Zhu Da experienced a period of "turning upside down" during the Ming and Qing dynasties. From the royal nobles to the adherents who fled to the wild fields, great changes have taken place in their thoughts and lives. As descendants of the Ming imperial clan, in order to escape the persecution of the Qing Dynasty, they were monks and Taoists. He is unwilling to win over the rulers, pretending to be crazy and deaf. "He often wears a cloth hat, drags a long collar, walks around the city with his sleeves, and laughs with the audience." His heart was full of the pain of the collapse of his home country. He often fell to the ground and sobbed, then burst into tears, and suddenly laughed at the sky, making a generous lament. It is said that he was named Badashan because of his "Eight Gardens" sutra, but when he signed it, he even wrote the four words in cursive script, which was very similar to "crying" or "laughing". His poems and paintings are also the reflection of this kind of thought and emotion.
The calligraphy and painting of Badashanren was influenced by Dong Qichang in his early years. Due to the change of his situation and emotion, he broke through Dong's fence and took a very different road from the four kings. His landscapes are boundless and sorrowful, and the feeling of restraining the jam overflows on paper, just as his inscription reveals: "Guo Jia's clouds are small, Dong Lao's hemp trees are many, so people can solve pictures when they want to." "There are no more ink spots and more tears, and the mountains and rivers are still old mountains and rivers, and the cross-flow rocks and trees are withered, leaving Wen Lin with fine grinding" shows the attachment to the old Ming.
Badashan people often paint flowers and birds, mostly lotus, lycopodium, elk and strange birds. The lotus flowers he painted stand tall and upright, full of vitality, trying to express the stubborn character of not going with the flow, making strange birds and fish look at the sky with white eyes, showing his uncompromising temperament. When he was sixty-nine, he drew a picture of a peacock, in which two ugly peacocks stood on unstable pebbles, with peonies hanging down to attract them. The poem titled "Peacocks are famous for their flowers and two bamboo screens, and bamboo is a little stronger and half-inked. How can you talk about three ears, just like sitting on two watches in spring?" In ancient times, "Zang" (a slave) had three ears, and besides the normal two ears, there was a third ear that was obedient to the master (Gong Cong Zi Gong Sun Long). Three ears are slaves who obey orders. This painting is a satire on the officials who were greedy for wealth and sold themselves to the Qing Dynasty.
The freehand flower-and-bird images made by Badashan people are concise and vivid, and they are not formal but full of spirit, which is also a portrayal of his personality and attitude towards life. It is said that he can also draw fine meticulous paintings, "whose precision is especially wonderful." His ideas are rich and unique, and he does not stick to the pattern, which clearly shows his ideal pursuit. "Fish Music Map" draws several small fish invited to swim among the rocks in the water, which is full of emptiness and vastness. The simple image of small fish shows cheerful and comfortable emotions, which reminds people of the pursuit of freedom. The long scroll "Flowers on the River" puts lotus, bamboo and orchid in a quiet realm with bold pen and ink, decorated with strange rocks and flowing springs, giving people a fresh and meaningful feeling. His paintings of birds, animals, flowers and fruits are also full of vitality.
Badashan people's paintings are "clumsy in the square garden, but humble in the painting", which is informal, good at ink painting, thick and clumsy without pretense, and rich in ink and painting, inheriting Lin Liang, Chen Chun and Xu Wei's freehand brushwork of flowers and birds and developing to a new level.
badashan people have a lot of seals on their paintings, including snow, mountain, mountain, donkey, donkey house, donkey house, donkey house, human house, pickup, Heyuan, Luoyuan, Huangzhuyuan, Bahuan, Book Year and Book Disease. Some of them have profound meanings (for example, people's houses take Du Fu's meaning of "settling down in a vast building"), while others show the attitude of pretending to be crazy and playing with the world (saying, "I'm a monk, why not use the name of a donkey". ) Have a plenty of the hall number where he lives. He sometimes signed "March 19" to show his grief over the collapse of the Ming regime. Under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the pain of his home country could not be vented directly, but only revealed in obscure poems. After the Ming Dynasty, he stubbornly kept his integrity, did not follow the trend, was able to lead an honest and clean life, and often painted for the poor people, but "it is impossible for you to get a stone with several gold." Therefore, it has won the respect of later generations. Zheng Xie, Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi and others were fascinated and inspired by his creative spirit in painting and calligraphy, which had a considerable influence on painting after the middle of Qing Dynasty. #p# Pagination Title #e#
Eight great paintings are simple and elegant. Its precision is especially wonderful. Calligraphy has Jin and Tang styles, and landscapes, flowers and birds, bamboo and wood are vivid and vivid. Cover it with a broad mind, and the pen is unrestrained, and the interest can be self-evident. Broad-minded, unrestrained in brushwork, clumsy in rules, and contemptuous in the beauty of painting. There is no teacher to learn from the strong wind, and it is all based on one's own will. Get rid of the dust martingale and find another way, which has the purpose of scattering immortals in calligraphy. I have my own mighty thoughts in my chest, and I have a strange interest under my wrist.
Shi Tao (1642-177) was named Zhu Ruoji, the old man of Qingxiang, and also named Da Di Zi. Quanzhou, Guangxi, is a descendant of Jingjiang Wang, the royal family of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Hengjia, the father of Shi Tao, once claimed to be "supervising the country" (acting as the emperor's power) in Guilin in the name of the Ming imperial clan after the Qing soldiers went south to Fu Wang. Soon he was killed in the internal struggle of the Ming royal family and nobles. As a result, Shi Tao fled abroad as a monk with the pain of national ruin and death. His dharma name was Yuan Ji, and the word Shi Tao was nicknamed "Bitter Melon Monk", "Da Di Zi", "Blind Zun" and many others in Qing Xiang. In his early years, he had no fixed place, and had been to Lushan Mountain, Huangshan Mountain, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, and then to Jingting Mountain in Anhui Province. After forty years, he often traveled between Nanjing and Yangzhou, mostly living in Yangzhou. He went to Beijing for several years and returned to Yangzhou to sell paintings until his death.
Shi Tao's landscape is unique, and he writes in a quaint way, envisaging transcendence. Every painting is consistent with the ancients. The bamboo, stone and plum blossoms are all extremely wonderful, especially the official script, the pen and ink are vast and ancient, and the realm is wonderful and fascinating everywhere. Shi Tao's brushwork is strange and unrestrained, and he wins with boldness and unrestrained. Wang Taichang often praises it, saying that "the south of the great river, there is no stone teacher who is right" cloud. Dao Ji's skill is extremely deep. For example, the picture of Zhang Sengyou's visit to friends is a long frame, which is only nine inches wide. The trees are beautiful and blue, and the pen is extremely strange and the wind is shining, which is unprecedented and has never been seen since. Also, the axis of "River Map of the Old City" is colored in paper. This axis writes mountains and rivers in rough strokes, figures in boats and cables in fine strokes, fans in front of the bay are separated, people on the shore are scattered, the color is getting paler and older, and the spirit is escaping and fascinating. There are thousands of scrolls in the chest and tens of thousands of Yunshan in the eyes. That can be done. There is also "Hundred Beautiful Pictures", a paper book, which is more than two feet tall, especially a strange work.
due to his life experience, he has a deep affection for the mountains and rivers of the motherland. During his long-term wandering in the mountains and rivers and his mobile life, he has extensive experience in the mountains and rivers of various places, especially in-depth and unique observation and experience in the scenic spots of Huangshan Mountain. Inspired by nature, he has rich artistic imagination and vigorous creative enthusiasm. The landscape composition he painted is novel and varied, the scene is rich and novel, the artistic conception is profound, the brushwork is unrestrained, and he has unique style and abundant vitality. It is in sharp contrast with the stereotyped eight-legged landscape that filled the painting garden at that time. Shi Tao is also good at drawing flowers, flowers, orchids, bamboos and figures, and there are many works handed down from generation to generation, such as Clear Sound of Mountains and Waters, Loose Rain, Huai Yang Jie Qiu, Eight Victory Books of Huangshan Mountain, Draft Volume of Qing Xiang Painting and Calligraphy, etc., which are all outstanding works with certain representativeness.
Shi Tao became a master of landscape painting in the late feudal society. His artistic thoughts are expounded in Quotations on Paintings by Bitter Melon Monks and many poems and postscript on paintings. Shows his contribution to the theory of landscape painting. It requires painters and mountains and rivers to "trace the gods when they meet".
Hong Ren (161-1661) was called Jian Jiang. The common surname is Jiang, the name is Tao, and the word is odd, and Ou Meng is from Shexian County, Anhui Province. Ming Wu aspired to resist the Qing Dynasty, left her to Fujian, and became a monk from Jianyang Guhang Zen Master. Painting started from various schools in Song and Yuan Dynasties. You Chongni Yunlin painted, and was the founder of Xin 'an Painting School.
Kun Can (birth and death unknown) was born in Jieqiu, with the name Shixi, Baidu and Shidao. Originally from Wuling, the common surname is Liu. At the age of 2, he cut his hair and became a monk. He traveled around the famous mountains and lived in Nanjing Niushou Temple. Because of his illness, he lived a life of "suppressing himself". Kun Can's character is better than others. There are not many traces of his paintings, and the landscapes he painted are powerful. Designed to wipe with dry pen, the ink color is calm. The axis and paper of Yanxi Fishing Boat Map are huge, while the axis and paper of Lin Qiu Haze Map are medium. "Painting the Mountain in the Mountain" is famous for its axis, ink pen and paper book. And "Painting a Mountain in the Mountain", pure description of autumn mountains, starting with thick peaks, blurred pines, waterfalls flowing down into streams, high-rise buildings on the right, bamboo fences outside, slope to the left, a corner of Maoting, and several short houses, is quite sparse; After crossing the stream, the scales are green, the curtains are green, and when the lotus comes back, the hermit's high trace is in the white stone of Danfeng Yellow Leaf Springs. His pen is dark and deep, which is inexhaustible. Huang Binhong commented on his paintings, which are "falling rocks and withered vines, with hourglass marks, and can be applied to painting with the ingenuity of calligraphers." There are "Mangroves in Autumn Mountain", "Hills and Gulls", "Green and Lingtian", "Cangshan Knots Maotu" and "Xishan Seclusion", which are quiet and spacious.