Liu Jia, Xue and Pei are also called "Hedong Three Surnames". Liu Zongyuan's eighth to sixth ancestors were court officials, and the fifth ancestor was the secretariat of Sizhou. After entering the Tang Dynasty, the Liu family had a close relationship with the Li royal family. During the reign alone, there were as many as 22 members of the Liu family living in Guanshushu Province. However, during the Yonghui period, the Liu family was repeatedly persecuted by Wu Zetian. By the time Liu Zongyuan was born, his family had declined, from the privileged position of royalty to the ordinary bureaucratic landlord class. Liu Zongyuan's great-grandfather and grandfather were just small officials like county magistrates. His father, Jin Ryu, has always had a low rank. Liu Zongyuan said with emotion that by his generation, Liu had "studied for nothing since May and June". The Anshi Rebellion caused another great impact on the Liu family. During the war, Jin Ryu sent his mother to the King of Wu for refuge, and she and her family fled to Wudi. In the south, it was once hard to make a living, and sometimes there was no salary. Liu Zongyuan's mother often starves herself to feed her children. Liu Zongyuan was born after the Anshi Rebellion, and his childhood was spent in poverty and hardship. When Liu Zongyuan was nine years old, another large-scale separatist war broke out, which made Liu Zongyuan's family suffer from war again. Liu Zongyuan grew up in turbulent times. He had a certain understanding of the people's sufferings and social reality since he was a teenager, which influenced his later literary and ideological achievements.
In the spring of the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), 20-year-old Liu Zongyuan was admitted to the earth in the senior high school entrance examination, and at the same time, his good friend Liu Yuxi was also admitted to the earth. In the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796), Liu Zongyuan was appointed as the secretary of the provincial school, which was regarded as stepping into the officialdom. This year, he married Yang Ping's daughter in Chang 'an. Two years later, he learned a lot of words and changed it to the orthography of Jixian Temple Academy, which allowed him to read widely and broaden his horizons. At the same time, he began to contact courtiers and bureaucrats, understand the situation of officialdom, care about and participate in politics. In the first year of Jixian Temple Academy, he wrote "Love Monument in Yangcheng, Ye Si, Guo Yi" and praised Dr. Yangcheng who had the courage to stick to his own opinions on major political affairs. In the second year, I wrote "Debate and Invasion", which showed my strong desire to persist in unity and oppose separatism.
In the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (80 1), Liu Zongyuan was transferred to Lantian Wei, and two years later, he was transferred back to Chang 'an as the supervisor of Shiyu Li Xing. At that time, he was 3 1 year old and was an official with Han Yu. Although his rank is very low, his authority is no less than that of Shi Yu. Since then, he has made more friends with the upper echelons of officialdom, gained a deeper understanding of the dark corruption of politics, and gradually sprouted a desire for reform.
Wang He and Wang Yong Zhenguan's political reform failed only for half a year, but it was a progressive movement that shook the whole country. The measures taken dealt a blow to the autocratic eunuchs and the separatist forces in the buffer region at that time, benefiting the country and the people and conforming to the historical development. Liu Zongyuan and his good friend Liu Yuxi are the core figures of this innovation. They are called "Two Kings Liu Liu". Young Liu Zongyuan had a sharp struggle with eunuchs, aristocratic families and old bureaucrats on the political stage. His innovation and spirit of struggle are very valuable.
With the downfall of Shunzong, Xian Zong came to power, and the innovation failed, the reformists such as "Two Kings Liu Liu" were immediately demoted. In August, Xianzong ascended the throne, and in September, Liu Zongyuan was demoted as the secretariat of Shaozhou (now Shaoyang City, Hunan Province) and Sima of Yongzhou (now Lingling City, Hunan Province). This time, seven people were demoted to Sima at the same time, so history called this incident "two kings and eight Sima events."
Yongzhou is located at the junction of Hunan and Guangdong. It was lonely at that time. It was a terrible place with few people. Liu Zongyuan went to Yongzhou with his 67-year-old mother, cousin Liu Zongzhi and cousin Lu Zun. After they arrived in Yongzhou, they didn't even have a place to live. Later, with the help of a monk, they boarded in longxing temple. Because of the hard life, his mother Lushi died before he arrived in Yongzhou for half a year.
After Liu Zongyuan was demoted, his political opponents still refused to let him go. Gossip and personal attacks turned him into a "strange man", and after several years, he kept cursing. This shows the extent to which conservatives dislike him. In Yongzhou, cruel political persecution and hard living environment made Liu Zongyuan sad, angry, depressed and miserable. Coupled with several ruthless fires, his health was seriously damaged, even to the point where his knees trembled when he walked, but he was paralyzed as soon as he sat down. Liu Zongyuan's political ideal was not shaken by all kinds of persecution and hardships he suffered in his relegation career. In his letter, he clearly stated: "Although everything is excluded, it is nothing more than this."
The fall of Yongzhou 10 year was a major turning point in Liu Zongyuan's life. When he was in Beijing, he directly engaged in innovative activities. After arriving in Yongzhou, his struggle turned to the ideological and cultural field. Ten years in Yongzhou is a decade in which he continued to struggle. He has extensively studied some important issues in philosophy, politics, history and literature since ancient times, and has written articles and books. Most of his masterpieces, such as Feudalism, Unofficial Dialect, Heaven Pair and Six Contradictions, were completed in Yongzhou.
In the first month of the 10th year of Yuanhe (8 15), Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi were recalled to Beijing. But it has not been reused. Due to hatred of Wu and others, he went to Chang 'an in February and announced his demotion in March. Liu Zongyuan was demoted as the secretariat of Liuzhou (now Liuzhou, Guangxi), and Liu Yuxi was the secretariat of Bozhou. Although it was promoted from Sima to the secretariat, the demoted place was far more secluded and difficult than before. Liu Zongyuan thought Bozhou was more difficult than Liuzhou, and Liu Yuxi had an 80-year-old mother to take care of, so he wrote to the court several times and asked for an exchange with Liu Yuxi. Later, because someone helped, Liu Yuxi changed to Lianzhou and Liu Zongyuan went to Liuzhou.
Liuzhou is farther from the capital Chang 'an than Yongzhou, and it is even more backward and desolate. Most of the residents are ethnic minorities, living in extreme poverty, and their customs and habits are quite different from those of the Central Plains. When Liu Zongyuan first came here, he didn't understand the language and everything was uncomfortable, but he was still determined to use the limited strength of the Secretariat to continue to carry out reforms in this place and do something good for the local people.
In Liuzhou, Liu Zongyuan was determined to abolish the cruel habit of "taking money from men and women as ransom from time to time, and if the child is like this, he will not be a handmaiden", and formulated a set of measures to release the handmaid, stipulating that the slave can calculate his salary by time, restore his personal freedom after paying off his debts, and go home to reunite with his relatives. This move was welcomed by the poor and was later extended to counties outside Liuzhou. In view of the local people's superstitious and backward customs, Liu Zongyuan prohibited Jianghu witch doctors from defrauding people. Organize the development of cultural and educational undertakings, set up schools and popularize medicine, so that Liuzhou, which has never dared to drill wells, has successively drilled several wells and solved the drinking water problem. There are many wasteland in Liuzhou, and Liu Zongyuan organized idle labor to reclaim it. Only one reclaimed wasteland in Dayun Temple has planted 30,000 bamboo poles and hundreds of beds of vegetables. He also attaches importance to tree planting and participates in tree planting activities in person.
In four years, Liu Zongyuan carried out some reforms within the scope of his authority, which benefited one party and actually carried out the reform of the king in some areas.
The long-term relegation career, the hardships of life and the mental torture have made Liu Zongyuan's health worse and worse, and he is really old before he is old. His good friend Wu Wuling ran to the door of Pei Du, the ruling minister, many times, trying to save him from Liuzhou to Beijing. Pei Du and Liu Zongyuan are from Hedong. In the fourteenth year of Yuanhe, Xian Zong was pardoned for his honorific title. After Pei Du interceded, Xianzong agreed to remove Liu Zongyuan. However, it is too late. Before the imperial edict arrived in Liuzhou, Liu Zongyuan died with a cavity of grief and indignation at the age of 47. Before his death, Liu Zongyuan wrote to his good friend Liu Yuxi and left the manuscript to him. Later, Liu Yuxi compiled the Collection of Liu Zongyuan.
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Liu Yuxi (772 ~ 842) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Dream of words. Luoyang (now Henan) was born in Zhongshan (now Dingxian, Hebei). He is a descendant of Xiongnu, and his seventh ancestor Liu Liang changed his surname after he moved to Luoyang with Emperor Xiaowen Wei. Father Liu Xu moved his family to Jiaxing (present-day Zhejiang) to avoid the Anshi Rebellion. Liu Yuxi was born in Jiaxing and studied in Chang 'an at the age of 19. Zhenyuan nine years, and Liu Zongyuan tied for Jinshi, and later promoted to Hongci. In the eleventh year of Zhenyuan, he went to the official department to take an examination of scholars, awarded the prince a school book, and began to set foot on his official career. In the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, he joined Du You as the secretary of the curtain and took part in the crusade against Xuzhou rebels. In eighteen years, he was transferred to the main book of Weinan County. The following year, he served as a supervisor. In January of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (changed to Yongzheng in August of the same year), Wang and others were ordered to carry out a series of measures to reform malpractice. At that time, Liu Yuxi was appointed as the foreign minister of wasteland and sentenced to the case of supporting salt and iron. Together with Wang, Wang□ and Liu Zongyuan, he is the core figure of political innovation and is called the "two kings". Only after half a year, the innovation was strongly opposed by eunuchs and buffer regions. Shunzong was forced to abdicate and Xianzong acceded to the throne. In September, the innovation failed and Wang was granted the death penalty. Liu Yuxi was first demoted to Lianzhou (now Lianxian County, Guangdong Province) as a secretariat, then to Jiangling, and then to Sima in Langzhou (now Changde, Hunan Province). At the same time, eight people were demoted to distant Sima, which was called "Eight Sima" in history. In December of Yuanhe 9, Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan were recalled to Beijing. In March of the following year, Liu Yuxi wrote a poem "In the eleventh year of Yuanhe (one word), he was called to Beijing from Langzhou to give a play to a gentleman who looks at flowers", which offended the ruling and opposition parties and was released as the secretariat of Lianzhou. Later, he served as the secretariat of Kuizhou and Hezhou. In the winter of the second year, Bao Li was recalled from Hezhou to Luoyang. Twenty-two years of relegation is over here. In the first year of Daiwa, Liu Yuxi was appointed as a visiting doctor in Dushong Shangshu Province. The following year, he returned to North Korea as a visiting doctor. As soon as he arrived in Chang 'an, he wrote "Re-visit Du Xuanguan Bureau", which showed his indomitable will after repeated blows. Later, officials from Suzhou, Ruzhou and Tongzhou made a secretariat. From the first year of Kaicheng (836), he was appointed as the guest and secretary of the prince to supervise Du Dong. In the first year of Huichang (84 1), the collation department added the title of Shangshu. The world calls them Liu Binke and Liu Shangshu. Liu Yuxi, a poet, was as famous as Bai Juyi before his death and was called "Bai Liu" by the world. Bai Juyi called him a "poet" and admired him to the utmost. His poems are widely read. In the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, Liu Yuxi edited his writings into forty couplets, and deleted a quarter of them as "anthology". This is the earliest anthology and anthology of Liu Yuxi, which has not been handed down today. The New Tang Book Yi Wenzhi contains 40 volumes of Liu Yuxi's collected works. Lost in the early song dynasty 10. Song compiled Legacy into Waiji 10, but there are still some omissions. There are three kinds of existing ancient books in Liu Yuxi's collection: ① Dong's engraving (1 138) collected in the Qing Summer Resort in the eighth year of Song Shaoxing is a small seal script, and Xu Hongbao's photocopy is available. In the 13th year of Xichun (1 186), Luyou was re-engraved according to the Eastern edition, which was called "the reduced edition". Block printing, which has been popular since Ming and Qing Dynasties, basically belongs to this system. (2) The Collected Works of Liu Mengde, an engraving of the Song Dynasty in Chonglan Museum, Fukui, Ping 'an, Japan, is a large-character version of Shu, which is now a photocopy of Dong Kang and a condensed version of the Commercial Press. ③ Collected Works of Liu Mengde (Volume 1-4), and Jian 'anfang Block Edition in Beijing Library. Jin Mao, Hui Dong, He Chao, Feng Hao, Huang Pilie and others in the Ming and Qing Dynasties preliminarily sorted out Liu Yuxi's books, but most of them were manuscripts, which were not widely circulated. The existing editions of Liu Yuxi's collected works are: Four Editions, Liu Mengde's Collected Works, Four Notes, Liu Binke's Collected Works, Collection Integration and Liu Binke's Collected Works. There is also the proofreading of Liu Yuxi's collected works. Liu Yuxi's life story can be found in the old and new biographies of Tang Dynasty, and Jia (called Jia) compiled by Tang Dynasty records Liu Yuxi's conversation about creation and learning in his later years, which is quite informative. The Chronicle of Liu Yuxi written by Bian, a modern man, has done a lot of textual research on Liu Yuxi's life and various historical materials.
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Han Yu (768-824) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Return the word. People from Henan Province (now Meng County, Henan Province). The county looks at Changli, and the world is called Han Changli. [More information about www.365zn.com]
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In his later years, he served as assistant minister of the official department, also known as the Korean official department. Posthumous title "Wen", also known as Han Wengong. He lost his father at the age of 3 and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. [More information about www.365zn.com]
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In the eighth year of Zhenyuan in Dezong (792), he was promoted to our time, and later served as the supervisor of Yushi and Yangshan. Xian zong acceded to the throne and became a doctor of the country. Later, he went through officials to the right illegitimate son of the prince. In the 12th year of Yuanhe (8 17), he put down the Yuanji rebellion in Huaixi Wu from Peidu and was promoted to assistant minister of punishments. In the 14th year of Yuanhe (8 19), Xian Zong welcomed the Buddha's bones into Da-nei and remonstrated with them, so he was demoted as the secretariat of Chaozhou. Move to Yuanzhou. Soon, he returned to North Korea and served as an official, son of the country and assistant minister of the official department. After Han Yu died in Chang 'an, he advocated strengthening political reunification and opposed the separatist regime in the buffer regions. Ideologically, he respected Confucianism and suppressed Buddhism, calling himself a descendant of Confucius and Mencius. He opposed the formalistic style of writing since the Six Dynasties, vigorously advocated ancient prose, and led the ancient prose movement in the middle Tang Dynasty together with Liu Zongyuan.
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Bai Juyi (772 ~ 846), a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was named Lotte, a Buddhist in Xiangshan, and Mr. Zuiyin. His ancestral home was Taiyuan (now Shaanxi), and his great-grandfather Bai Wen moved to Xia □ (now Weinan, Shaanxi) and became a Xia □ person. In his later years, he was a formal prince who was not very rich. posthumous title was the white father, Bai Wengong, his grandfather and his grandfather. At the age of nine, he was familiar with this piece of music. 1 1 years old, he fled from Xingyang to Xuzhou R&F (now Suxian North, Anhui Province) because of the battle between the two rivers, and soon went south to Vietnam to go to the cousin of a county commander in Hangzhou. 15, 16 years old, he decided to be a scholar and study hard.
My tongue has become sore, and so has my elbow. Later, my father died and my mother became ill. I live on the meager salary of my eldest brother Bai Youwen, and my life is very difficult. In the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, Bai Juyi was twenty-nine years old, and in the eighteenth year of Jinshi (802), Yuan Zhen and I were admitted to Jinshi at the same time. They made an oath.
In five years, Cao, a household of Jingzhao Mansion, joined the army, and all of them still served as a bachelor of Hanlin. In six years, Bai Juyi returned to Beijing as a doctor named Prince Zuo Zanshan because of his mother's death. In ten years, the separatist forces of the two rivers jointly rebelled against the Tang Dynasty and sent people to assassinate the prime minister Wu, who advocated a crusade against the separatist regime of the buffer region. Bai Juyi took the lead in seeking to catch the murderer urgently to repay the national humiliation. He fabricated the charge of "damaging honor" and was demoted to Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) Sima. This is a heavy blow to him. In the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, he served as the secretariat of Zhongzhou. In fifteen years, he was recalled to Beijing, worshipped the secretary of Shangshu, moved to the doctor's office, studied imperial edicts, and entered the Chinese book. Due to the failure of state affairs, the cronies of the DPRK and China have repeatedly clashed. Six wells were dug in the city for drinking. On the day I left Suzhou, the villagers in the county sent them away with tears. In the first year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (827), they visited the secretary supervisor. The following year, Bai Juyi was transferred to assistant minister of punishments. Since the age of 58, he has settled in Luoyang. He has successively served as a passing prince, Henan Yin, and a prince of Shaofu. In the second year of Huichang (842), he became an official with the minister of punishments. He is called "Bai Liu" now. In his comfortable old age, he still often thinks of the people. At the age of 73, he also raised funds to dig out the Eight Stones Beach in Longmen to facilitate navigation. Two years later, he died of illness and was buried at Pipa Peak in Xiangshan, Longmen (see Bai Juyi's tomb in Luoyang, Henan Province). The epitaph written by the poet Li Shangyin has now become a tourist attraction. Bai Juyi not only left nearly 3,000 poems in his life, but also put forward a whole set of poetic theories. The famous debate on "real meaning" (nine books are the same). Bai Juyi inherited China's traditional poetic theory with the theme of The Book of Songs, and attached great importance to the realistic content and social function of poetry. He said: "Write articles in time, write poems and things" (Nine Books in the Same Yuan). Bai Juyi compiled his poems many times before his death. 75 copies, 5 copies. They were collected in Lushan, Suzhou, Luoyang and their grandnephews' homes. During the turmoil in the late Tang Dynasty, manuscripts were scattered all over the place and written again and again, which is not what it used to be. The earliest existing collection of white works is more than 3,600 poems (including dozens of other people's works) collected by Shaoxing people in the Southern Song Dynasty (11~ 65438+), which were photocopied and published by Literature Ancient Books Publishing House in 1955. In the thirty-fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1606), Ma Yuandiao reprinted Bai Changqing Collection (volume 7 1), which was basically the same as Shaoxing edition. Japan also has Bona Taoist temple. The content is basically the same as Shaoxing edition. There are 40 volumes of Poems of Bai Xiangshan engraved in Wang Liming in the Qing Dynasty, but only the poems have no text, of which 2 volumes are supplemented, which have been lost. In addition to the original comments, comments have been added. 1979, Zhonghua Book Company published Bai Juyi's Collection, which was collated by Gu. He also compiled two volumes of Waiji, collecting Bai's biography, Bai's important preface and postscript, and a short chronology. In terms of research materials, both new and old Tang books have biographies of Bai Juyi, and both Chen He have chronicles. Close to Chen's Poems and Cen's Bai Changqing. Zhu Jincheng's Chronicle of Bai Juyi, and Chen Youqin's Classic Literature Research Collection Bai Juyi Volume published by Zhonghua Book Company 1962 have collected relevant comments from the mid-Tang Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty. The study of Bai Juyi by Hideki Hayashi of Japan is an important reference book for studying Bai Juyi.
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