Look from the shape, the monument is tall, with nine seal characters, such as "Tombstone, Yang Fujun in Tang Dynasty", which is round and pale. The inscription is written in regular script with running script in the middle, with vivid structure, beautiful handwriting, smooth lines and transparent style. The artistic level of calligraphy is very high, which is the best in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. According to the first volume of Xuan He Shu Pu, an anonymous book in Song Dynasty, "When you are free at night, you should pay attention to calligraphy so that you can learn it. In general, when Emperor Taizong returned, the ancestors of the world attacked and the genealogy of generations did not fall. " In the era of Tang Dezong, "judging from the meaning of his running script, he can stand up to the cloud of his predecessors" (Xuanhe Pu Shu, published by People's Fine Arts Publishing House in Song Dynasty, 20 1/year,1February edition). In the early years of Xianzong, the court advocated the trend of "gathering the king's holy decrees", but it still did not dive. It shows that the prosperity of the running script of the right army in the middle and late Tang Dynasty should be invincible by the ruling and opposition parties.
From the author's point of view, this tablet was written by Chao Qiulang, Nankang County Cheng, Yun Qiwei and Hanlin Dai Zhao Lu Pi. Cheng Wulang and Shouchen Zhou Sibing joined the army, and Yun Qi Wei and Hanlin Zhao Shudan; Gave a letter to the ministers Cao, Yun Qiwei and Hanlin, and the soldiers who guarded Hongzhou. In the Tang Dynasty, the official ranks were distinct, with the rank of 18, and the rank of civil servant was the seventh. "Cheng Wulang" is the 25th grade of civil servants, starting from Grade 8; "Courtesy" is the 22nd and 8th rank of civil servants. The average rank is not high, and it is not recorded in the official history, but it is still very valuable in writing and calligraphy.
According to contemporary scholars' research, Zhao Liang was born in Tang Dezong, Shunzong and Xianzong. His book traces can be found in Epitaph Collection of Tang Dynasty (edited by Zhou Shaoliang, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1992), Yuan He 142, Riding on Chronicles (Yuan He's age). The title of the local chronicles department is "Chao Yilang, Chuzhou Sima, Cifei Yubao, Hanlin Zhao", in regular script. Also, Lu Pi was born with Mu Zong. The Book Traces first appeared in December of the 14th year of Yuanhe (820). The Story of the Stone written by Duan Wenchang and Lu Pi (written by Zhao Mingcheng in Song Dynasty) was volume 9, The Story of the Stone,No. 1738, and the Western Monument of Tang Pinghuai. Other book traces include Tang Gong Liang Shouqian's merit tablet, Yang Heshu, Lu Pi's seal amount, seal script and so on. Changqing two years (822). Wang Chang's Discrimination of Jin and Cui Shi in Qing Dynasty (Volume 107). Chen Si's Bao Ke Cong Bian (Zhonghua Book Company, 1995) is recorded in Volume 7. In addition, "Tang Zuowuwei General Liu Dehui Monument" was written by Tang Yanshou, written by Liu Jiyuan, and stamped by Lu Pi in the second year of Changqing; China, Lang of Tang Bing Department, Pi Shu of Tang Luli, four years of Changqing (824); First of all, see the eighth volume of Bao Ke Cong Bian.
It can be seen from Yang Fujun's Tombstone in Tang Dynasty that both Lu Pi and Zhao were promoted in imperial academy. Lu Pi was promoted from Chao Qiulang, Xing Nankang Jun Cheng and Yun Qiwei to Chao Yilang, Fuzhou Changshi, Shang Zhuguo and Zijin Fish Bag, that is, from 18 to 14 and the sixth rank. Zhao Congcheng Goro was promoted, and the soldiers guarding Chenzhou joined the army. Yun Qi defended Chao Ichiro, knowing all about Chu Sima, and gave him a flying fish bag, that is, from 25-grade civilian to 14-grade civilian, and 6-grade civilian. At first, their official positions were very different, but later they became consistent. Despite this, it has not changed its royal role of "Hanlin waiting for a letter". In the first year of Yuanhe, they wrote articles and calligraphy for Yang Fujun Tombstone in the Tang Dynasty, which proved their long-standing relationship as colleagues. Lu Pi was good at seal script, but he was ordered to write articles. Zhao is good at regular script, so he is consistent.
As for Hanlin Tang Yu, there is no record yet, but he is good at seal script, and his influence will not be low at that time. Sculptor Zhu Shiliang is a soldier of Wu. He is a free and easy sculptor, and his skills are quite skilled, but he has not recorded them. But it is also an honor to carve one's name.
According to Wang Haibin's article "A Comprehensive Examination of the Imperial Book System of Imperial Scholars in the Tang Dynasty" (Master's Thesis of Jilin University in 2008), "(Imperial Book System of Imperial Scholars in the Tang Dynasty) is a royal calligrapher with a very high level of calligraphy, and they are all famous calligraphers, and their influence inside and outside the ruling and opposition parties is also very great." It is also believed that the calligraphy of Hanlin's book to be sealed belongs to "courtyard style" calligraphy, "which directly represents the calligraphy of the emperor, and the epitaph of Hanlin's book to be sealed is a good example." This view is not ignorant.
Press: Tombs in the Tang Dynasty are divided into "tombstones" and "epitaphs". The so-called "tombstone" is a stone tablet erected in front of the tomb of the deceased. Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in the poem "Standing a Monument": "Virtue is declining and literature is flourishing. But when I saw a stone in the mountain, I set it up as a roadside monument. " The so-called "tombstone" is just one of these "roadside monuments". As far as the content is concerned, the monument is full of praise, but as far as its popularity and frequent tasks are concerned, further research and exploration are still needed. In particular, he was ordered to send a task to eat big food, "make big food and teach students by voice" and "hire big food and teach students by voice", which also became a direct symbol of the effectiveness of his task.
According to the inscription, Yang Zui was finally buried on July 22nd of the first year of Yuanhe and October 14th of the same year. "Yuanhe" is the year number of Tang Xianzong Spring Calendar. In the first year of Yuanhe, namely 806 AD. It can be inferred that Yang was born in 736 AD, in the 24th year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Yang's death lasted ***83 days, from the Ming funeral to the burial in Guili. According to the folk burial custom in Guanzhong, it is usually completed on the third anniversary, so it's time to undress. This inscription was made during the funeral period. In addition, tombstones are used in tombs, all above the ground, and there are epitaphs in the tombs, which are also customized in the Tang Dynasty.
It is worth noting that many simplified characters are used in the main part of the tablet, which is similar to the official summary of simplified characters. For example, please, follow, follow, 10 thousand, you, uh, appearance, auxiliary, auxiliary, rice. The extensive use of these simplified characters is of great inspiration and help to the study of the history of the Tang Dynasty.
As early as1April, 984, cultural relics workers in Jingyang County found a stone tablet in the late Tang Dynasty near Daxiangyang Village in Saosong Township (merged into Yunyang Town after 2002), which was called "Yang Fujun Tombstone in Tang Dynasty". I discovered it by accident in the early 1990s, and was shocked by the precious historical value and exquisite artistic value of the monument, so I decided to sort it out and study it. During the period of 1998, the author wrote a series of academic papers (No.7) edited by Professor Shi Nianhai of Shaanxi Normal University for the first time, and was deeply concerned by Professor Zhou Weizhou, Dean of the School of Culture and Art of Northwest University. In 200 1 year, the new edition of Jingyang County Chronicle (edited by He Ping, Li Xinrong and An Yang, Shaanxi People's Publishing House,No. 1 August 2000/year) published the inscription for the first time, but there were too many mistakes to read. In 2005, the author published "Yang: China's earliest diplomatic envoy to the West" in Xianyang Normal University, reprinted the tombstone inscription and made a preliminary textual research. There are still mistakes because the rubbings are not refined and difficult to identify. In the winter of 20 12, the author went to Beijing on business, and learned from Ge Chu, editor-in-chief of Cultural Relics Publishing House that Professor Rong Xinjiang of Peking University had made a new and in-depth study on this basis. The article "A New Proof of the Relationship between Tang Dynasty and Black Catering —— A Record of Yang Pin's Catering in the Early Years of Zhenyuan" published in the 3rd issue of Literature and History on 20 12 was contacted by the vice president of Shaanxi Archaeological Research Institute, and once again expressed heartfelt thanks to all the scholars for their support and help.
According to the investigation, the body of the monument is connected with the Prime Minister's company, and the head of the monument is 85.5 cm high. The number of inscriptions on the headstone is 9 words, 3 lines and 3 words in each line. The height of the monument is189.5cm; The upper part is 93.5cm wide and the lower part is102.5cm wide. The inscription on the front calligraphy records Yang's family background and life story: "Tang Youjun, a doctor in Taichung, worked in the province, gave Zijin fish bags, went to Zhu State, and was the founder of hongnong county, and gave 300 restaurants." The preciousness of this inscription lies in that it reveals the career of the diplomatic envoy who sailed to the West without seeing the official historical documents.
Punctuation and marking of the collated inscription are as follows (according to: the spaces in the text are treated according to the original tablet format to show respect):
Yang Fujun and Tombstone in Tang Dynasty
In the Tang dynasty, the right three armies went out to fight, and the doctor was a doctor from Taizhong. He worked in the province, prefacing Zijin Yubao, Shang Zhuguo, the founding hero of hongnong county, 300 households in the food city, Yang Gong and tombstones.
Chao Qiulang, Xing Ganzhou Nankang Xiancheng, Yun Qi Wei and Hanlin were written by Lu Pi.
Cheng Wulang and Zhou Sibing joined the army, and Yun Qiwei and Hanlin were waiting for Zhao's letter.
Let the soldiers of Cao, Yun Qiwei, Hanlin and Shouhong state give Tang Yi a letter.
The public taboo, the word, the son of the first is still the father, and was named Yang by Zhu, called Yang Hou. Jin destroyed the country because he thought it was his surname. He became a famous scholar because of his great virtue. If the prince and grandson are good at thin burial, the ship has made great contributions, modesty and fear are the same, and the public is proud of ci fu. "Four Knowledge" warns about Bo, and "Three Confusions" tells about Uncle's Day, when big birds gather in the burial tomb and birds descend in the lecture hall. Or Zhu Lun ten people, or four generations of autumn, the light of the Han Dynasty, the prosperity of Kunming, ethnic origin, far from prosperity. Therefore, the roots are thin and the branches and leaves are prosperous, which is expected to show the promotion of agriculture. If anyone lives in Tianshui, it is the first generation of Gong, and so will this Hongnong person.
And my great-grandfather, the hero of Tang Yuan, the officer of General Yunhui and the right-back corps commander, gave Yunyang many merits and made great contributions to his family. So he became a Jingzhao person.
Zu Huaizhen, don't drive in Huangxuzhou.
Gong is the fourth son of Kao, Li and Yuan.
Different publicity, independent thinking, grateful spirit, not afraid of the times. Take chastity as your ambition and loyalty as your duty, so you have to lead an honest and clean life and be grateful for jade; When you go abroad, you will leave it to fate. Tired and uncomfortable, it is good for credit; Sincerity is obvious, and the appointment is very heavy.
When Yongtai was in middle school, the leaders of the Langshan tribe in Ci, Ji and other States disintegrated their forces, followed Zhang's plunder, assembled troops to seize the counties, disobeyed the king's orders, and acted arbitrarily, loyal to the scholars in the suburbs of Liu Jin, which shocked the court. At that time, the two rivers were at the beginning of peace, and the quartet was still shrugged. It was difficult for the court to move the public, and the emperor took care of people. Ambassador Liu Chongjin of China was appointed as a judge. Worship in fear and cowardice, go alone in anger, preach kindness, be fierce and stubborn. Therefore, Tianwei was defeated, and Huang Zeliu had to bend his knees, abandon his armor and throw a bow, turn over a new leaf and win the trust. I was very happy when I returned to my post. Gave me a letter from the Sacred Heart, and I gave it to Wen and Ye Ting, Minister of the Interior, as a supervisor. Special envoys are kind and often go to appointments, so they are suitable for difficulties, and there is nothing wrong with temporary affairs. Is to use the east, west, north and south, bandits will stop and; Dangers abound, so be prepared.
In the six years of Dali, they held their posts and were irreplaceable among the people. Day after day, the wind and rain are one heart; Heaven does not violate, and the holy family is here. When the letter is heavy, you dare not complain; The heart of the elevator, why not. So, he sent Annan to comfort him, and the rain was outside the country, so he trusted Yu Hongbo. There is no doubt that arrogance is measured; As for the retrocession government, rebellion will be fierce, and killing people will stop soldiers. Because of heartlessness, King Ge Shuhuang will invite the king's life, and the duke will ask for the table with his sword. He will stand on Wengong Mountain, and he will not be able to grasp his ambition. Twelve years, moved to the palace. In the official narrative, the ban was eliminated and the public was worshipped. At the end of the founding of China, when I met Luan Yu, I followed suit, being diligent and proud, and being consistent.
At the beginning of Xingyuan, the day does not regret the disaster, and the snake runs across the road. The emperor was obsessed all his life, but his deputies were not obsessed with making decisions. I thank you for crying. Please make Xirong, begging the teacher, turn around, stop the bandits, cover the thieves of martial arts, and clear the future. Clouds and winds are windy, and mountains and rivers refer to the journey without support. Since Xingyuan can wander, Wei Qiao can make contributions, rebuild the Atlas area, and not change the past, which has won our power to consult teachers openly. In February of that year, he transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In June, Jia Chao dismissed the doctor. The case suddenly moved and the reward was great.
At the beginning of Zhenyuan, bandits were difficult to clear, the world was peaceful and there were no waves in all the seas. It was difficult to choose in the Western Han Dynasty. Outside Jintong District, the emperor thinks about people. Compared with talents, it is impossible to make it public. In April of the first year of Zhenyuan, he was given a fish bag, hired as the ambassador of the country, used black to eat black, prepared a judge, and was rewarded by Guo Xin and an imperial envoy. Do as you are told, not afraid of the distance. Go to the South China Sea, leave the land and get on board. You are not afraid of danger, but you are helpful. Righteousness excites the left and right, loyalty to ghosts and gods. So the public beheaded the waves, pointing to the sun and swearing at the public, and then got the Yang Hou to collect the waves, adjust the wind with the oars, hang the sails to make him sweat, lift his horse and ride Miaomiao, lead the way for the magic lamp at night, and be in front of the fairy beast at day. Xingyue frost travels all over the world, spreading the wind in different customs and being taught by sound in infinity. Going back and forth as scheduled, I will not degenerate, I will be faithful.
In June of four years, I switched to Chinese medicine. In July, hongnong county was made public, with 300 households in the food city. Merit is not only good, but also favored; If you are surprised, be careful every day.
Twelve years, Dr. Jia Taizhong. I'm still the same.
In the spring of 14 years, Dezong was pious and filial, and Ling was a T-shirt, so he would recover, and it would be difficult for him again. You must be respectful, but you can only serve. Only the public are willing to do what they are ordered to do, stay up all night in the public and be lazy. Do not change the system, save money and effort. Huan is salty and new, and there is nothing to promise. As far as death is concerned, I have no interest in discussing the merits. In August of the following year, Zijin was given fish bags, sentences and shackles. , and added a green ribbon. It is not a case, and it is very special. After that, the prince of your Lord, who is responsible for the funeral and cherishes the sacred feelings, will be appointed as the public. As for the talent of hard work, it is impossible to prepare for the subject.
In fifteen years, Chen and Xu Jie made a storm surge in the west of Huai River, plundering Yangzhai and attacking Xuchang, and Ruluo was dismayed. The great fear of Kanto inspired 200,000 divisions in the world, unified the Han Dynasty, and drew the law of Rong. It is difficult for a country to change hands, and everyone who discusses it knows that it will be futile. At that time, Emperor Dezong sighed, thought about it, thought about Anton's ancestral temple and thought about Heluo's livelihood. He used his life to supervise the military affairs of Dongduji and Ruzhou. Hearing the destiny, the three armies became angry, and the people stopped in Xianning. As we all know, Han is incompetent, beauty is difficult to use, and Huaixi is small and solid, so it is difficult to move around. Therefore, Philip Burkart made a plan and a unique plan, which made Yadong realize Sun Bai's ambition and deeply regretted it. He came back after observing the trouble, but he made a plan and presented a stamp. Please postpone the punishment and let him repent. When the imperial power is unlucky, you can't sleep. And the whole collapse of righteousness is based on foresight. Therefore, I apply for forgiveness and give up my sin. I no longer ask for rest. Whether he thinks of Thailand or not, he invites the city to gather in the valley, trim his armor and manage his troops, and practice hard in the sun and the moon with simple and gradual tactics, turning cowardice into courage and health and turning barriers into golden soup. So far, the road is peaceful and loyal.
Yong Zhenyuan is willing to do a series of things and be affectionate with you. Please return to North Korea and pay close attention. In the summer of May, I led the right three armies to fight privately with my official. Public prestige, long honor, strict police, both at home and abroad. A thousand officials respect it, and nine values are beneficial. The courtiers went to Xiao, and the moon was forbidden, but the son of heaven had a good night. The ring of the state dynasty arches people and prospers in Sri Lanka.
I can't afford to wait because of my hard work, easy invasion, exhausted heart, barren body, hopeless medicine, helpless life, cold and heat attack and wind dew. Alas! In the autumn of the first year of Yuanhe, on July 22nd, Xing Li's private school was finally assisted, at the age of seventy.
The emperor mourned, and the scholars mourned. In 20081October 14, he was buried in the original residence of Long Yun Township, Yunyang County. General Zhongwu, the loyal brother of the Beggars' Sect, General Guanghui, the guerrilla general of Jidi, and his wife all died first. Where the grave is located, on the day of his death, he thought about his life and deeply loved him, leaving unforgettable memories.
From the public to the middle of the year, entry is the internal branch; When Yongtai was thirty, he made great contributions to the mission. The deeper the grace, the greater the trust. Loyalty means loyalty, kindness means sincerity, and courage means courage, which can help my brother Shu, and the southern tour has a teacher to protect him. Xuanhua will settle in the northern households, let you eat big food, teach you well, and be well-off in the east. For more than 50 years, you have discussed that hard work is incomparable with before and after, and you will be the first person to talk about the future. Therefore, the land is hairy, the gold is purple, the name is high, and the children are celebrated. In the prime of life, he is brave and conceited, and in his later years, he is diligent. On the night trip, I believed in the Stone Family, built a pagoda temple, wrote Tibetan scriptures, bought fields with money, and gave up clothes to save the sick. It can be said that it has exhausted the courtiers' ceremony, done everything outside the life and death zone, and is diligent and kind.
The eldest son was promoted, and the heir was appointed as the negotiator and served as the supervisor in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. He gave Zijin Fish Bag and Huaqing Palace as envoys, and the second son Cao Cao changed filial piety into loyalty and showed his virtue, only taking pre-training. This is a waste of thought. It is said that there is no blessing, no wind tree, no sincerity, no place to live. Imagination is hard to climb and chase, and virtue is really fearless. I am willing to cut stones, but Ji is embarrassed. Think of it as words, and dare not write.
Yue Ming:
The clouds follow the dragon, the wind follows the martial arts, and the sacred work assists the loyal ministers. Heaven sends people to exhaust their hearts, and four disciplines serve four masters.
Chickens often forget the wind and rain and bow out. Fu Shuge Xi just didn't spit, but caressed Cixi and threatened Rong Lu.
Xi Qing Zhongyu, the teacher of Xiqiao, took Xi in the south to appease the northern households. Hire a big meal to teach you, and you are super ancient.
Nothing to do with school work, there are countless things to pay. One life rolls for grain, three lives down, which dare to insult?
The gold medal hangs down and forms a group, which is divided into two parts: Mao and Wei Tu. Cut stones to show loyalty and show future generations.
In the first year of Yuanhe, it was built in Xu Jing and Gengshen in October and in Gui You on the 14th of the new moon.
Wu Jun Zhushiliang Engraving
Traditional academic circles believe that Zheng He's voyage to the West is an unprecedented feat in the history of world navigation, so Zheng He is regarded as the earliest diplomatic envoy in ancient China. However, the discovery of the above-mentioned inscriptions in the Tang Dynasty proves that China's earliest diplomatic envoy to the West should be Yang in the middle and late Tang Dynasty.
Press: Yang, a native of Hongnong County, was born in Long Yun Township, Yunyang County, Jingzhao Prefecture in Tang Dynasty (now Yunyang Town, Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province).
According to the inscription, his ancestor was the father of his son Shang, who was named as the marquis of Yang. "Jin destroyed its country and thought its surname. The descendants of Ji Xunde became famous. " Since the pre-Qin period, celebrities have emerged in large numbers and family businesses have flourished. "Therefore, the roots are thin and the branches and leaves are prosperous, which is expected to show Hongnong. If people live in Tianshui, they are the first generation. " In fact, because the Tang people paid attention to the county outlook and kept up with the joneses, the listed celebrities named Yang, such as Yang Wangsun, were praised for initiating the thin burial, Yang Servant (shipbuilding general) was famous for his outstanding achievements, and Yang Chang was the prime minister because of his humility and awe, and was honored for writing Ci and Fu (according to: yes, no, it was a writer of Ci and Fu). There was indeed a man named Yang Xiong in history, but he was not good at ci-fu. Yang Zhen's so-called "knowing heaven, knowing god, knowing friends and knowing children" and Yang Bing's "three unknowns about wine, color and talent" are all attached to history and are not credible. His great-grandfather was a hero in the early Tang Dynasty, and his official generals were Yun Hui and Lieutenant General You Weiwei. "Reward the merits and give Yunyang a career." Yunyang County in the Tang Dynasty belonged to Jingzhao House, located in the north of Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province. Grandpa Huai Zhen, don't drive for Xu Zhou; Father Yan Yu, etc. , is Chu Shi. It can be seen that Yang claimed to be the glory of several generations, but Yang did not have a prominent background.
Yang, who takes chastity as his ambition and loyalty as his duty, seems to be a person with great ambitions and great achievements. Once married Liu (given Pengcheng County, changed Liu to Pengcheng as his home), and had a son Sheng and a second son Cao. In the middle period of Zhide (756-758), when Yang was 265,438+0 to 23 years old, he became a trusted eunuch who served the emperor, and later received an official (who was once the supervisor of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Cheng Ichiro, gave Zijin Fish Bag and Huaqing Palace Ambassador) as his successor. He has been sent to various places for many times and has made outstanding contributions on the battlefield for a long time. During the Yongtai period (756), there was an armed rebellion in Ci (Jixian County, Shanxi Province) and Ji (Xixian County, Shanxi Province), and the leader of the Langshan tribe collapsed and led his troops to plunder, threatening all counties. At this time, "the Xihe River is flat at the beginning, and the fields are still shrugged." Unable to March eastward, the Tang Dynasty appointed Liu Chongjin as the judge and Yang as the judge. The inscription said that Liu Chongjin was timid, and Yang Yiran alone announced the imperial edict on the spot, forcing all the people in Langshan to "bend their knees, abandon their armor, turn over a new leaf and accept the imperial edict". This move was highly appreciated. He not only praised Lu, but also appointed Wen and Ye Ting as supervisors of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. From then on, he was deeply trusted by the emperor.
In the sixth year of Dali (77 1), Yang's officials were promoted to the position of negotiating lang and Gongwei Bureau. He stuck to his post and worked hard, and was declared to comfort South Vietnam (including Guangxi in ancient times) and shock Ge Shuhuang, the rebel leader of Guangfu (now Guangzhou, Guangdong). Because of its righteous and upright, it did not disgrace its mission, and it was highly respected after returning to the DPRK. Twelve years (777), moved to the official palace, in charge of state affairs. Suddenly, the ban was lifted and orderly.
At the end of 783, because the capital was in danger, he was forced to go out to Fengtian (now Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province) in the west, and Yang was highly valued by the emperor. In the early years of Xingyuan (784), separatist forces in various parts of China rebelled, and the Tang Dynasty was unable to suppress them. So Yang was ordered to send a special envoy to Uighur to beg for reinforcements. Only when Uighur reinforcements arrived in time could the Tang Dynasty stop the rebellion and "rebuild Atlas". At that time, Yang moved to the province for his meritorious service as a teacher. In June, Jia Chao dismissed the doctor.
Yang Yisheng made many expeditions to the North, but his most important mission was to go to the Western Ocean as a diplomatic envoy of the Tang Dynasty and reach the black grain in the Middle East. Inscription records:
At the beginning of Zhenyuan, bandits were difficult to clear, the world was peaceful and there were no waves in all the seas. It was difficult to choose in the Western Han Dynasty. Outside Jintong District, the emperor thinks about people. Compared with talents, it is impossible to make it public. In April of the first year of Zhenyuan (785), he gave flying fish bags, hired envoys from various countries to eat them in black, prepared judges, and received letters. Do as I say, don't be afraid of distance. Go to the South China Sea, leave the land and get on board. You are not afraid of danger, but you are helpful. Righteousness excites the left and right, loyalty to ghosts and gods. As a result, the public intercepted the wave sacrifice. Up to now, fishermen in Guangdong coastal areas still have the custom of cutting off their hair to pay homage to Poseidon when they go fishing. After the Song Dynasty, it gradually evolved into Mazu pilgrimage), swearing to the public by pointing to the sun, and then getting Yang Hou to gather waves, sift and adjust the wind, hang sails and sweat, raise the spirit of seedlings, guide the magic lamp at night (probably referring to the navigation lighthouse built by Arabs along the Indian Ocean coast), and the sky is the front star and frost of fairies and beasts (referring to dolphins and the like) all over the world, spreading the wind in different customs, and being taught by sound in infinity. Going back and forth as scheduled, life does not fall, I am faithful.
According to the inscription, "(Zhenyuan) four years (788) in June, turned to a doctor. In July, hongnong county was sealed, with 300 households. " Continuous closure in a short period of time is a praise for the success of its task.
Originally, when Tang Dezong ascended the throne (779), the separatist forces represented by An Lushan and Shi Siming temporarily subsided, but in fact the separatist acts were further consolidated and strengthened. Tang Dezong appointed Prime Minister Yang Yan to implement the "two tax laws", which was complained by the ruling and opposition parties for persecuting wealth manager Ada. In the second year of Zhong Jian (78 1), Li, Cheng Dezhen (Hengzhou, Zhengding, Hebei), Li and Wei Bozhen (Weizhou, Hebei), who were appointed by Qingzhen (Qingzhou, now Yidu, Shandong), United Tian Yue against the Tang Dynasty, under the guise of "Jun Qing side". Dezong quickly dispatched troops to attack the rebels, but because there was no strategy of using troops and no commander in chief, the command was wrong, which led to the expansion of the war and repeated defeats. Later, Tang Dezong was forced to leave for heaven. It is precisely because of the fierce counterattacks of the famous mid-Tang Dynasty, such as Chaos and Li Sheng, that the Tang Dynasty survived and got rid of the tragic fate of extinction now.
In the first year of Xingyuan (784), Tang Dezong returned to the capital Chang 'an; In the first year of Zhenyuan (785), the San Francisco Rebellion generally ended. However, the Tubo regime, which rose on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at this time, seized towns in Hexi and coveted Chang 'an, Tang Dou since the 14th year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (755). In the early days of Dezong, Tubo captured Guazhou (now Anxi, Gansu) and Shazhou (now Dunhuang, Gansu). In 783, in the fourth year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhang Yi, the envoy of Longyou Province, and Tibetan businessmen praised the alliance in Qingshui (now Qingshui, Gansu). Soon, Tubo brazenly attacked Jing (now Pingliang, Gansu), Long (now Longxian, Shaanxi), Jin (now Binxian, Shaanxi), Ning (now Ningxian, Gansu), Yanjiang (now Dingbian, Shaanxi), Xia (now Nanbaichengzi, Wushen Banner, Inner Mongolia), Yin (now southeast of Yulin, Shaanxi) and Lin (now Shenmu North, Shaanxi). Later, the war between Tang and Fan was uncertain, and the relationship was loose and tight.
In order to resist the military pressure caused by the powerful Tubo regime on the western frontier of the Tang Dynasty, Tang Dezong initiated a famous generation of famous Li Bi, and formulated a foreign policy of "Northern Uighur, Nantong Yunnan (Nanzhao), Western food, Tianzhu", which was implemented immediately after the domestic political situation was basically stable. At the same time, the grain-rich countries maintained diplomatic relations with the Tang Dynasty for a long time. During the Tianbao Decade of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (75 1), the spheres of influence of the two countries in Central Asia were basically determined, and the maritime Silk Road trade was unprecedented. It can be said that from August of Yonghui Year (65 1), the big food countries sent envoys to pay tribute, and in September of the 14th year of Zhenyuan (798), the envoys left the Tang Dynasty for the last time to return to China. During the period of 148, there were 39 big food ambassadors who entered Chang 'an. In the 11th year of Tianbao in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (752), Xie Duo Jumi sent an envoy to Tang for the first time, and the Tang Dynasty awarded him the title of "General Sargingo, a member of the Guards". In the 14th year of Zhenyuan (798), "Eating in black" made the envoy include gizzard, black-bone chicken (one is a kind of chicken) and Sabi (the other is a kind of shabei). However, in the existing official documents of the Tang Dynasty, there is no exact record that the Tang Dynasty officially sent envoys to the West. Therefore, the records about Yang and his party's voyages to the West are precious. At that time, Yang, who was over 50 years old, personally led a mission, carrying judges, letters and letters as messengers, and went to South Asia and the Middle East countries along the Indian Ocean by sea. His political purpose is obviously to open up an "international United front" with Arab and Indian countries to fight against the newly rising Tubo dynasty. The result of his mission, as recorded in "Biography of the Great Food in the New Tang Dynasty": "In Zhenyuan, (Great Food in Black) and Tubo were strong enemies, and most of the Fanbing soldiers were Western-style, rarely attacked by the frontier fortress, and their troops were insufficient. "It can be seen that the diplomatic activities of this trip to the West have been quite effective. According to the famous geographer Jan Jia Dan (730-805). In the ninth year of Zhenyuan, he served as a right servant and took charge of books and chapters. According to relevant records, the route to Tieta City (now Baghdad, Iraq), the capital of the black food country, should be from the South China Sea in Guangzhou, south along the South China Sea, first to Mentougou (now Kunlun Ocean in the east and west), then to Guwa (once said to be true), and then to the Strait (now Singapore Strait). Pass through hundreds of countries such as Tianzhu (now India), reach the Flary River (now Euphrates River in Iraq), take a boat north to Moruo (now Basra Town in Iraq), and then travel thousands of miles to the northwest to reach the city that binds the king of Maomen (see Geography of New Tang Book for details). Similarly, in the middle and late 9th century A.D., the story of provincial roads written by Arab geographer Kudat Ba (about 820 or 830-9 12) also recorded in detail the navigation and trade from a big food-eating country to Guangzhou () (see Zhang's Collection of Historical Materials on Chinese and Western Communications, Volume II, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company 65438).
It should be pointed out that Jia Dan used to be the secretary of crack hon temple, responsible for the reception of barbarian guests, and later served as the official post of Right Servant Shooter, Tong Zhongshu and Ping Zhang. It is reported that he likes national geographic knowledge very much. In his later years, he often asked the envoys of Siyi and the envoys who visited Siyi about Daoli folk customs and wrote them in his own works. The sea journey from Guangzhou to Dashi recorded by him is very detailed, and the original materials taken should come from the personal experience of Yang and his party. According to the textual research of Zhang's Compilation of Chinese and Western Traffic Historical Materials, many country names and water names recorded by Jia Dan are quite consistent with those recorded by Arabs. "This is enough to show that what he saw was heard from Arabs." In my humble opinion, Arabs are familiar with the sea route from Dashi to China, but the sea route recorded by Jia Dan here from the Indian Ocean to Tieda, the capital of Heishi, is more like Yang's voyage log to the western regions. Traditionally, after returning to China, he will make a detailed report to the court. Because of his position, it is reasonable for Jia Dan to know this information and write it in the book. Therefore, Jia Dan is to Yang Liangyao what Roche Shenu is to the traveler Kyle Poirot.
After returning to China, Yang was prized for his outstanding achievements. In the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796), it was added as traditional Chinese medicine and remained unchanged. /kloc-in the spring of 0/4 (798), he was specially appointed to preside over the restoration of the mausoleum of the first emperor. Yang "stayed up all night, and the sun and the moon were lazy. Do not change the system, save money and effort. " Gifts include purple fish bag, verdict, cockroach and so on. , and added a green cockroach. "It's not a case, it's special." Later, all funeral matters were entrusted to your prince, who was cared for by Tang Dezong's sacred feelings, to plan and handle. Because of his great contribution, he was awarded "too much gold and silk for discipline." In the 15th year of Zhenyuan (799), Wu Shaocheng in the west of Huai River rebelled, "plundering Yangzhai (now Yuxian, Henan Province), forcing Xuzhou (now Xuchang, Henan Province), Youzhou (now Linru, Henan Province), and (now Luoyang, Henan Province) to panic, and being forced to send 200,000 troops. The Xia and Sui Dynasties made Han Lingbing, counterinsurgency, and the ruling and opposition parties did not agree. Sure enough, due to Korea's improper command, he was ordered to preside over the military. He appeased the people and sent people to spy on the enemy. " Re-inviting the city to gather the valley, trimming the armor and managing the soldiers, using simple and slow measures, without the help of the sun and the moon, turning cowardice into courage and health, and turning barriers into golden soup. "It took a short time to immediately quell the rebellion in the buffer region. In the Yongzhenyuan period of Tang Shunzong (805), the ordinary campaign won the final victory. In the first month of this year, Yang led the right army to a private battle with his officials. At this point, he has accumulated long-term prestige and made great contributions, becoming a very important official in Tang Shunzong.