and his followers Liu Futong, Du Zundao and others planned an uprising. They first spread rumors that the king was about to be born, and then carved a stone man with only one eye. They also carved words on the back: "Mo Dao Stone Man" With just one eye, this thing appeared in the world and was buried quietly in the Yellow River. > > In May of the eleventh year of Zhizheng (1351), river workers dug out this thing while dredging the river. People were panicked for a while, and believers of the "White Lotus Sect" went to look for Han Shantong to ask for advice. > > Han Shantong and others saw that the time was ripe, so they gathered more than 3,000 people in Bailu Village to kill black cattle and white horses as sacrifices to heaven. Han Shantong claimed to be the "eighth descendant and should be the Lord of China", while Liu Futong pretended to be a descendant of Song Dynasty general Liu Guangshi. Everyone elected Han Shantong as the "King Ming" and agreed to wear a red scarf on his head as a nickname to revolt when the time comes. > > Because the news was leaked, the Yuan Dynasty sent troops to suppress it, and Han Shantong was arrested and died. Liu Futong and Du Zundao broke out of the siege, officially raised the red flag against the Yuan Dynasty, and captured Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui). They issued a proclamation, pointing out that the society at that time was extremely unfair, and they wanted to "fight three thousand tigers to reach the land of Youyan; dragons fly in ninety-five years, and reopen the sky of the Song Dynasty." Soon after, Monk Peng also incited Xu Shouhui, Chen Youliang and others to revolt in Huaixi. White Lotus believers from all over the country responded one after another. The rebels wore red scarves on their heads and were named the "Red Scarf Army". They fought in the north and south, which greatly dealt a blow to the corrupt rule of the Yuan Dynasty.
> > Faced with the complicated situation, Liu Futong changed his strategy and adopted a steady and steady attack, defeating the attack by Chahan Timur and Li Siqi. In February of the fifteenth year of Zhizheng (1355), Liu Futong brought Han Lin'er, the son of Han Shantong, who had taken refuge in Dangshan (today's Dangshan County, Anhui Province) to Bozhou (today's Anhui) and formally established the regime. Because they called for restoration, the regime His name was Song, his reign was Longfeng, Han Lin'er was elected emperor, and he was also called "King Xiao Ming". > > In order to expand the results of the war and disperse the pressure of the Yuan army on the Song Dynasty regime, Liu Futong sent troops on a three-pronged northern expedition in an attempt to form a strategic encirclement of Dadu. However, the three armies cooperated improperly and the Northern Expedition failed. In the eighteenth year of Zhizheng (1358), Liu Futong conquered Bianliang. Bianliang was the old capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. Liu Futong, who called for the restoration of the Song Dynasty, moved Han Lin'er here, which became the heyday of the Northern Red Turban Army. After the combined siege of the Yuan army, Bianliang fell. Liu Futong took Han Lin'er and retreated to Anfeng. In the 22nd year (1363), Zhang Shicheng, who surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, ordered his general Lu Zhen to besiege Anfeng, which put Liu Futong in a very embarrassing situation. There was a shortage of food in the city, and people were eating each other. Some bodies were dug out and eaten after being buried underground for a long time. Some balls are made of well mud and fried in oil. Prince Xiao Ming had no choice but to ask for help. Zhu Yuanzhang personally led the army to Anfeng to rescue the siege. After rescuing Prince Xiao Ming and Liu Futong, he placed them in Chuzhou. > > In the twenty-sixth year of Zhizheng (1366), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Liao Yongzhong to welcome King Xiaoming and Liu Futong to Yingtian. When they reached Guabu, Liao Yongzhong sank the two of them into the river. This led to the demise of the Song Dynasty. > > At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, rebel armies were everywhere. In addition to Han Lin'er's Song regime, the founders of the Yuan Dynasty included Fang Guozhen, Xu Shouhui, Zhang Shicheng, Chen Youliang, Ming Yuzhen, etc. or their successors. In the end, they were all defeated one by one by Zhu Yuanzhang. > > 2. Dying struggle > In March 1340, Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty appointed Tuotuo as the right prime minister of Zhongshu. Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty decided to appoint Tuotuo to carry out reforms, abolish the old policy of Boyan, revive the great cause of his ancestors, and have great ambitions to restore the prosperity of the Yuan Dynasty. > > In the first year of Zhengzheng (AD 1341), Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty restored the imperial examination system that had been suspended for six years. He personally examined 78 Jinshi people to win over the local officials of the Han nationality. At the same time, he established the Imperial College and selected elegant scholars to teach Confucianism. He issued an edict to summon four prestigious Confucian scholars, Ouyang Xuan, Li Haowen, Huang Qian, and Xu Youren, into the palace and asked them to give lectures once every five days and help him read the Four Books and Five Classics and practice calligraphy. In order to express his respect for the orthodox thoughts of Confucianism, Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty sent people to Qufu to worship Confucius in the second year of Zhizheng (1342 AD). The next year, he issued an edict to compile the three histories of Liao, Jin and Song, and appointed Tuotuo as the director of the capital. Officials, many Japanese scribes participated in the compilation, forming an important content of "literary culture" in the new policy of Emperor Shun of Yuan Dynasty. > > Emperor Shun of Yuan Dynasty appointed Tuotuo to abolish the old government and reform the bad government, and achieved great success. Tuotuo also gained the reputation of "virtuous prime minister" > >, but it didn't take long. The situation between North Korea and China has undergone subtle changes. Zhongshu Zuo Prime Minister Bieer Qingbuhua was the son of Ahutai, a rebellious minister during the reign of Emperor Chengzong of the Yuan Dynasty. Su and Tuotuo were at odds with each other. After he came to power, he spoke ill of Tuotuo many times in front of Emperor Yuan Shun. Emperor Yuan Shun himself also felt that Tuotuo had too much power and was afraid that he would follow Boyan's old path of monopolizing power and gradually alienate Tuotuo. > > In the fourth year of Zhizheng (1344 AD), Tuotuo was forced to complain of illness and stay home, resigning from the position. At this time, Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty still had the heart to appoint Alutu, the fourth generation grandson of Borshu, one of the four outstanding figures, as the right prime minister of Zhongshu. > > In October of the fifth year of Zhizheng (AD 1345), envoys were sent to patrol the country, with the intention of spreading holy virtues, asking about the sufferings of the people, looking for talents, deposing local corrupt officials, and stipulating that those guilty above the fourth rank should be suspended from office, and those below the fifth rank should be suspended. execution. However, the Xuanfu envoys who were ordered to patrol the provinces not only failed to act impartially according to the emperor's orders, but instead took the opportunity to extort money and torture the people. All the hard work of Emperor Yuan Shun came to nothing. > > In the few years after Tuo Tuo resigned as prime minister, the post of Prime Minister You changed its owner, and the ministers in the court were at odds with each other. Day by day, Emperor Yuan Shun's admiration gradually disappeared. In June of the seventh year of Zhizheng (1347 AD), he listened to Bie Erqie Buhua's slander, dismissed Grand Master Ma Zhartai, and moved him to Xining Prefecture, and later to Gansu. Tuotuo was depressed and unable to achieve his goals, so he asked to accompany his father to fulfill his filial piety. > > Previously, after the birth of Prince Aiyou Shili Dara, he had been raised in Tuotuo's home, so the second queen Qi's family had a close relationship with Tuotuo.
During the days when Tuo Tuo was dismissed as prime minister, Qi repeatedly pleaded for him in front of Emperor Yuan Shun. Emperor Yuan Shun himself also felt that Tuo Tuo had done his best for him during the four years he served as Prime Minister Zhongshu You. Far less capable than Tuo Tuo. > > One day, someone presented a horse from the Kingdom of Folang. Emperor Yuan Shun looked at the fat and strong horse and said with emotion: "There are Tuotuo among people, and there are horses from the Kingdom of Folang among horses. They are all the best in the world." Within half a year, Mazhartai died of illness. When Qi learned about it, he immediately said to Emperor Yuan Shun: "Tuo Tuo is a good man and we cannot let him live abroad for a long time." > > Emperor Yuan Shun nodded in agreement and issued an edict to order Tuo Tuo. Return to Beijing. > > After Tuotuo arrived in Beijing, Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty appointed him as Taifu to take charge of the affairs of the harem. In July of the ninth year of Zhengzheng (1349 AD), Tuotuo was reinstated as the right prime minister. > > At this time, the Red Scarf Army developed rapidly, and various places responded one after another, so that the rebels spread all over the country. Later, the Red Turban Army formed two branches. The northern Red Scarf Army was dominated by Liu Futong, Guo Zixing and others, while the southern Red Scarf Army was launched and led by Peng Yingyu, Xu Shouhui and others. > > When Tuotuo saw that his younger brother who led troops to suppress the rebel army was defeated, he was afraid that the emperor would find out and blame him, which would be detrimental to him, so he did not mention the cause of the Red Turban Army's revolt in front of the emperor. But the fire could not be contained in the paper, and a nearby official named Hama reported Tuotuo to Emperor Yuan Shun: Emperor Yuan Shun heard that the world was in chaos, but he was still in the dark, so he hurriedly summoned Tuotuo and was angry. Tuo Tuo scolded him and said, "You once said that the world was peaceful and peaceful. Now that the Red Scarf Army has spread across half of the country, what plan do you, Prime Minister, have to deal with it?" Tuo Tuo was so frightened that he shivered. > > After Tuo Tuoying ordered to send troops to Gaoyou, Hama won the trust of Emperor Yuan Shun with his sharp tongue, and became Zhongshu Pingzhang. His younger brother Xuexue also became a senior official. > > Afterwards, Hama told Qi and Aiyou Shili Dara that Tuotuo and his younger brother had done something wrong by delaying the establishment of an heir before Timur. In fact, in June of the 13th year of Zhizheng (AD 1353), Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty had already appointed Aiyou Shili Dara as the crown prince. Hama had a unique intention for this move. Qi and Aiyou Shili Dara understood it deeply. He ordered the supervisory censor to report to Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty three times, accusing Tuotuo of spending a lot of manpower and financial resources in three months without any military merit, and requested that Tuotuo be dismissed. > > Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty heard this and sent envoys to the army to issue an edict. On the pretext of "wasting troops and money and sitting back and watching the bandits", he was stripped of his military power and official title, and demoted to Huai'an (Lu Zhi) In present-day Huai'an County, Jiangsu), he was reassigned to the province of Henan. Prime Minister Zuo Taibuhua, Zhongshu Pingzhang Yuekuocha'er, and Privy Councilor Xuexue took Tuotuo's place as frontline commander. > > When the news spread, the morale of the army was in chaos. Tuotuo's confidant Gong Bo then said to Tuotuo: "The general is outside, and the emperor's orders are not accepted!" He advised him not to follow the imperial edict. When Gaoyou is captured, the villain's slander will be exposed to the world. Tuotuo shook his head and said, "The emperor ordered me and I refused to obey. This is against the emperor. Where is the difference between monarch and ministers?" After saying that, he rode north and ran north. The million-strong army lost its leader and immediately collapsed, leaving the desperate people. The Red Turban Army seized the opportunity and turned defeat into victory. > > In March of the fifteenth year of Zhizheng (1355 AD), Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty issued another edict to exile Tuotuo to Dali, Yunnan. His younger brother Tiemuer was also exiled to Sichuan first, and Tuotuo's two sons were also punished for this. They were implicated and were exiled to Lanzhou and Suzhou respectively. In December of that year, under the pretense of Emperor Yuan Shun's order, Hama sent someone to poison Tuotuo to death. > > Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty did not distinguish right from wrong and changed his commander before the battle, which caused the Yuan Dynasty's army to fall short. From then on, the Yuan Dynasty lost its original military advantage, but the Battle of Gaoyou became a turning point in the decline of the peasant uprising in the late Yuan Dynasty. > > 3. Eunuch Pu Buhua > The monarchs of the Mongolian Empire all used coward Xue Gui (the guardian) to serve as various handymen and did not use eunuchs. After the Song Dynasty was destroyed, they learned how to use eunuchs from the Song Dynasty. Because Yuan Zuo's time was short and the number of eunuchs was small, only Pu Buhua could be called the eunuch disaster. > > Pu Buhua, a Korean, was a fellow villager of the Qi family, the second queen of Emperor Shun. Before Qi entered the palace, they had a close relationship and deep love. The Qi family was originally a virgin who entered the palace of Goryeo. After entering the palace, she became a maid in charge of tea. She was smart and beautiful, served Emperor Shun well, and won his favor. After the death of Queen Boyawu, Emperor Shun made her the second queen, living in Xingsheng Palace, after Queen Hongji Cishi. Later, the Qi family gave birth to the crown prince Aiyou Shili Dala, and the mother was more valuable than the son. At this time, Pu Buhua served the Qi family as an eunuch. Because of the Qi family, Pu Buhua quickly became the Chalu doctor and Zizhengyuan envoy, specializing in managing the queen's personal property.
> > Later, Emperor Shun indulged in lewd pleasures and ignored state affairs. All major state affairs were handled by the crown prince Aiyou Shili Dara. The Qi family wanted her husband to step down and hand over the throne to his son. She couldn't come forward, so she asked Pu Buhua to go to Zuo Prime Minister Taiping to discuss it. Taiping just remained silent. Qi personally found Taiping and asked him to express his support for inner Zen, but Taiping was still Weiwei. Obviously, Taiping did not agree to this. From then on, Qi and Aiyou Shili Dala hated Taiping. Under the instigation of Qi's wife and daughter, Taiping was finally dismissed as prime minister, and only Caisijian was appointed as prime minister. Xi Si Jian was a famous treacherous minister in the Yuan Dynasty. Pu Buhua and Ji Sijian hit it off, colluded with each other, and worked together to help each other. At that time, the world was in chaos and alarms were raised from all directions. Pu Buhua detained them all to prevent Emperor Shun from knowing about them. He and Xisi Jian were so arrogant that most officials at home and abroad flocked to them. The censor, the old Sha Sha, was a figure who supported Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty. He instigated the supervisory censor, Timur, and Meng to impeach Pu Buhua for his evil deeds. However, because Queen Qi was Pu Buhua's backer, instead of overthrowing her, the censors "moved to the left" (demoted) one after another. > > Chen Zuren, the censor who served as the censor, was still unwilling to give up and went to the Crown Prince. Not only did he impeach Pu Bohua to obstruct political sentiment, he also believed that the crown prince was too powerful and had neglected the emperor, which was against the laws of his ancestors. He also said that if Pu Buhua was not removed, he would rather starve to death at home and vowed not to go to court with him. So he resigned angrily. However, under the protection of the queen, Pu Buhua remained stable. > > Censor Li Guofeng wrote another letter to the crown prince, impeaching Pu Buhua for "being arrogant and unbridled, seeking power and taking bribes, and all those who compete for power are out of the house." Compare Pu Buhua to Zhao Gao during the reign of Emperor Qin II, Zhang Rang during the reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, and Tian Lingzi during the reign of Emperor Xizong of the Tang Dynasty. It was said that everyone in the world knew about Pu Buhua's evil deeds, and only the crown prince and the emperor were kept in the dark. Emperor Yuan Shun was furious when he heard this, so he "moved" Li Guofeng to the left again. > > The censors seemed to have a lot of backbone and were desperately trying to impeach Pu Buhua. In fact, it was the old Sha who was encouraging us behind the scenes. As a result, the crown prince and the queen hated the old Sha very much, but he was the emperor's uncle, so they had no choice but to persuade Emperor Shun to confer him the title of King Yong and send him back to the country. The old Sha traveled to Datong and hid in the army of Polo Timur, who was famous for suppressing the Red Scarf Army. The old Sha did not leave, and the crown prince was furious and asked Boluo Timur for help many times, but Boluo Timur ignored him at all. Pu Buhua joined forces with Xie Sijian to accuse Polo Timur of evil intentions in front of Emperor Shun. So Emperor Shun issued an edict to remove Polo Timur's official position in Pingzhang Government of Henan Province and relieve him of his military power. Polo Timur relied on his own military power and "did not obey the edict when he was angry". Zong Wang Buyan Timur and others felt that it was too much to say that Boluo Timur had evil intentions, so he interceded for him in front of Emperor Shun. Emperor Yuan Shun was also afraid that he had really forced Polo Timur to rebel, so he had no choice but to issue an edict to restore Polo Timur's official title, and pointed out that Pu Buhua and Jie Sijian "confused the Lord to listen" Because of the crime, Caisi Jian was exiled to Lingbei and Pu Buhua was exiled to Gansu, "to express public sentiment." However, Xi Si Jian and Pu Bu Hua did not leave and remained in the capital. This is just a little trick played by Emperor Yuan Shun. > > Polo Timur's anger was still lingering, so he sent Tujian Timur to march towards the capital, claiming to "clear the emperor's side". When the army arrived at Qinghe, Emperor Yuan Shun was frightened and sent his national advisor Dada to negotiate with Toutian Timur. Tujian Timur had to hand over Xia Si Jian and Pu Bu Hua to Emperor Yuan Shun before he would retreat. Emperor Yuan Shun had no choice but to kidnap Pu Buhua and Xiesi prison and send them to Tujian Timur. Later, both of them were killed by Polo Timur. > >Pu Buhua's evil deeds are far from what is recorded in the "History of the Yuan Dynasty". According to "Geng Shen Wai Shi", he was the one who started the fight between the two powerful men Boluo Timur and Chahan Timur in the late Yuan Dynasty. Chahan Timur was afraid of my people. His ancestors followed the Mongolian soldiers in Henan, so he went home to Shenqiu in Yingzhou. He gathered force in his hometown to fight against the Red Turban Army. Due to his outstanding "war exploits", he was repeatedly promoted by the Yuan Dynasty. In the 20th year of Zhizheng (1360), Emperor Shun ordered Polo Timur to guard the north of Shiling Pass, and Chahan Timur to guard the south of Shiling Pass. This pass is located in Xin County, Shanxi. It is divided into Shanxi and Hebei, and is called the North and South families. But the two were not convinced by each other and competed for territory. In order to justify their fight, they all bribed Pu Buhua to speak for themselves in front of Emperor Shun. There were many bribes in the south, so he said to the envoys from the south: "The emperor has a secret decree, let Chahan Timur annex the north." There were many bribes in the north, so he said to the envoys in the north: "The emperor has a secret decree, let Polo Timur annex the north." Annex the south. ""With this, the war will continue."> > Externally, Pu Buhua can sit on the mountain and watch the tigers fight and reap the benefits. Internally, he will definitely eliminate those who go against him and quickly do so.
After Lao Sha fled to Polo Timur's military camp and hid, Pu Buhua went to Xie Si Jian to discuss: "The current guards in the palace are all descendants of eighteen families of meritorious officials, and they are all members of Lao Sha's group. They They are in the palace day and night, and they know nothing about what we do. Now the old Sha must instigate Polo Timur to invade the capital. If this group of people acts as internal agents, we may be finished." So they killed the Eighteenth Family. All the descendants of the hero were arrested and asked to confess to the crime of attempting to murder the prince. The descendants of eighteen families of meritorious officials refused to accept the punishment, so Pu Buhua ordered them to be severely punished. This group of people could not bear the punishment, and "all falsely accused themselves." The result can be imagined. > >Pu Buhua's power is indeed too great. The prime minister at home is his best friend, and the general outside bribes him. He can arrest whoever he wants, and he can't survive whoever he wants to kill. The emperor, empress, and prince of the Yuan Empire were already a married couple, father and son had different opinions, and had many political affairs. In addition, he sowed dissension and violated the law and took power. How could the Yuan Dynasty not be destroyed? > > 4. The Fall of the Yuan Dynasty > At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, many heroes emerged, but the ruling class was fighting for power and profit, and there was endless fighting. Faced with internal and external troubles, Emperor Yuan Shun was unable to recover, so he had to let the Yuan Dynasty slide step by step into the abyss of destruction. > > In April of the 23rd year of Zhengzheng (1363 AD), Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty once again submitted to the crown prince and issued an edict to Kuaoku Timur to lead his troops to attack Boluo Timur. A month later, Aiyoushili Dara once again forced Emperor Shun of Yuan Dynasty to order the expansion of Timur to attack Polo Timur. Expanding the outline, Timur divided his troops into three groups. One group was led by his general Bai Suozhu and went to the capital to guard it. The other two groups of troops advanced towards Datong where Polo Timur was stationed. > > Polo Timur furiously killed Xiesijian and Pu Buhua, leaving part of the army to guard Datong. He himself took Tujian Timur and Lao Sha to lead the main army to Dadu, threatening to attack Datong. Get rid of all the traitors in the court. There was a great earthquake in the capital, and Aiyoushiridara personally led the army to fight, but was defeated and returned. Under the protection of Baisuozhu's army, he hurriedly fled to Taiyuan to expand the territory of Timur's army. Polo Timur marched into the city with his troops, and together with Tujian Timur and Lao Shamian, they met Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty. Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty immediately appointed Polo Timur as the Prime Minister of the Zhongshu Zuo, Lao Sha as the Zhongshu Pingzhang Zhengshi, and Tujian Timur as the Censor. Soon after, Polo Timur was promoted to the right prime minister of Zhongshu, controlling the army and horses of the world and taking over the power of the country. > > After Polo Timur took over the power, he ordered that the official positions of Timur be cut off. Kuokou Timur led his troops to fight, and Boluo Timur was defeated. At this time, Tuohuan Timur planned to kill Polo Timur and make Kuoguo Timur the right prime minister. At this time, Empress Qi once again wanted to force Emperor Shun to give up the throne to Kuokou Timur. However, Kuokou Timur refused, and the crown prince, mother and son held a grudge. In addition, Tuohuan Timur was not interested in Kuokou Timur. Trust, Timur had no choice but to ask to lead troops to other places. Tuohuan Tiemu'er then granted Kuokou Timur the title of King of Henan, commanded the troops and horses of the world, and went south to fight Zhu Yuanzhang. Soon after, Timur's military power was reduced. > > The chaos within the Yuan Dynasty created an opportunity for Zhu Yuanzhang. After successfully eliminating the two separatist forces of Chen Youliang and Zhang Tucheng, he prepared for the Northern Expedition. > > In October of the twenty-seventh year of Zhengzheng (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang appointed him as the general to conquer the captives, and Chang Yuchun as his deputy. He led a main force of 250,000 to begin the Northern Expedition; at the same time, he also allocated a part of his troops to continue the southern expedition and eliminate Zhejiang. Fang Guozhen of Fujian Province, Chen Youding of Fujian Province, and the local separatist forces in Huguang. The Northern Expeditionary Army swept through Henan and Hebei. In the twenty-eighth year of Zhengzheng (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian, with the country named "Daming" and the reign named "Hongwu". In the seventh month of the leap year, the Ming army gathered in Dezhou, went north along the canal from both land and water routes, occupied Changlu, conquered Qingzhou, arrived at Zhigu, and approached Dadu. > > On the night of July 28th, Tuohuan Tiemuer abandoned Dadu and fled to Shangdu. On the second day of August, Xu Da led the Ming army into Dadu. The Yuan Dynasty fell. > > Tuohuan Tiemuer died in Yingchang in April of the 30th year of Zhizheng (the third year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, 1370). The crown prince Aiyou Shili Dala succeeded to the throne and became Zhaozong, and the "Dayuan" kingdom was still used. No., known as "Northern Yuan" in history. After Beiyuan met Lidara in Aiyou, the throne was passed on six more times, lasting for 34 years. > > The Yuan Empire collapsed at the height of its prosperity > > The Yuan Dynasty lasted only 98 years from its establishment in 1271 AD to its demise in 1368 AD. As the largest dynasty in Chinese history, why did it die suddenly in such a short period of time? > > On the surface, the frequent disasters at the end of the Yuan Dynasty did accelerate the demise of the Yuan Dynasty.
In the first year of Yuan Tong (1333), there was heavy rain in Gyeonggi and more than 400,000 people suffered from hunger. In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (1337), Jiangsu and Zhejiang were hit by disasters, with as many as 590,000 hungry people. In the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1337), Jiangsu and Zhejiang were hit by disaster again, with more than 400,000 hungry people. In the fourth year of Zhizheng (1344), the Yellow River broke out three times in a row, and people were hungry everywhere. The outbreak of the disaster caused the court to spend a large amount of money for disaster relief, which made the country's financial resources insufficient. In addition, the ruler's arrogance and extravagance at that time even caused the treasury to be empty. At the same time, internal conflicts within the ruling group have intensified. In the twenty-five years from the first year of Emperor Wuzong's reign (1308) to the first year of Emperor Shun's Yuantong (1333), eight emperors changed successively. The emperors changed frequently and their reigns were short, which was not conducive to the implementation of measures to alleviate conflicts. . Instead, wars broke out among nobles to compete for the throne, seriously damaging internal unity. The contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class also intensified, eventually leading to a peasant uprising. The central government did not pay enough attention to the peasant uprisings that broke out in various places, and only relied on the armed resistance of the landlords such as Kuo Ku Timur and Polo Timur. Kuo Kuo Timur guarded Henan, Li Luo Timur guarded Datong, Li Siqi, Bi and others guarded Guanzhong. The separatist war between them accelerated the demise of the Yuan Dynasty. > > But from a deeper level, the Yuan Dynasty was a multi-ethnic dynasty, similar to the Yuan Dynasty. However, the rulers did not take the Tang Dynasty as a lesson learned from the past and adopted a policy of ethnic inclusion. On the contrary, in order to weaken the resistance of the people of all ethnic groups and maintain the Mongolian The dominant position of the aristocracy promoted the policy of ethnic discrimination and ethnic differentiation, dividing all ethnic groups in the country into four levels. In fact, the people who were conquered first were used to suppress the people who were conquered later to consolidate their rule, and unequal provisions were also made in the law. In this way, the Mongols not only failed to eliminate the differences among the people in the country, but also killed their original friendship among the people. The division of people into four classes is just a general form. In all aspects, the Yuan Dynasty often divided its power based on ethnicity, which gave the later separatists food to eat. When Zhu Yuanzhang finally proposed expelling the Tartars, no one thought that expelling a member of the Chinese nation would be very harmful to future generations. > >There is a saying that you don’t need to run an army to run a country, and you don’t need to run a country to run an army. However, the Mongols made such a mistake. They used military force to manage the country. In the era of Genghis Khan, the conquered became comrades-in-arms as quickly as possible, but starting from Genghis Khan's later years, this approach could no longer work. A large number of new nobles (mainly the Golden Family) began to embark on a path of rule that replaced semi-exploitation with complete exploitation. They think war can solve everything. They no longer care for the people's democratic ideas and creativity. In the Mongol era, democratic ideas were slightly stronger than autocratic ideas. At that time, Mongolia was also one of the most democratic dynasties in the country, far better than the Jin and Song Dynasties. It is unmatched by Western countries. This is because at that time, the Mongolian people were a country that placed equal emphasis on military conquest and nomadic herding. The country had reached the level of integrating the military and civilians, and governing the country by military law was very effective. However, in the later period, due to the skyrocketing population of the country, more importantly, the characteristics of the population This kind of military rule of law cannot rule the people well at all. At the same time, the Chinese nation no longer had strong foreign enemies at that time. The excessive strengthening of the military power of the rulers eventually led to the split of military power. > > Another important point is that Yuan thought too little about the feasibility of his ideas. Because of their nomadic origins, the Mongolian nobles attached great importance to merchants. It is said that during the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties, merchants could travel safely and freely from the Black Sea to Dadu, with the government taking care of them along the way. Therefore, the Yuan Dynasty once stopped the imperial examination, handed over the financial power of the great country to merchants, and implemented the "tax farming system". It is said that the so-called "tax farming" means giving the tax official a right to collect taxes and then asking him to pay a certain amount of tax. As for how he is going to get the money, and how much money he can actually get, it is not a matter of concern to the Mongolian nobles. The Yuan Dynasty even implemented a tax law that assessed the merits of officials based on the amount of taxes collected. In addition, the Yuan government refused to exchange old coins. These practices ruined the prestige of the government. > > From this point of view, the biggest mistake made by the Yuan Dynasty was to replace democracy with autocracy in politics, unity with division in military affairs, assimilation with differentiation in ethnic groups, and unrestrained fantasy in economy. Operation.
> > Generally speaking, Yuan Dynasty is a horse that pulls an overweight cart. It’s not that he has no strength but that he faces too many problems, which are beyond his ability. Although the horses before and after him are not He is so strong, but they all know how to run with all their strength and let the people in the car get down and push with them. However, Yuan Dynasty ran by himself and no one was allowed to get off. When the people in the car no longer tolerate his childish mentality, At that moment, he ran away like a child who had made a mistake. So everyone in the car said fire him! He is so irresponsible.