Poets in the early Tang Dynasty were divided into two eras according to time. The first generation is the era of court poetry with the old ministers of Emperor Taizong as the main poets. Most of the civil servants in power during this period were adherents of the former dynasty who were deeply influenced by Qi Liang, and Emperor Taizong himself was very interested in keeping up with Liang Wenfeng. Take the lead in writing floating palace poems, rich and plain palace poems. In this situation, the poetic style of Qi and Liang Dynasties spread, and court poets appeared in the Wuhou era after Yu Shinan, Shangguan Yi and Shangguan Yi, such as Li Qiao, Su Weidao, Cui Rong and Du Fu, who were called "Four Friends of Articles". After development, it finally formed an "official style" characterized by "singularity and rhyme", which set a precedent for the later court poetry style. At this stage, there is also an opposition poet, Wang Ji, whose works are different from those of court poets and have certain life contents. He was a pioneer of the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. At this stage, the poet's internal combination was loose because it spanned two dynasties, which was obviously transitional.
Yu Shinan (AD 558-638), a native of Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, was one of the four great calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty. When I was a child, I learned books from the seventh grandson of the famous calligrapher Wang Xizhi, who handed them down personally. The beauty lies in the "two kings" and the brave brushwork. In the Sui Dynasty, officials were ministers and remained motionless for ten years. After entering the Tang Dynasty, he joined the army as the archives of the Qin government and moved to Taizi Middle School. It was valued by Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin. Emperor Taizong praised Yu Shinan's "Five Musts" for many times (virtue, loyalty, erudition, writing style and writing style).
Shangguan Yi, whose name is Youshao, is from Shanzhou. Nine times out of ten, this work was written by Feng Heying. He summed up the duality of poetry into six antithesis methods, which not only served the court poetry, but also promoted the development of metrical poetry. Li Qiao (about 645- about 7 14) was born in Zanhuang, Zhaozhou. He and fellow countryman Su Weidao and Du are called, and Su Weidao and Cui Rong are called four friends of the article. Court poets, they sing a lot of things. Masterpiece: Wind.
Wang Ji (590-644) was born in Longmen, Jiangzhou (now Hejin, Shanxi) and Donggaozi. Sui did not give filial piety and moral integrity, but gave the secretary provincial orthography as Liu Hecheng. Jane is proud of drinking and has been repeatedly investigated and disintegrated. The world is in chaos. So I took care of my illness and went home. Then he roamed the Central Plains and wuyue. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, he was appointed as both a provincial official and an envoy. After abandoning his official duties, he returned to Tian Geng Dongqiu.
Palace poetry is palace poetry, commonly known as palace poetry.
Palace-style poetry refers to the Eastern Palace when Liang was a prince in the Southern Dynasties, which centered on several palaces, such as,, and Taizong. "Palace Style" refers to both the poetic style describing palace life and the poetic style formed in the palace, which began in Xiao Gang, Jian Wendi. When Xiao Gang was a prince, he often sang with literati in the East Palace. Its content is mostly palace life and affairs between men and women, but it pursues flowery rhetoric in form and is called "palace style". Later, he called erotic poems palace poems.
Another explanation: it refers to a style that emphasizes tone with the main content of writing the feelings of official career in boudoir, and its words are beautiful and elegant. It originated in the Qi and Liang Dynasties and reached its peak in Xiao Gang and the surrounding literati.
A school of poetry popular in the late Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty. The name "Gongti" first appeared in Xiao Gang's comment in "Liang Shu Jian Wen Di Ji": "It was injured by lightness, so it was called Gongti at that time". However, this poetic style began with Liang Wudi, Wu Yun, He Xun and Liu Xiaozhuo. The main authors of palace poems are Xiao Gang, Xiao Yi and some scholars gathered around them, such as Xu Gan, Yu Jianwu and Xu Ling. Chen and his attendants can also fall into this category. The criticism of palace poems has always been that many palace poems pay attention to women's life and posture. In fact, the content of palace poems is not limited to women's lives, but there are also some lyric works that praise things. Even when writing about women's lives, only a few of them have low styles. Generally speaking, the artistic conception of palace poems is frivolous and the poetic style is soft and light. As for Xiao Gang and Xiao Yi, known as palace poets, they also wrote many beautiful and readable works. As for Yu Jianwu and Xu Ling, there are also some excellent poems.
Judging from the history of poetry development, palace poetry plays two roles. On the one hand, the poetry in the early Sui and Tang Dynasties was relatively weak, which was somewhat influenced by it; On the other hand, it tends to be more metrical than the eternal style in form. "Biography of Liang Shu Xu Biao" said that Xu Biao "belongs to the new style and does not stick to the old style". This "new change" is the formal feature of palace poetry. According to some scholars' statistics, about 40% of palace poems conform to the rhythm of poetry; The number of basic matches is particularly large. It can be seen that "Palace Poetry" plays an important role in promoting the formation of regular poetry in later generations. As for its rich allusions and beautiful rhetoric, it also has a certain positive effect on later generations. For example, the poems of Li He and Li Shangyin in the Tang Dynasty obviously absorbed some techniques of "Palace Poetry".
Representative writers: Xiao Gang, Xiao Yi, Xu Gan, Yu Jianwu and Xu Ling.
Characteristics of court poems in early Tang Dynasty
1. The rulers of the early Tang Dynasty adopted a more tolerant attitude towards literature and art ... which provided a good environment for the prosperity of literature.
2. In the early Tang Dynasty, generations of monarchs, not only Emperor Taizong, as he claimed, liked to "spend his spare time and enjoy art and literature" (Preface to Emperor Jing), but also Gaozong, Wuhou and Zhongzong. In order to show off the statesmanship of the Tang Empire, they also widely quoted scholars from various countries, compiled books and paid for poems. As a result, several court literati groups appeared in the early Tang Dynasty. Among them, the most representative poets are Yu Shinan and Xu in the period of Emperor Taizong, Shangguan Yi in the period of Emperor Gaozong, "Four Friends of Articles" (Li Qiao, Du, Su Weidao and Cui Rong) in the period of Emperor Taizong, and Song and Shen Quanqi in the period of Emperor Zhongzong.
3. These court literati are either dignitaries or rewarded by the emperor. Every time they preach, the world is rampant. A lot of their creations are nothing more than singing praises and feasting in the palace, which is neither necessary nor difficult to express their feelings in depth. Compared with the court poems in the Southern and Sui Dynasties, it can be said that it is slightly attributed to "elegance", but it is even paler because of this "elegance". Its significance mainly lies in maintaining an artistic atmosphere. But in some of their other works, sometimes the news of the evolution of poetry is revealed; Some of them have also made positive contributions to the construction of the poetry system.
4. The court poets in the early Tang Dynasty pursued complicated and wrong decorative styles in art ... This kind of decorative emphasis was firstly the dual rhetoric technique, then the tuning technique, and finally the combination of dual technique and phonology technique, thus promoting the perfection and finalization of metrical poems in form.
Shang Gongyi put forward the theories of "six pairs" and "eight pairs" in the early Tang Dynasty. In addition to "object pair", "word pair", "right pair" and "opposition", Liu Xie added "disyllabic pair", "overlapping rhyme pair" and "confusing pair", which expanded the duality originally limited to word meaning to word sounds. Later, jing yuan not only put forward the duality of glyph and meaning, but also put forward three techniques of tuning, which showed a new effort to closely combine temperament and duality. From Wuhou to Zhongzong Shenlong and Jing the Year of the Loong, a large number of balanced and harmonious poems have appeared in the works of a group of court poets, marking the complete maturity of five-character and seven-character poems. It can be said that in the process of completing the form of rhythmic poetry, the court scribes played a role in standardizing and leading the atmosphere.