The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording.
"Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese.
In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese". Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese.
In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools. What is classical Chinese? 1. Classical Chinese is wonderful.
There is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture.
This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese. 2. Classical Chinese is knowledge.
This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely a kind of writing. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression.
Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese. 4. "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese".
The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language.
"Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It explains two meanings: first, it points out that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later.
"Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words. The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style.
The latter's "text" refers to style. So does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is.
When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools.
The application of seal script is also mostly the same. The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history.
In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, is "literate" and written, its language charm will be reduced and its writing function will be doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference.
As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style. Reading classical Chinese is a very clear way of thinking, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, it is very solemn.
2. What does classical Chinese mean? Classical Chinese is the written language of China, which is based on spoken language in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and is a grammatical form written by imitating this written language.
But by the middle of the Six Dynasties, great changes had taken place in the spoken Chinese in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and there were two written languages at this time. Written language is a written language that imitates ancient Chinese written documents, such as the prose of the writers of the Six Dynasties and the eight masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, that is, "classical Chinese"; The other is the written language formed on the basis of spoken language at that time, which is called "ancient vernacular", such as Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Bianwen in the Tang Dynasty, and Huaben in the Song Dynasty.
In the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the situation was similar to that in the Middle Ages, including imitating ancient written language, such as Tongcheng School's prose; There are also ancient vernacular languages formed on the basis of spoken language at that time, such as Water Margin and The Journey to the West. Because classical Chinese is not a language in one place at a time, there will be differences in grammar and vocabulary in different times or regions.
3. What does classical Chinese mean? The first "text" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.
4. What does it mean in classical Chinese? "Shi" has the following explanations in ancient Chinese:
① Correct, as opposed to "no". Tao Yuanshi's farewell speech: "Today is not yesterday."
2 think it is correct. "Mozi. Business ditto "is what you do, it must be all. "
3 indicates positive judgment. Analects of Confucius "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, yes."
4 demonstrative pronouns. Here, here. Liu Tang Zongyuan's Snake Catcher said: "My ancestors died, so my father died." Bao Zaji in prison: "Diseases are contagious."
⑤ Verb, used between prepositional object and verb, emphasizes the object "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Twenty-eight Years": "A small country must look to the monarch and dare to listen to it not only by living."
It is a typical mistake to translate the demonstrative pronoun "Yes" into "This" instead of "This" into "This". Sometimes you can't extract words directly from the translated sentences, but most of the time you can.
5. What do you mean by meeting in classical Chinese?
Verb meaning:
1, recognize the word. The same is true of China's ancient literature. Pressing the button also means a lot. Original meaning: meet.
Yes, yes. -"Shuo Wen"
Yes, get together. -"Guang Ya Shi San"
There will be crimson. -"Poetry Xiaoya Car Attack"
I'll stop talking. -"Poetry in Tang Feng's Travel"
It will be clear. -"Poetry, Elegance and Daming"
Can count its coins. -"Rituals and Bridal Gifts"
To meet the hiding of heaven and earth. -"Book of Rites, Moon Order and Qiu Ji"
Then the world will be one. -Liu Zongyuan's feudalism
Touching guests, poets, will be here. -Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower"
2. goodbye; See you later.
See you later. -"Zhou Li Taizong Bo"
Meet in a strange place. -"Book of Rites Quli"
What meeting will be held, and the speech will be made. -"Biography of the Ram, Ten Years of Huan Gong"
Leave it to the inheritance and it will expire today. -"Yutai Xinyi, ancient poetry is Jiao Zhongqing's wife"
Meet the prince. -"Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"
3. Make it consistent; Meet.
The rhyme is clear and clear, revealing a strong femininity. -Wu Liangjun's "Continued Harmony"
4. Pay (especially in restaurants and teahouses). Like money, money.
5. understanding; Got it.
6. should; Should be required. If necessary: if necessary; should be Huiying: Yes.
Noun meaning:
1, the lid of the vessel.
Book of Rites: The lid of the vessel is called Hui, which is a combination of upper and lower parts. -"Shuo Wen Hui Zhu Duan"
Dunqi Conference. -"Rites and Burials"
Life with food will begin the meeting. -Yi Li Li Shiyu
2. Business, social or other gatherings.
Will talk about danger. -"Biography of Li Hanguang"
To explain things. -"Historical Records Chen She Family"
This is a strike. -"Purple Tongzhi Sword"
3. Timing. If it happens at the right time.
4. The place where people gather; Major cities-usually administrative centers. Such as Huiyuan: provincial capital; City.
5. A group or organization established for a certain purpose. Such as guild hall, guild hall: the place where the envoys of various countries were received in the Ming Dynasty.
6. disaster; Bad luck.
/kloc-the meeting will be held in 0/60, and "crossing" and "peeling" are both disasters. -"The History of the Later Han Dynasty: A Praise for Dong Zhuo"
7. A small-scale non-governmental economic mutual assistance. Generally, the sponsors will gather several people to pay the same amount on schedule, which will be used by the sponsors for the first time and will be used in turn according to the agreement or the order decided by lottery.
I make reservations in various bookstores, and each store has three or two. -The Scholar
8. Names of meridians and acupoints in traditional Chinese medicine.
Bian Que made disciple Ziyang sharpen his knife to win the Three Yang and Five Clubs. -"Historical Records Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong"
9. The ancient calendar in China used the unit of 10800.
Thirty years is a lifetime; The twelfth year is 360 years, which is luck; Thirty years is 1800, for a while; 12. accounting for129,600 years is one yuan. -Shao Yong's "Huang Jijing's Poetry Book"
Interpretation:
1, inevitably; Absolutely.
I have lost my gratitude and won't agree with you. -Peacocks in Gulefu fly southeast.
One day I will ride the wind and waves. -Don Li Bai, It's Hard to Go
2. It happened; Just right.
It will rain heavily. -"Historical Records Chen She Family"
Will be angry. -"Historical Records of Xiang Yu"
You will be lucky in the garden. -Wang Song Shu's "Tang Yulin Elegant"
It will rain heavily because I stay in the temple. -"Xu Xiake's Travel Notes, Visiting Huangshan Mountain"
Hold a grand banquet for the guests. -"Preface to Autumn Poetry, A New Record of Yuchu"
3. Indicate the scope. Equivalent to "all" and "all".
String, hum, sheng, spring, can keep the drum. -Book of Rites
Conjunction:
1, equivalent to "and", "with".
Assistant Minister Martai was sent to Chalang River to govern the country according to law, and Yu Yi took over the office. -"Liu Chuan Qing History Draft"
Yes: kuai
Verb meaning:
1, recognize the word. Original meaning: calculation; Total. This refers to the year-end settlement. After referring to accounting.
Yes, yes. -"Shuo Wen"
Yes, I will. -"Jade"
Yes, big plan. However, if you count zero as a plan, it is always worth it. -"Mencius Zhang Wan" Justice
Everything that cashiers in the field and warehouses do in their official positions is calculated on a monthly basis, tested on a quarterly basis and held at an annual meeting. -"Rizhilu" Volume 24
At the end of the year, yes, but not for the king and queen. -"Zhou Li Tianguan"
Listen to the meeting. -"Li Xiaozhou". Note: "The monthly plan is important, and the annual plan is in a meeting."
6. How is classical Chinese interpreted? Translation of classical Chinese should be accurate and fluent. Therefore, the translation of classical Chinese should pay attention to certain methods.
To sum up, there are roughly the following. One is literal translation.
Literal translation means direct translation according to the meaning and word order of the original text. (complete) silence.
The second is free translation. Free translation means translating according to the meaning of the original text, not word for word.
For example, a general died in a hundred battles, and a strong man returned ten years later. This sentence uses the rhetoric of intertextuality, and the words in the context must penetrate each other, explain each other and combine to express a complete meaning.
The third is the auxiliary method. This method is suitable for Chinese ellipsis sentence patterns. When translating this sentence pattern, only by adding ellipsis can the sentence be fluent and clear.
People don't understand (me) and (I) don't care (people). This increase makes the meaning smooth.
The fourth is the word order shift method. Because the order of symbols in inverted sentences in classical Chinese does not conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese, it is necessary to switch the positions of inverted sentences in translation to make them conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese.
Why do children rely on it? In translation, the verb "Shi" should be moved before the object "He". The fifth is the original word retention method.
Names, place names, official names, units of measurement, year numbers, names of emperors, dynasties and other words. In ancient Chinese, it can be translated without translation. For example, in the celebration calendar, there is Bi Sheng in cloth.
"Li Qing" (year number) and "Bi Sheng" (name) are special nouns, which can be directly retained in the original sentence when translated. The sixth is the deletion method.
Some function words in classical Chinese only have some grammatical functions and have no real meaning, so they can be deleted when translating. For example, Liu Ziji and Gaoshangshi in Nanyang.
The function word "ye" in the sentence can be deleted and not translated.
7. What does' already' mean in classical Chinese? These three words are often used at the end of sentences in classical Chinese, indicating various moods.
At this time, "Ji" and "Yi" are universal in some places. But as a modal particle, the word "one" is commonly used.
Ye (1) is the same as "Ye" in modern Chinese. ⑵ Used at the end of a sentence to express the judgment tone.
(3) Used at the end of a sentence to express the tone of statement or explanation. (4) Used in sentences to indicate a pause in tone.
5] Used at the end of a sentence to express interrogative mood. [6] Used in a sentence or at the end of a sentence to express affirmation and exclamation.
Once used at the end of a sentence to express rhetorical mood. Used at the end of a sentence to indicate imperative mood.
Modal auxiliary words are used together to strengthen the tone, often expressing exclamation or backchat. (also) (1) mood is used together to explain or illustrate.
For example, those who are whipped are always uncomfortable with their eyes and ears, and there is nothing that is not prepared for daily use. (2) Used at the end of a sentence to indicate rhetorical questions.
For example, fifty or sixty, not a country, who is comfortable with sixty or seventy? Used with (also) mood auxiliary words to strengthen the mood, which has rhetorical significance. For example, if you only ask for it, it is not a realm. Adjectives used together at the end of a sentence have no practical significance.
Exodus: It is useless to grieve him. (it's gone).
Exodus: It's time for everyone to express their opinions. [Consolidation exercise] 1 Old children have also encountered it.
Look at what you're sitting on. Just move a short stool and put it in the cracks. The tiger sees it. It is a monster.
Yang Le's wife, I don't know his daughter. 5 Cao Gong, Jackal Tiger also.
6 Pei Gongshen Fan Kuai also. 7 if you defeat the enemy without fighting, one good turn deserves another.
I thought I was eating myself, and I was scared. 9 teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts.
10 fish, I want it, bear's paw, I want it. 1 1 thunder shock, the palace car passed.
12 "If others are interested, just consider it." -the master is also called.
13 I've heard about it for a long time. 14 was also the first one to learn from me.
15 means yes, and people often doubt it. 16 why did Confucius call it "Wen"? 17 What tie? 18 children and grandchildren are infinite.
19 Gou Zheng is stronger than the tiger! 20 iron rings! Those who destroy the six countries are also six countries, not Qin. Qin is also a Qin family, not the world.
2 1 Confucius sighed in shame: "I am with the point!" "Make Qin love the six countries again, and make three generations king forever. Who wins the house and destroys it? If you can't attack it, if you don't continue, I will pay you back. Is it a long time, and children will be kings one after another? It's not bad to treat plums when you are poor! What a lonely man! "le" is used at the end of the sentence, which is equivalent to "le"
⑵ Used at the end of exclamatory sentences. (3) Used at the end of interrogative sentences, equivalent to "le" and "ne".
(4) Used in sentences, mostly at the end of clauses, indicating pause. 5] Used at the end of imperative sentences, equivalent to "ba".
Modal particles expressing surprise are equivalent to "ah". [Consolidation Exercise] 1 Difficult is easy.
No, I am the king of words. I made up my mind.
Minister Zheng Mu visited the guest house, then was tied up, armed and married. Company 5, you are not good.
My village will not die one day! I've been thinking all day, so I might as well study later. 8 childe cotton-padded clothes! 9 cover is also the opposite.
10 Ah, strange skills. In (1), it means rhetorical mood, which is equivalent to "mom" and "you".
(2) Expressing an exclamation tone, which is equivalent to "ah" and "ya". (3) The interrogative tone is equivalent to "you" and "ah".
(4) It means imperative, which is equivalent to "ba" and "ah". [Consolidation Exercise] 1 People's aspirations are not as good as humble monks. If my hometown neighbor has Dan, yes! Although the father is good at traveling, is the son good at traveling? Although it's called destiny, isn't it human? Fortunately, it is even better, and the song is easy to sing.
Although the public loss plate is a ladder for me, I must meet the swan with the ambition of Song Qique! 8 ok! I heard my master's words, and I want to stay healthy. Alas, alas, 10, I wanted to taste the heart of the ancient benevolent, or do something different from them. What? .