Customized official uniforms and official portraits of the Ming Dynasty
The founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, defeated the Mongolian and Yuan Empire and abolished the Yuan Dynasty's clothing system. From the emperor to the common people , have all made large-scale adjustments. The ministers referred to the clothing styles of Zhou, Han, Tang, and Song Dynasty, modified them, and tried them for more than 20 years before establishing the basic style in the 26th year of Hongwu (1393 AD).
The civil and military officials of the Ming Dynasty had different regulations according to the size and grade of their official positions. The ones worn on the head are:
1. Liang Guan: civil and military officials celebrate the success of major national sacrificial ceremonies. On the first day of the first lunar month, they enter the court to greet the new year, the winter solstice, the emperor's birthday, the imperial edict is read, and the memorial is presented. When waiting for a watch, you must wear a beam crown. According to Gong, Hou and Bo, grades one to nine are distinguished by the number of beam lines.
2. Black gauze hat: It was an official hat often worn by officials in the Ming Dynasty when going to work. The front is low and the back is high. There is a long oval hat wing on the left and right near the back of the head. There is a net scarf inside the hat to tie the hair.
3. Hatou: It was worn during important court gatherings, memorials, and thanksgiving. The shape is similar to that of the Song Dynasty. There are two straight-edge-like corners on the left and right sides of the hat edge, and there is a It bends upward, and then bends left and right.
4. Square scarf: made of cloth like a rectangular hat, also known as square scarf and corner scarf. In the early years of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the people who made this kind of hat wanted to praise the emperor's achievements in pacifying the Sifang, so they named it "Sifang Pingding scarf". It was a hat often worn by scholars and officials.
5. Piaoliu scarf: The hat is like a triangular roof, with a rectangular piece of cloth on the front and back of the hat ridge, which flutters in the wind, so it is called Piaoliu scarf. It is the same as the hat worn by Lu Dongbin among the Eight Immortals, so it is also called Chunyang scarf (Chunyang Zhenren is the Taoist name of Lu Dongbin), but the top cloth of the front and back of the Chunyang scarf is covered with circular cloud patterns. Some hats are also topped with a piece of jade and two long straps hanging from the back of the head.
6. Dongpo scarf: a hat invented by Su Dongpo. The rectangular hat is worn in the shape of a rhombus, with the fold line in the middle, and a vertical shawl shorter than the hat on each corner.
Others include Confucian scarves, flat-top scarves, Han scarves, soft scarves, official scarves, Eryi scarves, 10,000-word scarves, cloud-draped scarves, net scarves, corrugated brown hats, melon skin hats, etc., all kinds of different. Sometimes a shawl is added.
The civil and military officials of the Ming Dynasty had different regulations according to the size and grade of their official positions. The ones worn on the head are:
1. Liang Guan: civil and military officials celebrate the success of major national sacrificial ceremonies. On the first day of the first lunar month, they enter the court to greet the new year, the winter solstice, the emperor's birthday, the imperial edict is read, and the memorial is presented. When waiting for a watch, you must wear a beam crown. According to Gong, Hou and Bo, grades one to nine are distinguished by the number of beam lines.
2. Black gauze hat: It was an official hat often worn by officials in the Ming Dynasty when going to work. The front is low and the back is high. There is a long oval hat wing on the left and right near the back of the head. There is a net scarf inside the hat to tie the hair.
3. Hat head: It was worn during important court gatherings, memorials, and thanksgiving. The shape is similar to that of the Song Dynasty. There are two straight-edge-like corners on the left and right sides of the hat edge, and there is a It bends upward and then to the left and right.
4. Square scarf: made of cloth like a rectangular hat, also known as square scarf and corner scarf. In the early years of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the people who made this kind of hat wanted to praise the emperor's achievements in pacifying the Sifang, so they named it "Sifang pacification scarf". It was a hat often worn by scholars and officials.
5. Piaoliu scarf: The hat is like a triangular roof, with a rectangular piece of cloth on the front and back of the hat ridge, which flutters in the wind, so it is called Piaoliu scarf. It is the same as the hat worn by Lu Dongbin among the Eight Immortals, so it is also called Chunyang scarf (Chunyang Zhenren is the Taoist name of Lu Dongbin), but the top cloth of the front and back of the Chunyang scarf is covered with circular cloud patterns. Some hats are also topped with a piece of jade and two long straps hanging from the back of the head.
6. Dongpo scarf: a hat invented by Su Dongpo. The rectangular hat is worn in the shape of a rhombus, with the fold line in the middle, and a vertical shawl shorter than the hat on each corner.
Others include Confucian scarves, flat-top scarves, Han scarves, soft scarves, official scarves, Eryi scarves, 10,000-word scarves, cloud-draped scarves, net scarves, corrugated brown hats, melon skin hats, etc., all kinds of different. Sometimes a shawl is added.
Women’s crowns and crowns are distinguished according to the size of their husband’s official rank.
The color of robes in the Ming Dynasty was also divided into grades. Officials of the first to fourth ranks wear scarlet (bright red), officials of the fifth to seventh ranks wear cyan, and officials of the eighth rank and below wear green. The diameter of the round pattern on official robes is also divided into different grades. The first-grade products use large duke flowers, five inches in diameter. The diameter of the lower-grade products decreases with the size of the grade.
The names of various parts of girls’ official uniforms
The patches on official robes also have certain images according to the official rank:
1. Gong, Hou, Prince Consort, Bo used Qilinbu and Baizebu (Baize and Qilin are mythical animals or extinct animals in ancient times).
Second, civil servants, first-class painters of cranes. The second grade painting is Golden Pheasant. The third grade painting is a peacock. The fourth grade painting is clouds and wild geese. The fifth grade painting is white pheasant. Six-grade painting of egrets. The seventh-grade painting is an eagle. The eighth grade painting is an oriole. Ninth grade painting of quail. Doing odd jobs and practicing painting. Fengxianguan's painting is lax.
3. Military attachés, the first and second ranks paint lions. The third and fourth grades are painted with tigers and leopards. The fifth grade painting is Xiong Zhi. Sixth grade painting Biao. The seventh grade also draws Biao. The eighth grade painting is rhinoceros. Ninth grade painting seahorse.
Real objects of the first and second grade official uniforms
In addition to the dragon pattern, there are also python robes (dragons with four claws), flying fish (with (dragon with wings and fish tail) and bullfighting (dragon with two curved horns on its head), as well as the pattern of unicorn. People who wear these patterned red robes are all from the first or second rank to Gong, Hou, Bo, Prince Consort and above. senior officials.
Real objects of official uniforms
The official portrait paintings of the Ming Dynasty preserved the contemporary art form of official uniforms. Almost none of the official uniforms handed down from the Ming Dynasty to today have survived. The few pieces dug out from tombs are also damaged, decayed and discolored. The costumes, shoes and hats in the official portrait paintings are brightly colored, complete with accessories, and realistic expressions of the characters. It can be said that they record the official costume show of the Ming Dynasty for nearly three hundred years. It also provides academic research, costume drama, and modern information. A good reference for clothing styling design.
The costumes in official portrait paintings of the Ming Dynasty verify the historical facts recorded in documents and supplement the abstractions and deficiencies of textual descriptions. From many examples of costumes in official portrait paintings, we can find several characteristics:
1. Crowns and hats: It can be seen that the official format is only a declaration of conditions in principle, and the styles are also colorful and changeable. Both ancient and modern people paid attention to the overall expression of head circumference, body shape, and personality. In addition to the natural changes in size, the accessories of men's crown hats, such as the shape, carving, size, and edging of the jade ornament in the middle of the hat edge, are all different. The styles of girls’ crown hairpins are even more diverse, including Cui Bo Shan (Cui Gai), Jin Feng (Jin Zhai), Zhu Cui Zhai, Zhu Di, Baodian; Sanbo temples (only for the queen), Zhu Cui Zhai Brands (bead rows, row knots), beads and green clouds, crown edge designs, and even hair shapes, earrings, brooches, etc., all have extremely rich changes in content. This shows that the ancient handicraft society paid attention to the artistic expression of crowns and hats. and a taste for personal aesthetic style.
The gorgeous dress of official women can also be seen in the husband's love and respect for his wife. The girl's talent for beauty and artistic requirements is displayed in the phoenix crown. There are also some female official statues that do not wear phoenix crowns and only have a few hairpins. They may be in official casual clothes, or the phoenix crowns have not yet become a standard and popular in the early days. It may also be related to the size of the official position.
2. In terms of clothing: the color performance may not be as specified by the official regulations: red is used for the first to fourth ranks, cyan is used for the fifth to seventh ranks, and green is used for the eighth rank and below. Generally, official and casual clothes are mostly dark blue, azure, and also green. The official uniforms that wear official hats are often bright red. For example, in costume dramas, we see people who are Jinshi or Number One Scholar wearing bright red official uniforms. However, according to official rank, Jinshi and Number One Scholar are seventh-rank officials. However, according to official rank, Jinshi and No. 1 Scholar are seventh-rank officials and should wear cyan official uniforms. Probably because Chinese people prefer red for jubilation, they do not strictly follow the regulations. Women from official families mostly wear red official uniforms. Therefore, we call girls’ embroidery and handicrafts “Nvhong”, which is unique to the national culture.
The fine embroidery patterns of official uniforms in the Ming Dynasty also changed a lot. Some people say that only the emperor can wear the dragon robe of the five-clawed golden dragon. However, in the "Portrait of Li Zhen" handed down from the Ming Dynasty, Li Zhen is wearing the dragon robe of the five-clawed golden dragon. There are also official wives who wear dragon robes, but they are probably older official wives.
The Tuanlong patches on the official uniforms of princes and nobles
Many of the patches on official portraits in the Ming Dynasty were directly embroidered on the chest and abdomen of the clothes, without additional square patches embroidered on them. It is universal, or the official supplement regulations are not fully popular. However, it is very common for women to have sex with women. Women from the same family have a bird-like appearance, sometimes symmetrically from left to right.
Some ancient people married more than two wives. This can also be seen from the official portraits. Some were painted together and some were painted separately. The special feature of the official portraits of women is that the feet and shoes are not shown. The three-inch golden lotus of ancient girls is not allowed to be exposed casually. Moreover, the skirts of the folded scenes are also neatly painted, with simple and elegant patterns and rich changes. Belts, jade pendants, and rope knots are also quite impressive
Qilin supplements for military generals' official uniforms
Official uniform patterns
5. Imperial examinations and official portraits in the Ming Dynasty Official positions in paintings
In order to become an official in the Ming Dynasty, scholars had to pass numerous examinations. It is said that "no one asked for ten years of hard work, and they became famous all over the world in one fell swoop." The major and minor examinations for scholars in the Ming Dynasty can be divided into several steps:
1. Tongsheng Examination: This is the entrance examination to obtain the qualification of scholar (also called student member). Anyone who takes the exam, regardless of age, is called "tongsheng", "rutong" or "literary boy". It is held twice every three years, including county examination, government examination and hospital examination.
2. Rural Examination: An examination held every three years in the capital and provincial capitals, presided over by chief and deputy examiners dispatched by the emperor. Participants are scholars who have passed the province's academic and political pre-examination (also called the scientific examination) with excellent results. It is usually held in August, so it is also called the "Autumn Examination", "Autumn Examination", and also called the "Great Competition". The one who is admitted is called "Juren", and the first one is called "Jieyuan". Tang Bohu of the Ming Dynasty beat Jieyuan of Nanjing. The rural examinations are all held in the Zi, Wu, Mao and You years. The first is divided into three sessions, called "Zhengke"; if there is a national celebration, the test is called "Enke".
3. General examination: After passing the provincial examination, the examination will be held at the Ministry of Rites in the capital in the spring of the next year, presided over by the Minister of Rites, or by the chief and vice president examiners specially appointed by the emperor. Chen, Xu, Chou and Weinian Huixi are Zhengke; there is also Enke, which is called Huixian Yinke. Because the exam is held in the spring, it is also called "Spring Exam" or "Chun Wei". Those who passed the exam were called "Gongshi", and the first place was named "Huiyuan".
4. Palace Examination: The tributes admitted by the General Examination are examined by the emperor himself in the palace hall. It is called the Palace Examination or the Court Examination, and is divided into three categories. Three people in the first class are awarded the title of Jinshi. The first one is the number one scholar, also called the Dian Yuan, the second is the second place, and the third is the third flower. They are collectively called Sanding Jia. The first one is given the title of Chuanlu, and the other ones are given the title of Jinshi. Those admitted to the top three are called Citong Jinshi.
5. Imperial Examination: New scholars admitted in the palace examination need to take a palace examination, and the emperor will send ministers to review the papers. According to the results, they will be appointed as Imperial Scholars, heads of various ministries, Zhongshu, county magistrates, etc. Official position. Shujishi studied in the special teaching hall of the Hanlin Academy, and three years later he held the "dismissal hall" examination. The outstanding ones will be appointed editors and reviewers of the Hanlin Academy; the rest will be distributed to various ministries to serve as directors, or to serve as magistrates in various provinces.
6. Martial arts examination: The advanced steps of the examination are the same as those of liberal arts. The examination content is divided into internal and external fields; the external examinations include horse riding and archery, walking archery, standing archery, bow drawing, dancing with spears, boxing and swords, Weightlifting and other martial arts skills; in-field test of writing "Martial Arts" silently. Those admitted at each stage are given the name Wu, such as Wu Xiucai, Wu Juren, Wu Zhuangyuan, Wu Jinshi, etc.
The portrait of Wang Shi'an was painted on silk, and the person who inscribed it was a top official.
General official positions, unless specially granted by the emperor, are obtained by examination. There are also those who paid a donation of silver and were specially appointed without taking an examination. This kind of official is usually a candidate or a subordinate official. In ancient times, rich people, those who failed to pass the imperial examination, or those who were half-passed the imperial examination, donated thousands of taels of silver to buy an official to do it. They could also give it to their grandparents for three generations, which can be said to be a life event that honors the ancestors.
The ancients believed that having money and fame was to glorify one’s ancestors. The only way to honor our ancestors is to build genealogies, family temples and official portraits, and accept praise and worship from relatives and friends during important festivals every year. In ancient times, official portraits could only be painted by those with official rank and official title, and they could not paint their rank indiscriminately, otherwise they would be convicted.
In the Ming Dynasty, civil servants were divided into nine ranks and forty-two ranks, and military officers were divided into six ranks and thirty ranks. There were also some official ranks called "not entering the stream" or "unruly", including county officials. Classics and history, government inspection schools, official records, training of chief officials, Confucian orthodox edicts, Guozidian Hall and the "Kongmu" of the Hanlin Academy, etc.
In addition, Hanlin Academy shujishi (equivalent to the seventh-grade official), Gongshi, Juren (also known as Xiaolian, equivalent to the eighth-grade official) and scholar-level Linsheng, Zengsheng, Fusheng, Xiangsheng, Jiansheng (students from the Imperial College in the capital), and Gongsheng (students from the Gongyuan in the capital to be recommended to the imperial court), besides not being in the mainstream, can be said to be civil servants in training.
In the feudal era, there was an official position, no matter how big or small, which was enough to honor the ancestors. The county magistrates of the seventh rank are called parents; the generals, ministers and princes who have overwhelming power for a while are even more serious. It is said that "one person is below and ten thousand people are above". If you study and take the exam, you can be promoted to the official position. Therefore, in feudal society, it is often said that "everything is inferior, only studying is high." This kind of civilized society that respects intellectuals has produced a lot of etiquette, etiquette and life culture, of which official portrait paintings are the most typical representatives. Depending on the cultural and artistic level of each wealthy official, a variety of official portrait styles have emerged.
Specially enter the statue of Long Qing, the official of Guanglu University
The statue of General Xiawu, a military attache of the Ming Dynasty
We can know the official uniform from the animal patterns on the official uniform. class of goods. Let's discuss its professional titles below:
1. Zhengyipin official: Taishi, Taifu, Taibao, Zongrenling, Zongzhengzongren, and left and right governors all belong to the official positions of Zhengyipin. The official rank is initially awarded to Tejin Ronglu Doctor, and promoted to Tejin Guanglu Doctor. In terms of honorary rank, the civilian official is called Zuozhuguo and the military officer is called Youzhuguo.
2. From the first rank of officials: including young master, young master, Shaobao and prince, Taishi, Taifu, Taibao and Dudu Tongzhi. The official rank was initially awarded to Dr. Ronglu and then promoted to Dr. Guanglu. Honorary titles, civil and military officers are all called Zhu Guo.
3. Officials of the second rank: Prince Taishi, Shaofu, Shaobao, Minister of the Six Ministries (officials, households, rituals, soldiers, workers, punishments), Du Yushi, Dudu Qianshi, Zhengliudududu The commander and Duke Yansheng (descendants of Confucius) were both first- and second-rank officials. As a civil servant, he was initially awarded the title of Zizhengdafu, and was awarded the title of Zidedafu; as a military attache, he was initially awarded the title of Hussar General, and was promoted to General Jinwu, and was awarded the title of General Longhu. In terms of honorary rank, the civilian official is called Zhengzhi Shangqing, and the military officer is called Shanghujun.
4. From the second-grade official: the same knowledge as the chief executive and commander. As a civil servant, he was awarded the title of Zhongfeng Dafu at the beginning, and was awarded the title of Zhengfeng Doctor at the beginning; as a military attaché, he was awarded the title of General of Zhenguo at the beginning, and was promoted to General of Dingguo, and was awarded the title of General of Fengguo. In terms of honorary rank, the civilian official is called Zhengzhiqing, and the military officer is called Hujun.
5. Officials of the third rank: Prince's guest, minister, deputy censor of the capital, general affairs envoy, Dali Qing, Taichang Qing, eaves official Yin, inspector envoy, deputy left-behind capital commander, Qianshi commander make. As a civil servant, he was initially awarded the title of Jiayi doctor, and was promoted to Tongyi doctor, and then to the Zhengyi doctor; as a military attache, he was initially awarded the title of General Zhaoyong, and was promoted to General Zhaoyi, and was awarded the title of General Zhaowu. In terms of honorary rank, the civilian official is called Zhi Ziyin, and the military attache is called Shangqingche Duwei.
6. Officials of the third rank: Guanglu, Taipu, Shenzheng, Yuanmaqing, Yunshi, left-behind commander Tongzhiwei, commander Tongzhixuanweishi. As a civil servant, he was first awarded the title of Yazhong doctor, and then to Dazhong doctor; as a military attaché, he was first awarded the title of general Huaiyuan, and then promoted to general Dingyuan, and then to general Anyuan. In terms of honorary rank, the civilian official is called Zhizi Shaoyin, and the military officer is called Qingji Duwei.
7. Officials of the fourth rank: Qiandu Yushi, Taipu, Tongzheng Taichang, Yuanma Shaoqing, Shaozhan Taichang, Jingfu Cheng and Deputy Envoy, Honglu Qing, the prefect's guard commanding Qianshi, Xuanwei Same knowledge. As a civil servant, he was awarded the title of Dr. Zhongshun at the beginning, and was promoted to Dr. Zhongxian, and was awarded the title of Dr. Zhongyi; as a military officer, he was awarded the title of General Mingwei, and was awarded the title of General Guangwei. In terms of honorary rank, the civil official is called Zan Zhiyin, and he is the captain of the cavalry.
8. From the four ranks of officials: Jijiu, Counseling and Transportation Secretary, Xuanwei Deputy Envoy, Xuanfu. As a civil servant, he was initially awarded the title of Dafu of Chaoli, and was promoted to the title of Dafu of Chaoyi, and was awarded the title of Dafu of Chaoqing; as a military attache, he was initially awarded the title of General Xuanwu, and was promoted to the title of General Xianwu, and was awarded the title of General Xinwu. In terms of honorary rank, the civilian officer is called Zanzhi Shaoyin, and the military officer is called Zhongqi Duwei.
9. Officials of the fifth rank: Huagai Hall, Jinshen Hall, Wuying Hall, Wenyuan Pavilion, Dong Pavilion, Chunfang bachelor, Hanlin bachelor, common political counselor, Dali Temple prime minister, Shang Baoqing, Guanglu Shaoqing, envoy of the imperial hospital, Lang Zhongqin Tianshang Lin Jianzheng, the experience of the sect in the temple, the Tongzhi of Yinchaqianshifu, Changshi, Yiweizheng, Zhengqianhu Xuanweiqianshi, Xuanfu Tongzhi .
Civil officials are awarded the title of Fengyi Dafu at the beginning and are promoted to Fengzheng Dafu; military attachés are awarded the title of General of Wude at the beginning and are promoted to General of Wujie. In terms of honorary rank, the civilian officer is called Zhi Shaoyin, and the military officer is called Xiaoqiwei.
10. From the five ranks of officials: Shidu, Shidu Bachelor, Yude Xima, Shangbao, Honglu Shaoqing, Yuanwai, Wufu Experience, Zhizhou, Yunfu, Zhengtiju, Jingjing Prefectural magistrate, guard governor, deputy Qianhu, deputy Yiwei, recruiting envoy, Xuanfu, and deputy appeasement envoy. As a civil servant, he was initially awarded the rank of Fengxun doctor and was promoted to Fengzhi doctor; as a military attache, he was initially awarded the rank of General Wulue and was promoted to general Wuyi. In terms of honorary rank, the civilian officer is called Xiezheng Shuyin, and the military officer is called Feiqiwei.
11. Officials of the sixth rank: Dali Temple Zhan Shi Cheng, Zhong Yun Shi Lecture, Shi Du, Si Ye, Taichang, Du Cha Yuan Liu Shou, Shang Bao Sicheng, Dapushi Cheng, Jing County magistrate, Si Dusi experience, general judge, deputy of Shanglin Qintian Supervisor, five sense officers, imperial hospital judge, military commander, judge of hundreds of households, judge of hundreds of households, positive and optimistic to remind the chief, deputy recruiter to announce and appease the ministers. As a civil servant, he was initially awarded Fengzhilang and was promoted to Chengdelang; as a military attaché, he was initially awarded the title of Zhaoxin Xiaowei and was promoted to Chengxin Xiaowei.
12. From the sixth rank of officials: Zanxi Si Zhilang, Xiuzhuan, Guanglu, Honglu Temple Cheng, Dali Temple Deputy Chief, Beijing official recommendation, Chief Secretary experience, Zhengliwen, Yunpan , Tongzhi of the state, and the deputy chief of Anfu are being promoted. As a civil servant, he was awarded the title of Chengwulang at the beginning, and was promoted to Rulinlang, with the official title: Xuandelang; as a military officer, he was awarded the title of Zhongxian Xiaowei at the beginning, and was promoted to Chengxin Xiaowei.
13. Officials of the seventh rank: Duzhizhong, Editor, Supervisor Yushi, Dali Jushi, Xingren Sizheng, Five Prefectures Supervisor Yuan left behind, Sidu Sidu Shitongzheng, Si Jianchasi Experience, Dr. Taichang, Dianbu, Deputy Soldier and Horse, Yingshan Zheng, Jingxian Cheng, Prefecture Official, Magistrate, Deputy Judicial Trial, Deputy Appeasement Minister, Barbarian Chief. As a civil servant, he was awarded the title of Chengshilang at the beginning, and was promoted to Wenlinlang, and the official title was: Xuanyilang; as a military officer, he was awarded the title of Zhongjing Xiaowei at the beginning, and was promoted to Zhongyong Xiaowei.
14. From the seventh rank official: review to Shizhong, Zhongshu Sheren, Xingrensi Deputy, Guanglu Dianbu, Shucheng Zhanshi, Taipu Masterbu, Jingfu Experience, Lingtai Lang, The ancestral sacrificial office worshiped, the state judged, the deputy promoted, the Secretary of Health and Transportation asked about his experience, the Chief Secretary was the deputy governor of the capital, and the deputy chief of the barbarians. As a civil servant, he was initially awarded the rank of Congshilang and was promoted to the rank of Zhengshilang; as a military attache, he was initially awarded the rank of Dunwu Xiaowei and was promoted to the rank of Xiuwu Xiaowei.
15. Officials of the eighth rank: Guozijian Cheng, Xingrenbuyuansi Zhaomo, Doctor of the Five Classics, General Affairs Secretary Wei, Anchasi Yunsi Governor, Jingxian Qintianjian, Chief Secretary, Imperial Physician, Baozhang Zheng, Xielulang, deputy of Yingshan, Wangfu Dianshan and other places of Zhengfu experience and county magistrate. Civil servants were initially awarded Diguanglang and were promoted to Xiuzhilang; military attachés did not have official ranks below the eighth rank.
16. From the eighth rank of official: Hanlin Classics, Guanglu Supervisor, Dianbo Doctor, Guozi Assistant, Honglu Chief Secretary, Jingfu Yunsi Governor, Qihu Zhengshi Sacrificial Office, The Chief Secretary Zhaomo, the Deputy Director of the Royal Palace Dianshan Service, etc. announced the experiences and insights of Fu. At the beginning of the civil service, he was awarded the title of Di Gonglang, and was promoted to the rank of Xiu Zonglang.
17. Officials of the ninth rank: Xiaoshu, Yishu, Guozixuezheng, Ministry and Academy Si Inspector, Honglu Supervisor, Shanglin Dian Supervisor Si Li, Yingshan Cheng, etc. Ambassador to the Bureau, Zhaomo of Jingfu, Zanli Lang, Fengluan Prefecture, County Chief Secretary, and Xuanwei Gaoxi Governor. As a civil servant, he is awarded the title of General Shilang at the beginning, and then he is promoted to the rank of Denshilang.
18. From the ninth rank of official: Waiting for the imperial edict, Zhan Shi, Shang Lin Lu Shi, Si Jian Tong Shi Shi Ren, Zheng Zi Si Wu, Guo Zi Xue Lu, Guo Zi classics, Ming Praise Preface Class, Shao Wu Si Yue, Wu Guan Si Chen, Dr. Lu Ke, Jingfu School Inspector, Jingxian County History, Academy Secretary Weizhou Institute, various officials, internal and external professors, Fu Zhaomo, Prison Secretary, Inspection Inspector, Yi Cheng, and all ambassadors and deputy envoys , monks, Taoists, yin and yang and miscellaneous duties. As a civil servant, he was awarded the rank of General Shizuo Lang at the beginning, and he was promoted to the rank of Shizuo Lang when he was promoted.
19. Officials who have not entered the mainstream: including Kongmu, Guozidianguan, Confucianism Zheng, Jiaoyu, training chief, Secretary Limu, government inspection school, county official, etc.
Wang's portrait is painted on silk, and the person who inscribes it is No. 2
The wife of an official is called "Mingfu", and the title also depends on the rank of the official. They are also different:
1. Both the first and second grades can be called "madam".
2. The third grade is called "Shu Ren".
3. The fourth grade is called "Gongren".
4. The fifth grade is called "pleasant".
5. The sixth level is called "Another".
6. The seventh grade is called "Ruren".
Many of the subjects in the official portrait paintings are wearing official casual clothes, and the rank of the official portrait cannot be seen.
If it is a joint painting between a husband and wife, the official rank of the male protagonist can be judged from the title of the heroine.
Official portrait of Liu family, Mrs. Zhongmou Gong, the Minister of Household Affairs
6. Surnames, seniority and titles in the official portraits of ancestors in the Ming Dynasty
Ancestors in the Ming Dynasty Because most of the official portraits are to be kept in family temples, they often only have rankings but no surnames, or the inscription on the portrait and the inscription on the back are lost, and he becomes a "unnamed clan".
These unnamed portraits are from a long time ago, and it is difficult to find out their names unless they are compared with those who have portraits in the genealogy of each surname. There is no way to find out the name, so we can only rename him according to the characteristics of the portrait. For those who have a hall number written down, their original approximate surname can be traced based on the genealogy of the surname to which the hall number belongs.
The relationship between county hall names and surnames is as follows:
Lu Guojun: Kong, Yan, Zeng, Tang, Che, Zuo, Gongzhi
Qiaoguo County : Cao, Dai, Ji, Bian, Feng
Peiguo County: Zhu, Xue
Jinyang County: Tang, Kuang, Jing
Nanyang County: Bai, Han, Ye, Le, Ji, Zhong, Zhai, Ji, Long, Hu, Deng, Zhang
Pingyang County: Ou, Wei, Rao, Wang, Wu, Lai, Chang, Guan, Feng
Fanyang County: Lu, Jian, Zu
Boyang County: Gao
Gaoyang County: Xu, Zhongsun, Du, Ji
Jiyang County: Cai, Taoding, Bian, Geng, Que, Changsun, Yi, Jiang
Xingyang County: Pan, Zheng
Yuyang County: Geng
Fenyang County: Guo
Shanyang County: Yue
Hongnong County: Yang
Longxi County: Li, Dong, Peng, Xin , Niu, Shi
Liaoxi County: Xiang
Hedong County: Lu, Xue, Fei, Chu, Nie
Ruxi County: Yuan
Shaoyang County: Xuanyuan
Henan County: Yu, Qiu, Lu, Shan, Lian, Li, Zhong, Xiang, Liu
Runan County: Liao, Shang, Lan, Nan , Yan, Mei, Zuo
Hejian County: Zhan, Zhang, Xing, Ling
Xihe County: Zhuo, Jin, Bu, Mao, Zai
Hanoi County: Sima, Chunzi, Xun
Qinghe County: Zhang, Fu, Fang
Anding County: Wu, Hu, Liang, Xi
Le'an County : Sun, Ren
Dongqi County: Jiang
Dongan County: Jiang
Donghai County: Xu, Mao, Guan, Qi
Dongping County: Hua, Lu, Kang
Jingzhao County: Kang, Shi, Du, Li, Duan, Wei, Yong, Shou, Leng, Feng, Gao, Chao, Ji, Bie, Jia, Shenshu, Zong
Tianshui County: Qin, Shangguan, Gui, Pi, Di, Shangguan, Zhuang, Yin, Zhao, Yan, Yan
Taiyuan County: Wen, Yi, Qi , Zhu, Gong, Huo, Yang, Linghu, Tantai
Xiapi County: Yu, Que
Shangdang County: Lian, Bao, Bao, Fan
Shanggu County: Hou, Kou, Cheng, Rong
Zhongshan County: Tang, Zhong, Lan
Shiping County: Feng
Zhiping County: Pang
Xiping County: Chi
Guangping County: He, You, Tan
Gaoping County: Fan
Zhongling County: Xiong
Boling County: Shao, Lin
Guangling County: Sheng, Gong, Feng, Xiao, Dai
Wuling County: Shi, An, Jia
Wugong County: Su
Chenliu County: Ruan, Yu, Yi, Chi, Xie
Lujiang County: He
Xie Liang County: Guan
Pengcheng County: Liu, Qian, Jin
Fufeng County: Ma, Lu, Wan, Lu, Ban
Yanmen County: Tian, ??Tong, Wen
Feng Yi County: Lei, Ji
Yezheng County: Yu
Wuxing County: Yao, Shi, Shen, You, Ming
Dunhuang County: Hong
Yingchuan County: Zhong, Wu, Lai, Chen
Yanguan County: Weng
Qiancheng County: Ni
Yuzhang County: Luo, Tu, Hong
Kuiji County: Xia, Xie
Langya County: Yun, Fu, Zhuge, Yan
Yanshan County : Dou
Xue County: Hai
Jiangxia County: Fei, Huang
Yuhang County: Wei
Bohai County: Gan, Ouyang , Zhan, Diao
Qi County: Qin, Tan, Yan, Cha, Fu
Wei County: Bai, Luan
Zhehai County: Feng
p>Neihuang County: Luo
Dunqiu County: Ge, Sikong, Liu
Xinzheng County: Zheng
Dongguan County: Sun
p>Dongyang County: Guan, Yuan, Wan, Miao
Donglai County: Lu, Wang
Dongjun: Cheng
Donjin County: Kong
Dongxing County: You
Handong County: Huang
Dongshan
County: Xie
Nanchang County: Tu, Wu
Nan'an County: Yao, Lin
Jinan County: Zuo
Shuchang County : Ji
Changping County: Meng
Nankang County: Lai
Lanling County: Xiao, Miao
Julu County: Wei, Liao
Rencheng County: Wei
Fanyang County: Jian
Zhuo County: Jian
Xichuan County: Lai
p>Songyang County: Lai
Guangzong County: Pan
Gaomi County: Deng
Jiuzhen County: Li
Songcheng County: Li
Jincheng County: Zhao
Jiangling County: Xiong
Liang County: Ge
Jiyin County: Dong
Beihai County: Lang
Qianwei County: Zhang
Bainen County: Zhang
Jinjian County: Zhang
Huayin County: Guo
Changxing County: Xu
Jinxiu County: Zhuang
Juye County: Cao
Puyang County : Xu
Meijing County: Liang
Yuyang County: Gao
Youji County: Gao
Wugui County: Tu
Liugui County: Weng, Hong, Wang, Jiang
Qiantang County: Weng, Ke
Xuancheng County: Hong
Linpu County: Shi
Qianjiang County: Shi
Xunhai County: Shi
Yangfeng County: Liu
Rui Que County: Ke
Longtai County: Jiang
Wenli Hall: Lin
Zhongxiao Hall: Lin, Wu
Yongze Hall: Lin
Lin Ben Tang: Lin
Shan Qing Tang: Lin
Chong Ben Tang: Lin
Du You Tang: Zhou
Ailian Hall: Zhou
Xunyang Hall: Zhou
Linchuan Hall: Zhou
Taishan Hall: Zhou
Zhucun Hall: Lu
Fengcai Hall: Yu
Wuxi Hall: Yu
Changxing Hall: Ruan
Yanling Tang: Wu
Rangde Tang: Wu
Zhongde Tang: Wu, Huang
Chenjun: He
Huaiyang Tang : Jiang
Fengyang Hall: Zhu
Dunmu Hall: Qiu
Sandian Hall: Shi
Xin'an Hall: Ancient
p>National Treasure Hall: Ancient
Zijing Hall: Tian
Beiping County: Tian
Wuchang County: History
Xiangshan County: Bai
Shangtang County: Bao
Danyang County: Bao
Xinye County: Wang
Tangyi County: Wang
p>Dexing Hall: Chen
Deju Hall: Chen
Shengwu Hall: Chen
Lixue Hall: You
Shenglan Hall: You
Yueyang Hall: Huang
Fangling County: Huang
Qiao County: Huang
Ziyun Hall: Huang
Beidi County: Fu
Shuangfeng County: Fu
Junyi Hall: Qiao
Yichun Hall: Peng
Luling County: Zeng
Wucheng County: Zeng
Sanshengtang: Zeng
Fuzhou County: Wu
Chongren Hall: Wu
Jijun: Wen
Huaili: Wan
Sizhitang: Yang
Qixia Hall: Yang
Jishu Hall: Zhan
Chongyuan Hall: Liao
Cuiyu Hall: Liao
Chengyou Hall: Liao
Li Zhaotang: Liu
Dexintang: Liu
Jingling County: Liu
Liang Guo County: Tan
Dongqi County: Jiang
Fangyuantang: Xiao
Baoshutang: Xie
Zui Laitang: Jian
Luoyang County: Su
Suyuan Hall: Jian
Xiaosi Hall: Jian
Jihui Hall: Dai
Note on Li
Tang: Dai
Pinglu County: Meng
Changsha County: Luo
Lantian County: Su
Changsha County: Luo
p>When there is only one surname under the county hall number, the full name of the protagonist of the official portrait can be determined. If there are many surnames under the county title, it is necessary to trace the ancestors of that surname from the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties from the ancestral genealogy of these surnames. The dates of birth and death on the tablet of the god can also be used to determine the approximate age, and then the person with the same name as the official portrait can be found from the directory of Kejia Jinshi from a similar era, or local documents (prefecture and county annals of the relevant era).
Generally, official portraits are made by scholars who are among the top Jinshi scholars, and only those with official uniforms awarded by the court can wear them. However, sometimes due to the decline of dynasties and changes in etiquette and laws, people who donate money can also serve as false or substantive officials, such as candidates, scholars, tribute students, Xiang students, and students. People with some money also paint official portraits. During the Republic of China, a few wealthy people also hired official portrait painters left over from the Manchu Qing Dynasty to paint Qing Dynasty official portraits for themselves or their parents.
There seems to be no official portrait painting in the Ming Dynasty that is not based on official position and identity. As long as there is a palace title and name, the identity of the protagonist of the official portrait can be found. The inscriptions of later generations on official statues are also proof of identifying surnames. It is very interesting to find out the net worth and name of the protagonist of the official portrait painting, or to temporarily rename him according to the expression and characteristics of the painting.
The surnames, ranks, official positions, and even the dates and times of birth and death of the official statues are all written on the tablets on the background altar table, which are added by descendants after the death. Sometimes the upper dot of the word "lord" is dotted in red with a vermilion pen, which is called "point master". During the festival, a respected person from the village is invited to take charge of the matter. There is an empty box at the back of the wooden god tablet, in which are placed the date of birth and death, generation and brief experience of the person on the tablet.
The time of birth of the tablet in the official portrait painting is a rough basis for judging the age of the portrait. In ancient times, there were not many opportunities for children to paint new portraits of their parents and ancestors. There were also cases where the portraits had not been painted during their lifetime or had been lost or damaged. Before death, they asked an artist to depict the remains or the appearance of their children and relatives. However, this should be a minority, because the officials in ancient China had Celebrities and literati all regarded portraits as a major matter. The portraits of officials had to be painted before they were alive, so that they could be compared to the portraits. There are also descendants who, when building family temples and genealogy, redraw the ancestors' genealogies of past dynasties. They are all busts and busts, painted in book style.
The portrait of Xu Meng, a virgin
The cultural value and significance of official portrait paintings in the Ming Dynasty
Official portrait paintings are discussed from the perspective of culture, customs, era, art, and academics. It has deep meaning and value. So, how should we positively view official portraiture?
1. Extensive collection, maintenance, and re-framing: Official portraits have gone through hundreds of years of history and are inevitably damaged by dust, stains, moisture, and decay. Therefore, cultural institutions or interested parties should collect them extensively and preserve them. It was carefully re-mounted, dust and stains were removed, and the damage was carefully filled, so that it could be preserved more completely and passed down for a long time.
2. Careful examination, research, display and publication: Official portrait paintings should examine his identity and restore his reputation; if there is no way to examine it, temporarily rename and number it according to the characteristics of the characters in the picture for easy identification. And carefully organize the research.
The relationship between individuals and groups in each part of the painting, such as crowns and hats, face shape, clothing, clothing styles, patterns, table decorations, background paintings, etc., can be compared separately. The painting technique, style, ink and color can also be distinguished by the larger collection size.
Studying the geographical relationships, similarities and differences between official portrait paintings, and the customs and old appearance of various places can also help to understand the life and culture of the ancients. A lot of relevant information can be analyzed in ethics, family, heredity, feudal official culture, clothing art, folk customs, utensils, painting, calligraphy, history, humanities and life art.
3. Flexible use and regeneration in modern society: Official portrait paintings in family temples and halls have been gradually lost in modern life customs. Therefore, like all antique cultural relics, they are used in daily life. It is practical in life and a special ceremonial ornament, and has become a work of art for modern people to collect, appreciate and play with. In some films, official portraits are used as openings, endings, and background scenes; there are also some examples of hotels using official portraits as interior decorations with Chinese sentiments.
Because of the bright red and green colors of official portraits, the brilliance of gold and the dignified official airs, they have a special sense of beauty and joy, which can leave a deep impression on people; official portraits with kind eyebrows, kind eyes and generous decoration can even more. Bringing cultural joy and affinity, through unique design techniques and matching with the overall environment and ancestral items, it will surely present the fresh beauty of official portrait paintings in modern interiors. Tea houses use official portraits to express their design style, and antique cultural relics can also be flexibly displayed in modern life.