A trick of fate, a willful departure from the royal family by mistake, and an unexpected encounter with enemies and friends led to profound changes in the court, and it has since embarked on a road of no return. You are talented, skilled in painting, good at poetry and rhyme, and you are a generation of poets who have been told through the ages; Unfortunately, fate plays tricks on people. You are tired of playing with things, live a luxurious life and admire Buddha. You are also the king of national subjugation engraved on the historical archives. Merits and demerits have become the track of history ... —— Li Houzhu Li Yu
(937-978)
Li Yuchu was originally named Jia, whose name was Zhong Yin. The sixth son of Li Jing, the master of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) was born. Song Stegosaurus ascended the throne in Jinling in the second year (96 1), and he reigned for fifteen years, without a title, and was known as Li Houzhu in history. When he ascended the throne, the Southern Tang Dynasty had served Song Zhengshuo and settled in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River. In the seventh year of Song Kaibao (974), Song Taizu sent letters to the north many times, but he refused to leave. In October of the same year, Song Bing went south to attack Jinling. Next November, when the city is broken, the queen's flesh will come out naked, and she will be caught in Bianjing, where she will be sealed and not allowed to disobey her orders. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. Taiping rejuvenating the country for three years (978), and Qixi was his 42nd birthday. According to the records of King Song, the beggars' sect was poisoned by morning medicine. Queen Wu was sealed and buried in Mangshan, Luoyang.
He is good at painting and calligraphy, melody and poetry, especially in the Five Dynasties. In the early stage, he wrote more about the court enjoyment life, with a soft style; The later ci poems reflect the pain of national subjugation, with expanded themes, profound artistic conception, sincere feelings, fresh language and great artistic appeal. Later generations compiled his and Li Jing's works into two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty. In the early days of his reign, the style of his poems was beautiful and soft, and he did not get rid of the habit of "flowers". After the national subjugation, during the house arrest of Lacrimosa every day, the king of national subjugation became the "Southern King" of the eternal ci circle (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's Ancient and Modern Thorns), and it was precisely that "the unfortunate poet of the country was lucky, and his words began to work when it came to vicissitudes". These late ci poems are desolate and solemn, with profound artistic conception, which laid the foundation of Su Xin's so-called "bold and unconstrained" school and played a role in the history of ci poetry. As Wang Guowei said in Ci on Earth, "Ci came to Li Houzhu and began to have a broad vision and deep feelings." As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented. The late Lord has a collection that has been lost. There are 46 words, of which only 38 words can be confirmed by previous works or others.
Step 2 live
Li Yu is "kind and filial, good at writing calligraphy and painting, rich in forehead and teeth, and heavy in eyes." , is the sixth son of Excavate, Yuan Zong of Southern Tang Dynasty (Lord of Southern Tang Dynasty). Because Li Jing's second to fifth sons all died early, Li Hongji, Li Yu's eldest brother, was actually his second son when he was the Crown Prince. Li Hongji was a jealous man, but Li Yu, who was sedate at that time, was afraid of Li Hongji's suspicion and did not dare to participate in politics. He reads just for fun every day.
Li Hongji died shortly after poisoning Li Jingsui in 959. Li Jing intends to make Li Yu a prince. Zhong Mo said, "From the protection, I am cowardly, Buddhist and inhuman." Being kind, courageous and dignified, it is very suitable to be an heir. "Excavate great anger, made an excuse, the Zhong Mo relegated to the country, exiled to Raozhou. Li Yu was made king of Wu, a scribe and a politician, so he lived in the East Palace.
96 1, in the second year of Song Dynasty, Li Jing moved to Nanchang, made Li Yu the crown prince to supervise the country, and left him in Jinling. After the death of Li Jing in June, Li Yu ascended the throne in Jinling.
Li Yu is "arrogant and extravagant, good at showing off, talking loudly and not caring about political affairs."
After Song Jun destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty in 97 1 year, Li Yu changed his name to Jiangnan Master to show that he did not oppose the Song Dynasty.
In 973, Song Taizu ordered Li Yu to go to Kaifeng, but he refused to go because of illness. Song Taizu sent Cao Bin and his army to attack Nantang.
In 9741February, Cao Bin conquered Jinling.
After fifteen years in office, he was called Li Houzhu and the Queen of Southern Tang Dynasty.
In 975, after Li Yu was captured, he was appointed as the disobedient Kaifeng Hou, and General Baizuo was appointed as Wei. According to historical records, Zhao Guangyi repeatedly forced Zhou Xiao to stay in the palace. Every time I go back after Xiao Zhou, I cry and scold. In pain and depression, Li Yu wrote famous songs such as Looking at the South of the Yangtze River, Midnight Song and Young Beauty. Ancient painters also painted Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky. In Ming Dynasty, Shen Defu wrote Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky: "In Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong painted Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky, with a hoe on his head, pale face and fat body. After the worship, the limbs were delicate, and several imperial envoys held them and frowned after a week. " Feng Haisu of Yuan Man wrote a poem on the map: "Li Huakai, left in the south of the Yangtze River, was also forcibly folded by the king; Blame the golden wind rushing to the ground, and the imperial garden is full of red and purple. "
According to the memoirs of Wang Luo in the Song Dynasty, he was poisoned by Song Taizong in 978 because of his words such as "The old country is unbearable to look back on" and "A river flows eastward". Some people say it's Chinese medicine, nux vomica. After taking it, the central nervous system is destroyed, the whole body twitches, and the head and feet shrink together, which is extremely painful. The official history such as "History of the Song Dynasty" did not say that it was poisoning, and it was recorded as "three years in July, and he died at the age of 42. Abandon the court for three days and give it to the Taishi to chase the king of Wu. " After Li Yu's death, he was buried in North Mangshan, Luoyang. He was heartbroken a few weeks later and died soon after.
3. Artistic achievements
Li Yu has made great achievements in art.
Painting and calligraphy
Good calligraphy and painting, its calligraphy: Gu Tao's "Qing Louis Ceng Yun" said: "The first master was good at calligraphy, as vigorous as cold pine and frost bamboo, which was called' Jin Cuodao'. If you write in big letters and don't write in silk, you can be satisfied. It is called' pinch of books' in the world. " As for his paintings, Guo Zhi Ren Lun Shi in Song Dynasty said: "Li Yu, the queen of Jiangnan, only knows how to support herself and is good at painting and calligraphy. It is far better to taste the forest stone birds than the regular flow, higher than the accident. " Unfortunately, there are no calligraphy and painting handed down from generation to generation.
word
The style of Li Yu's ci is divided into two periods with 975 as the boundary.
His early ci style was beautiful and soft, and he didn't break away from the habit of "flowers". According to the content, it can be roughly divided into two categories: one is to describe the magnificent palace life and the affair between men and women,
Such as "bodhisattva man":
The moon is dark and foggy, so I wish I could go to Lang's place now. Socks are fragrant, and gold shoes are portable. See you at the south bank of the painting gallery, and you will tremble at noon. It is difficult for a slave to come out, but he should be taught to be merciful.
There is also a kind of heavy sadness when I feel the fate I can't get rid of under the pressure of the Song Dynasty.
Such as "Meet You Huan":
Silently alone in the west wing, the moon is like a hook, and the solitary phoenix tree locks the autumn in the deep courtyard. Cut constantly, the reason is still chaotic, it is sadness, don't have a taste in your heart.
Due to the great changes in life, his later ci works made the king of national subjugation the "southern king" of the eternal ci world (Shen Xiong's "Ancient and Modern" language in Qing Dynasty), which is precisely "the country is unfortunate and the poet is lucky, and the ci works only after vicissitudes". These sad and tragic late ci poems with profound artistic conception laid the foundation of Su Xin's so-called "bold and unconstrained" school and became a great master in the history of ci poems. As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented.
Such as "Young Beauty":
When is the spring flower and autumn moon, how much is known about the past. The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the moon. Carved fences and jade bricks should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them. Ask how much sorrow you can have, just like a river flowing eastward.
The order of scouring sand:
The rain outside the curtain is gurgling, and the spring is fading. Allred-rochow can't stand the cold of five people, and he doesn't know that he is a guest in his dream. Don't lean against the fence alone, it is infinite, and it is easier to see when you are away. Running water is gone, and spring is gone.
Wang Guowei believes: "Wen Feiqing's words are also beautiful; Wei Duanji's words, bone show also; Li Shiguang's handwriting is also beautiful. " Moreover, he also said, "Ci has become a master's word and a scholar-bureaucrat's word. Zhou Jie is stored under Wen Wei, which can be described as reversing black and white. " This last sentence is aimed at what Zhou Ji said in "Miscellaneous Poems of Jiecunzhai": "Heshi is a beautiful woman on earth, who is good at strict makeup and light makeup, and does not hide the national color. Fei Qing, strict makeup; End yourself and make up lightly; Lord, rude and confused. " . Wang believes that this kind of comment is to promote literature and suppress Wei. There is also a view in academic circles that the original intention of Zhou Ji is that Li Yu is not as good as Wen Listening Cloud and Wei Zhuang in terms of words and phrases. However, as far as the vividness and fluency of ci poetry are concerned, the former is obviously more vigorous and natural, and "carelessly does not cover up the national color."
Li Yu's ci got rid of Hua's frivolity. His words are true, his language is vivid, his image is vivid, his personality is distinct and his feelings are sincere. After the national subjugation, his ci has a wide range of themes and profound meanings, surpassing the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty and becoming the first graceful ci in the early Song Dynasty. Later generations revered him as "Ci Sheng".
Li Yu's Ci has inherited the tradition of Hua Jian Ci poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and was influenced by Li Jing and others, which promoted the creation of Ci. The main results are as follows:
(1) expands the expression field of words. Li Yu's previous writings were mainly erotic and shallow in content. Even if it contains a little hug, it mostly adopts figurative techniques, which are hidden but not revealed. However, most of Li Yu's works are straightforward, pouring out his life and feelings of the country and expressing his true feelings. Therefore, Wang Guowei said: "When the word arrived in Li Houzhu, its vision began to widen and its feelings deepened, so it became a musician's word and a scholar-bureaucrat's word." ("Words on Earth")
② It has high universality. Li Yu's ci often reflects a certain realm of universal significance in real life through concrete and sensible personality images. "The small building was easterly last night, so the old country could not bear to look back at the bright moon ([Yu Meiren])," The flowing water has come out in spring, and on earth ([Langtaosha]), "People naturally grow up and hate water ([Wu Yeti])," Hate is like spring grass, but live farther ([Qingpingle]) and other famous sentences have profound meanings.
③ Language is natural, refined and expressive. His writing is not gorgeous, but touching; Not vague, but meaningful; Form a fresh and beautiful artistic feature.
(4) originality in style. Hua and Southern Tang poets are generally good at euphemism, while Li Yu is good at euphemism. For example, Yu Louchun's Hao Dang, Wu Ye Tiao, Langtaosha's and Bitterness are all men and women (see Tan Xian's Tang Fu, Yu Meiren and If a pony is born) (Zhou Ji, like Na Lanxingde, said, "Hua Jian Ci is like an ancient jade, which is valuable but not applicable, Song Ci is applicable but of little quality, and Li Houzhu has its beauty and makes people. (Miscellaneous Notes of Green Water Pavilion)
Li Yu's original collection has been lost. There are forty-four words. Only 38 works can be confirmed.
His veteran said that he had 30 volumes of anthology and 100 essays. Li Yuji 10 is included in Reading in the County Zhai, and Nan Tang 10 is included in History, Art and Literature of Song Dynasty, both of which have been lost. There are two main characters, 1 Volume South Tang, in Zhi Zhai Shu Lu to solve the problem. At present, there are 34 Li Yu's poems in Mohuazhai (1620) in the forty-eighth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, among which Looking at Jiangnan can be divided into two. Shao Changguang recorded another 65,438+0 poems in the post-Qing period, and Wang Guowei supplemented nine poems of the Southern Tang Dynasty in modern times, but there seem to be many problems. According to the opinions of most modern scholars, only 32 poems can be identified as Li Yu's. In Qing Dynasty, Liu Ji wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, Tang Guizhang wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, and Wang Zhongwen wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty. Zhan Antai's Li Jing Li Words has detailed annotations. For his deeds, see History of the New Five Dynasties, History of the Song Dynasty, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Ma Ling and Lu You, and Chronicle of Two Masters of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Xia.