Poem on Changsha Kiln in Tang Dynasty 1. What was the Tongguan Kiln in Changsha, Hunan Province famous for in the Tang Dynasty?
Changsha Kilns Open Classification: Catalogue of Cultural Relics, Porcelain and Famous Kilns in China? 1. Brief introduction of Changsha kiln? Second, the history of Changsha kiln? Third, the glaze of Changsha kiln porcelain? Fourth, the shape of Changsha kiln porcelain? 5. What are the decorative patterns of Changsha kiln porcelain? Description of Changsha Kiln Porcelain: The picture shows the "White Glazed Green Pillow of Changsha Kiln in Tang Dynasty" collected by the Palace Museum. 1. Introduction to Changsha Kiln [Edit this paragraph] Changsha Kiln is located in Shizhu Lake to Tongguan Town, 30 kilometers north of Changsha, Hunan Province, so it is also called Tongguan Kiln, which is one of the large blue porcelain kilns in the south of Tang Dynasty.
Liu Yanshi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, chanted tea poems. "Xiang porcelain is full of light flowers", "Notes on Water Classics" contains "Tongguan Mountain is suitable for pottery", Du Fu wrote Tongguan Wind and other documents and a large number of archaeological unearthed cultural relics at home and abroad. Changsha kiln began in the early Tang Dynasty and flourished in the middle and late Tang Dynasty.
Its fired porcelain is rich in variety, beautiful and exquisite, and practical. These porcelains are painted with colorful patterns under the green glaze, which broke through the situation that monochrome green glaze dominated the whole country before the Tang Dynasty and embarked on a brand-new development path.
Changsha kiln is the first milestone of underglaze color in China, which laid the foundation for the development of colored porcelain after the Tang Dynasty and is the pride of colored porcelain technology in China. Second, the history of Changsha kiln [edit this paragraph] In the early Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-684), porcelain was mostly celadon and pottery.
Such as zodiac, tomb beast, maid, musical figurines, conference semifinals, camels, chariots and horses, etc. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty (684-756 AD), plain glazed celadon dominated, and colored porcelain began to appear.
In the middle Tang Dynasty (756-840 AD), on the basis of successfully firing monochromatic glaze to multicolor glaze, exquisite underglaze colored porcelain products were developed, and calligraphy decorative porcelain with aphorisms, aphorisms, five-character sentences and six-character sentences as its content formed a new form in ceramic technology, which initiated a brand-new era. In the late Tang Dynasty (AD 84 1-907), the shape tended to be slender and changeable, and the decoration was popular in unique styles such as flower-and-bird painting, printing, relief, simple propaganda painting and glass painting.
In Huang Chao in the Five Dynasties, foreign businessmen were killed and the export was blocked. Most products of Changsha kiln have poor porcelain degree and many glaze phenomena, which are not as delicate and firm as Xing kiln. In addition, a large number of celadon products similar to Yue Kiln are fired in Jiang Jiayao, Hunan Hengzhou Wazidun Kiln, Dongting Lake and other places, which poses a great threat to the domestic market of Changsha Kiln. In addition, Changsha kiln has a large scale and the raw material fuel is increasingly scarce, forcing it. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Changsha Kiln reflected light, inherited and carried forward the traditional skills of multicolored glaze, especially the research on copper blue glaze, sapphire blue glaze and orange glaze, and created colorful glaze products with changeable shapes.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the pottery making in Tongguan Town tended to peak, and it developed to twelve dragon kilns with more than 600 potters, so it was called Tao Dou, Hunan. However, in the Republic of China, Changsha kiln ceramics were destroyed again, and the artistic style plummeted and was on the verge of collapse.
After liberation, under the leadership of the Party, after a new year's restoration and transformation, the production scale and manufacturing technology have made great progress, and excellent traditional skills have been revived and carried forward. Moreover, the series of white glazed stoneware, sesame glazed stoneware and refined iron stoneware were successfully developed for the first time in China and exported to more than 20 countries and regions along the ceramic road opened in the Middle Ages. Third, the glaze of Changsha kiln porcelain [edit this paragraph] Changsha kiln products are divided into porcelain tires and ceramic tires.
The clay of pottery tire is impure, and it is sandy, brown or iron gray after firing, with rough section and high water absorption, commonly known as cylinder tile tire. Most porcelain bodies are grayish white, fragrant gray and bluish gray, containing iron 1.5-2.5%, silica 72-76.34%, alumina 16.67%-20.73%, titanium dioxide 1% and silica/oxide 4.09%.
The firing temperature of the product is about1150-1200℃, which is mostly raw firing. The cross section of porcelain tire is thick, without translucency, with water absorption of 2%-7%, porosity greater than 10%, and glaze α >: the body α glaze layer, with many cracks in relics, should be classified as stone products or semi-ceramic and semi-porcelain in modern classification. The characteristics of Changsha kiln glaze are obviously reflected in the following aspects: in the early Tang Dynasty, the fetal quality of the products was rough, not hard, dark red, slightly grayish yellow and grayish blue, the glaze layer was thin, the glaze color was bluish yellow, and it tended to be ginger.
In the middle and late Tang dynasty, the tire color was basically dark gray or light gray, the tire quality was harder and finer than before, the combination between tire and glaze was greatly improved, and the degree of porcelain was quite high. The carcass of Changsha kiln is generally thick, which is obviously different from that of Xing kiln at the same time.
The glaze color is mainly cyan glaze, in addition to white glaze and brown glaze. Cyan glaze is divided into cyan yellow and cyan green.
Enamel is delicate and shiny. Observing the glaze surface, we can see that the surface is covered with small colorless fragments, which are delicate, uniform and soft. Glaze is often uneven, and the uneven thickness of glaze layer can be seen on an object.
Most glazes are colored. A few products apply a slightly bluish white glaze on the gray tire, and some also apply a thin layer of white or light gray cosmetic powder on the blank first, and then apply glaze to increase the brightness of glaze color and set off the decorative effect of painted patterns. Glazing methods mainly include throwing glaze, dipping glaze, pouring glaze, dripping glaze and coating glaze.
Glazes include green, sauce, white, green, red and tricolor glazes. (1) Blue glaze: the color is jujube yellow, jujube green, mustard green or shrimp blue, and the overall feeling is yellow-green, which is generally called "celadon".
(2) sauce glaze: light colors are brown, brown and sauce yellow; The darker the color, the deeper the sauce. Sauce-colored glaze is often coated with cyan basic glaze before applying sauce color, and some are coated with sauce-colored glaze first, and then covered with a thin layer of transparent blue-yellow glaze.
(3) White glaze: The white glaze of Changsha kiln is milky or slightly grayish white, which looks like coagulated fat, and piles up like wax tears, moist but not very bright. Opaque, with broken lines, or large ice cracks.
Products similar to "Ge Kiln" are not as bright and firm as "Ding Kiln". (4) Colored glaze: there are gem blue glaze, peacock green glaze and red glaze.
(5) Gemstone blue glaze: the glaze color is like lake blue but opaque, like clear water but not clear green. Enamel is rich and elegant, or has a natural texture like a gem, similar to a gem, so it is called "gem blue glaze".
(6) Peacock green glaze: one is blue-green, which forms grass green under the cover of jujube yellow glaze; The other is patina.
2. Changsha Kiln was an ancient kiln in which dynasty?
the Tang Dynasty
Reference data
Changsha kiln generally refers to Tongguan kiln. Tongguan kiln site is located in the area from Tongguan Town to Shizhu Lake in Wangcheng District, Changsha City, 27 kilometers south of Changsha City, adjacent to the famous Tongguan Taocheng in the north and Xiangjiang River in the east. Changsha Tongguan Kiln is the birthplace of China Tang Dynasty colored porcelain. The site covers an area of 300,000 square meters. From Tongguan Town to Shizhu Lake, along the east bank of Xiangjiang River in He Shili, the site of Tang Dynasty kiln burning 19 has been discovered, with the smallest area of about 300 square meters and the largest exceeding 10000 square meters. The stacking thickness is 0.4m at the thinnest and 4m at the thickest. 1 September 9721and19831October 10 were announced as provincial cultural relics protection units, and1June 983 14 were announced as key cultural relics protection units. It is the only cultural relic protection unit in the ancient ruins of Hunan Province.
brief introduction
Southern porcelain kilns in Tang and Song Dynasties. Located in taoyuan village, Dingzi Town, Wangcheng District, Changsha City, Hunan Province. Also known as "Changsha kiln". The main products are celadon, and there are many kinds of household appliances. Glaze colors are blue, yellow and white. He also pioneered the decoration techniques of underglaze colored ware and painting on porcelain, that is, using brown or green spots to form geometric patterns under blue glaze, and using strokes to draw clouds and geometric patterns under white glaze or blue-yellow glaze. In addition, there are molding decals, printing, carving, stacking and other decorations. There are pots, bottles, cups, plates, bowls, lamps and lovely toys, such as birds, lions, pigs, fish and frogs. After the Ming dynasty, Tongguan kiln came into being.
Tongguan Kiln Porcelain (18 pieces)
Crockery for daily use such as vat, wine jar, wide bowl, teapot, etc. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, blue glazed pottery and yellow glazed pottery were the main products, including kettles and kettles. Through blank printing and blank drawing forming, the pattern is carved on the blank printing die, and the forming and printing are completed at one time. After 1966, it developed rapidly, and Bordeaux, black and red glazes were added. 1976 created stoneware bags and tea sets, with delicate embryo, smooth glaze color and high mechanical strength. The glaze colors are coffee, grain yellow, beige, purple and gold, light blue, etc., and are decorated with various lace, screen applique, printing and underglaze multicolor paintings. The picture shows the three-color porcelain pot (unearthed from Tongguan kiln site)
Famous kilns in Tang Dynasty. Taoyuan village painted in Dingzi Town, Wangcheng District, Changsha City, Hunan Province. Also known as "Changsha kiln". After the Ming Dynasty, Tongguan Kiln produced daily-use pottery, such as vats, wine jars, wide bowls and teapots. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, green glazed pottery and yellow glazed pottery were the mainstay.
Please adopt ~
3. Tang poetry classics
Wang Changling's Out of the Fortress made Longcheng fly, but did not teach Huma to spend the Yinshan Mountain. Xu Hun's "East Building of Xianyang City" is full of storms. Li He's Yan Men Tai Shou Hang is full of dark clouds, and the city wants to destroy Li Bai's Shu Dao Nan. You must not force Bai Juyi to try to burn jade for three days and divide it into seven years. Resigned from the viceroy and wanted to go to Shuzhong to take up his post; However, Han has friendship and heaven has neighbors; Wang Wei's "Weicheng Qu" advised you to drink one more cup, and there is no way out of the west. Wang Wei's "I miss my brothers in Shandong on vacation in the mountains" knows where his brother is climbing the mountain, and there is one person missing everywhere. Wang Wei's eyes are dry and the snow is light when hunting hay. Yu Shinan's cicada is high pitched, not because of the autumn wind. Lu Guimeng's farewell. Don't reveal the parting room. It is sad that Li Yu's "Go to the West Chamber if you don't agree with a word" is constantly being cut and confused. It's a taste in my heart When is the autumn moon and spring flowers written by Li Yu? How much sadness can you have? Like a river flowing eastward. When does Su Shi's water tune have a bright moon? Ask heaven for wine. I want to go home in the wind, but I'm afraid the tall building is too cold. People have joys and sorrows, and the moon is full of ups and downs. This matter was difficult to solve in ancient times. I hope people live a long life. Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si" sunset, heartbroken people in the end of the world. Shi Naian's Water Margin is doomed to meet thousands of miles away, and there is no chance. The people are miserable. The brilliant journey of pipa became famous all over the world. (I became famous in one fell swoop, and no one asked under the window for ten years. Feng Menglong's warning to the world is nowhere to be found, and it didn't take much effort to get it. Once Wei Zian's "Flower and Moon Scar" is missed, it will become an eternal regret, and it has been a hundred years since it was turned back. There is a saying in Su Shi's Drunk Lie that it is better to be drunk than not to be drunk. Li Bai's Into the Wine didn't see how the Yellow River water left heaven and entered the ocean, never to return. How lovely it was locked in a bright mirror in a high room. Although it was silky black in the morning, it turned into snow at night. Oh, let a spiritual man venture to his favorite place, and don't empty his golden cup to the moon! . I was born to be useful, and soon I spun a thousand pieces of silver and it was all back! Li Bai's "Uncle Yun, Xuanzhou Biejiao Shu" has no meaning in life, and the Ming Dynasty set sail. These are too many, and many famous sentences we are familiar with now are left over from that glorious dynasty.
4. What are the poems about "wine" in Tang Dynasty?
1. Travel of Four Boys
Tang Dynasty: Wang Wei
A barrel of Xinfeng wine is worth 10,000 yuan, and the ranger with five spirits is a teenager.
When we met, people drank to the spirit of the king, and the horse was tied under the weeping willow in the restaurant.
This army later became the "general" of the Han Dynasty and began a battle with the general Yu Yang.
Who knows the pain of not going to the border, even if you are killed, you still have a chivalrous fragrance.
A suit can break two carved arcs, and riding a thousand pounds seems nothing.
Leaning against the golden saddle, the arrow, with the arrow, kept shooting at the fleeing enemy chief.
The monarch and his ministers finally came to a banquet hall and sat on a high platform to talk about military achievements.
The emperor's son gave it to the princes in the temple, and the general Pei came out of the palace in full light.
2. "Give a refill after getting drunk."
Tang dynasty: Gao Shi
People in the world make friends, but old people don't.
Calligraphy is natural, and drunken language is particularly bold and crazy.
Don't ask him anything if his hair is gray as if nothing had happened; There are only white clouds floating in the sky.
There is a pot of wine at the bedside. How many times can you get drunk in life?
3. "Persuade Wine"
Tang Dynasty: Yu Wuling
I advise you to lower your head, but you don't have to resign when you are full.
Flowers are full of wind and rain, and life is full of parting.
4. The Eight Immortals Song in Drinking
Tang Dynasty: Du Fu
Zhang Zhi rode a horse like a boat, dazzled, and fell asleep at the bottom of the well.
Ruyang's three fights began in the sky, and the road was salivating at the corner of the car. I wish I could not seal it to Jiuquan.
Drinking thousands of dollars, a cup of music is called avoiding sages.
Zong Zhi, a handsome boy, looked up at the sky with white eyes, as bright as Yushu before the wind.
Before Su Jin Dynasty embroidered Buddha in Changzhai, he often liked to escape Zen when he was drunk.
Li Bai wrote hundreds of poems about fighting wine and went to sleep in a restaurant in Chang 'an.
The son of heaven didn't get on the boat, calling himself Brewmaster.
Zhang Xu handed down three cups of grass, and before he took off his hat and showed his head to the maharaja, he threw the paper like a cloud.
Jiao Sui's five buckets of rice are outstanding and have amazing eloquence.
5. Two Liangzhou Ci Poems
Tang Dynasty: William Wang
Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa, hurry up immediately.
Don't laugh when you are drunk on the battlefield. How many people fought in ancient times?
In the middle of Qin dynasty, flowers and birds had stopped, and the sandstorm outside the Great Wall was still cold.
Listening to Hu family folding willows at night reminds people of Chang 'an.
Step 6 drink
Tang Dynasty: Liu Zongyuan
Get up in the morning, with a deep sense of lack of fun, leave your seat and open a bottle of sake. First, the patriarch who drank wine to make wine was the father who left the wine for me to drive away sadness and boredom.
For an instant, it feels like a world apart, and I feel the excitement between heaven and earth. The continuous mountains have changed the original quietness, and the green running water contains warm breath.
Outside the south gate is a towering tree. Shade can cover yourself, and you can chat in the shade all day.
Even if you are drunk, don't refuse. The beautiful grass can be used for us to lie down. Even those who are richer than Chu Jin may not know the fun of drinking.
5. Wine Poems in Tang Dynasty
Duyin Mingyue No.4
Content:
Trouble is endless.
300 glasses of wine.
Too much sorrow, too little wine.
You can't pour wine into your heart.
So I know the wine saint.
Wine makes the heart boil.
Say goodbye to Xiaomi and lie in the first sunshine.
Hungry, Yan Hui.
Contemporary people don't like drinking.
It is safe to use a pseudonym.
Crab claws are golden liquids.
The bad mountain is Penglai.
Drink wine.
Drunk on the platform by the moon
Drinking the bright moon alone is second.
Content:
If heaven doesn't like wine,
Venus is not in the sky.
If the earth doesn't like wine,
There should be no Jiuquan on land.
Heaven and earth love wine,
Love wine matches heaven.
I hear it's better than sacred objects.
The complex road is as turbid as a saint.
Now that the saint has drunk,
Why ask God?
Sanbeitong Street,
Fighting is normal.
But it's fun in wine,
Don't pass it on to those who wake up.
Drinking alone with the moon.
Content:
A pot of wine from the flowers.
I drink alone. No one is with me.
Until, holding up my cup, I asked the moon.
Bring me my shadow and let's be three people.
Alas, the moon can't drink water.
My shadow followed me blankly; .
But there was a time when I had these friends.
Let me rejoice at the end of spring.
I sang. The moon encouraged me.
I danced. My shadow is rolling in the back.
Wake up and have sex.
Then I got drunk and we lost each other.
Will goodwill be guaranteed? .
I watched the long road of the Milky Way.
Invite for a drink
Content:
Have you seen how the water of the Yellow River flows from the sky to the sea and never returns?
Have you seen the lovely hair in the bright mirror in the high room, although it is still silky black in the morning, it turns into snow at night?
Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he wants to go, and never point his golden cup at the moon empty! .
Since God has given talents, let them be used! As for the money, although it is scattered, it will get together again.
Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a big drink! .
Master Cen, Dan Qiusheng can drink and drink endlessly.
Let me sing you a song! Please listen to me.
What are bells and drums, delicacies and treasures? Let me get drunk forever and never be rational! .
Ancient sober people and sages were forgotten, and only great drinkers can be immortalized.
Chen bought a barrel of wine with 10 thousand gold coins at a banquet in the temple, and everyone laughed and said one-liners
Why do you say, my master, your money is gone? , to buy wine, we drink together! .
Five flowers and horses, thousands of gold and autumn.
Give them to the boy in exchange for wine and share your sorrow forever.
Nine times out of ten, I want the moon.
Content:
When does the bright moon rise in the sky? I stopped my glass and asked now.
The moon will never reach the moon, but it is very close to the people.
Green smoke as bright as a mirror is flying in the palace, emitting cold light.
I only see the clouds rising from the sea every night, and who knows the clouds in the morning?
The moon is on the white rabbit's back, autumn and spring, and who is the neighbor of Chang's lonely life?
Now people are not seen in Gu Yue, but in this month they took the ancients.
The ancients said, if people are running water, they look at the bright moon.
I only wish the song is right for the wine, and the moonlight shines on the golden urn for a long time.