(1) extensive reading
Extensive reading means extensive reading, which covers all aspects of knowledge and general knowledge. We should not only read books on natural science, but also books on social science. Excellent works of different styles in ancient and modern China and foreign countries should be widely read, learn from others' strengths and innovate. When Marx wrote Das Kapital, he studied 1500 kinds of books and collected a lot of preparation materials through reading.
(2) Intensive reading
Zhu said in "The Essentials of Reading": "Generally speaking, when reading, you must read carefully first, so that everything comes from my mouth; After careful consideration, I can make my words come from the heart, and then I can save myself. " The "close reading and careful thinking" here is intensive reading. In other words, it is necessary to read and think carefully, ponder and study repeatedly, and analyze and evaluate at the same time, so as to understand thoroughly, understand the heart and absorb the essence. Books and masterpieces of this major should adopt this method. Only by careful study and careful chewing can the article be "dug, researched and refined". It can be said that intensive reading is the most important reading method.
(3) Read through
That is, read the books, newspapers and magazines from beginning to end and have a general view, aiming at understanding, reading through and understanding the whole picture, so as to obtain a complete impression and obtain the effect of "bird's eye view and panorama". This method can be used for more important books, newspapers and magazines.
(4) Skip reading
This is a skipping reading method. You can put aside the irrelevant content in the book, grasp the bones and muscles of the book, and focus on the views of each paragraph. Sometimes when you encounter a problem in reading and you can't figure it out after repeated thinking, you can skip it and continue reading backwards.
(5) Fast reading
This is a fast reading method, that is, Tao Yuanming advocated "good reading, not asking for very much." You can use the suggested scanning method to browse the article quickly and only understand the general idea of the article. This method can speed up reading and expand reading volume, and is suitable for reading similar books or reference books.
(6) Skimming
This is a rough reading method. When reading, you can just flip through it and get a general understanding; You can also grasp the key sentences of comments, find out the main points, and understand the main facts or typical examples. This part of the content is often at the beginning or end of the article, and you can get a general understanding by paying attention to the title, introduction or end to achieve the purpose of reading.
(7) Read it again
Valuable books and magazines should not be read only once, but should be studied repeatedly, so as to "review the old and learn the new" Voltaire, a famous thinker and writer, thinks that "rereading old books is like reunion of old friends". Repetition is the mother of learning. Repetitive learning is conducive to deepening the understanding of knowledge and is an enhancer for deepening memory.
(8) Writing and reading
The ancients said, "Don't read without moving pen and ink", and there was also a saying that "a good memory is not as good as a bad pen". The combination of reading with doing excerpts, remembering experiences and writing articles can not only accumulate a lot of materials, but also effectively improve the writing level, enhance reading ability and transform knowledge into skills and skills.
(9) Preface reading
Before reading, you can read the preface and examples, understand the outline of the content, make clear the procedure and purpose of writing a book, and read it with guidance. After reading it, you can read the preface and examples again to deepen your understanding and consolidate your improvement.
(10) Selected reading
Is to have a choice when reading. Throughout the ages, human cultural treasures are extremely rich. After all, a person's energy is limited. If you don't choose, you won't have a good result if you grab your eyebrows and beard. You can choose a targeted bibliography to read according to your own situation, so as to achieve twice the result with half the effort.
First, research methods
Wang Tongxun, a middle-aged scholar, has studied this problem. He thinks: "Five things are very important: (1) You should have a certain philosophical accomplishment and be good at summarizing and refining. (2) Get into the book and stand on it and think independently. (3) always pay attention to the cutting-edge knowledge and stand at the forefront of this subject knowledge. (4) Understand the most basic concepts, theorems and principles, especially the key. (5) Proficient in materialist dialectics. "
Second, the memory method
"Memory method" is a reading method of the famous writer Ba Jin. Ba Jin wrote in Reading magazine: "I was hospitalized for the second time. I get out of bed and sit on the small sofa less than an hour after taking a nap every day, waiting for the nurse to take my temperature at two o'clock. I'm sitting,
Do not move, but do not doze off. My brain won't rest. It is recalling some books and works I have read in the past, as if it wants to keep some beautiful things before my memory completely declines. "
Third, the combination method
"Combination method" is the reading method of the famous writer Mr. Lao She. Lao She said: "After reading a literary work or several works by the same writer, you'd better find some works about these works, such as textual research and criticism, and you should also read the biography of this writer."
Combining works with writers' biographies and literary criticism, we call this reading method "combination method".
Fourth, accounting methods
Cao, a senior reporter and essayist of Jinghua Daily, has a precious little notebook that has been recorded for decades. He has had an indissoluble bond with books since his youth. In addition to taking some reading notes when reading, he also has a habit that every book he reads is recorded in a special book, with the date of reading in front, the title, author and nationality in the middle, and the number of words in the back.
Five, unintentional flower arrangement method
Writer Zhang Yigong once wrote an article for middle school students, introducing his reading life. The article writes: "My interest in reading is often caused by a desire to enjoy myself. Before writing this article, I read and even recited several sections of new concept English. But I don't have a systematic plan to learn English. I don't intend to add a little warmth to the "going abroad fever" that has been boiling for a while, and I dare not expect to be a diplomat or translator. I read aloud instead of "learning" new concept English, because I want to change my language sense with a phonetic symbol after reading more square characters. It is conceivable that it is really pleasant to express and appreciate what seems to be musical in English at will with self-righteous English pronunciation and intonation, without worrying about whether the British can understand it.
Six, reading and writing methods
Mr. Zhu Guangqian, a famous aesthete, studied in Britain and France when he was young, and studied many courses of arts and sciences. He is particularly fond of literature, psychology and philosophy. He is diligent in reading and always writes reading notes while reading. With the growth of knowledge, he not only wrote reading notes, but also wrote papers and works while reading. When I was a student, I wrote many monographs such as Psychology of Literature and Art, Aesthetics and Tragedy Psychology. According to his own personal experience, Mr. Zhu has always advocated writing while reading when introducing reading methods to young students. He said, "It's impossible to read without writing. If you want to write, you must read carefully. You must sort out what you have read in your own mind and think about it, so that you can understand it more thoroughly and digest the author's thoughts and become your own spiritual nutrition. "
I often use Mr. Zhu's writing method when I study, and I can also use the memory method. Combination method and bookkeeping method are both good. Learning from time to time is a pleasure. Reading a book a hundred times is self-evident, but it is never too old to learn. Books are friends, teachers and lights in loneliness.