"Zuo Zhuan" is said to have been written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of the State of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
Sima Qian first believed that "Zuo Zhuan" was written by Zuo Qiu Ming. Later Liu Xiang, Pei Peng, Liu Xin, Huan Tan, and Ban Gu all attributed Zuo Qiu Ming to Zuo Qiu Ming.
Liu Zhiji of the Tang Dynasty's "Shi Tong·Six Family" also said: "The heirs of the Zuo family first came from Zuo Qiuming.
"Ji Yun of the Qing Dynasty was in However, it is still believed to be written by Zuo Qiuming in the "General Catalog of Sikuquanshu".
Zhao Kuang of the Tang Dynasty first suspected that "Zuo Zhuan" was not written by Zuo Qiuming.
Since then, many scholars have also been skeptical.
Many people believe that the Zuo family who wrote "Zuo Zhuan" was not Zuo Qiuming.
Ye Mengde believed that the author was from the Warring States Period; Zheng Qiao's "Six Classics Secret Theory" believed that he was from the Chu State during the Warring States Period; Zhu Xi believed that the author was from the Chu Zuo Shi Yixiang; Xiang Anshi believed that it was from the Wei State. ;Cheng Duanxue thought it was a fake book.
Hao Jing of the Ming Dynasty thought he was from Jin.
Liu Fenglu's "Textual Research on Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals" believed that it was written by Liu Xin, and said that "Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals" is a history book similar to "Yanzi's Spring and Autumn Annals".
Kang Youwei also believed that it was done by Liu Xin.
Qian Mu pointed out in "Chronology of Liu Xiangxin and His Son" that it could not be Liu Xin's work.
Qian Mu and Zhang Taiyan believed that the writing of "Zuo Zhuan" was related to Wu Qi, a member of the Zuo family of Wei State, and was even written by Wu Qi. Today's children's book industry also believes that it was written by Wu Qi. Guo Moruo also advocated that "Zuo Zhuan" was written in Wu Qi.
Zhao Guangxian believes that it was made by Zuo, a native of Lu during the Warring States Period.
Wei Juxian believes that the author of "Zuo Zhuan" is Zixia.
It is now generally believed that "Zuo Zhuan" was not written by one person at a time. It was written between about 375 BC and 351 BC (the middle period of the Warring States Period). It was compiled by some scholars during the Warring States Period. Cui Shu advocated that " He is not far away from Ding and Ming, so he cannot be considered a descendant of the Warring States Period."
The main part of the historical materials may have been originally written by Zuo Qiuming.
After the "Zuo Zhuan" collected by Zhejiang University was announced, the age of the "Zuo Zhuan" was not resolved. Instead, it triggered a multi-party war of words on the authenticity of the bamboo slips collected by Zhejiang University.
Introduction
"The Spring and Autumn Annals" (The Spring and Autumn Annals), formerly known as "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Zuo Family", was also known as "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Zuo Family" and "The Spring and Autumn Annals" during the Han Dynasty. "Zuo Zhuan" was more commonly known as "Zuo Zhuan" after the Han Dynasty.
"Zuo Zhuan" is said to be a history book written by Zuo Qiuming of Lu State in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Together with "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Zhuan", it is collectively known as the "Three Biography of Spring and Autumn Period". ".
It is China's first chronological history book with a detailed narrative, and it is also an outstanding masterpiece of historical prose.
***Thirty-five volumes, it is one of the Confucian classics and the longest among the Thirteen Classics. It is listed as a classic in Sikuquanshu.
The description ranges from 722 BC (the first year of Lu Yin) to 468 BC (the 27th year of Lu Aigong).
Extended information:
1. The relationship between Spring and Autumn Period and Zuo Zhuan
"Zuo Zhuan" is based on "Spring and Autumn" and adopts "Zhou Zhi", "Zuo Zhuan" and "Zuo Zhuan". Materials from various countries such as "Jin Cheng", "Zheng Shu", "Chu Chu" and so on explain the outline of "Spring and Autumn" by describing the specific historical facts of the Spring and Autumn Period.
Sima Qian's "Historical Records: Chronology of the Twelve Princes" said: "Zuo Qiu Ming, a gentleman of Lu, was afraid that all of his disciples would be heresy, and each would settle for his own ideas and lose his truth. Therefore, because Confucius' historical records specifically discussed his words, it became "Zuo's Spring and Autumn Period"
Huan Tan's "New Theory" further believes: "The "Zuo's" sutra and biography are like the appearance and interior of clothes. You can't know it after ten years of thinking.
"Yang Bojun concluded in his article "Zuo Zhuan" that there are four ways in which "Zuo Zhuan" transmits "Chun Qiu": namely, "explaining the calligraphy and usage of "Chun Qiu". It supplements "Chun Qiu" with facts, corrects errors in "Chun Qiu" and adds unscripted texts."
There is another view that "Zuo Zhuan" is an independent history book and is not directly related to "Chun Qiu". According to the connection, Dr. Jin Wenjing of the Western Han Dynasty "called Zuo Shi" as "Chun Qiu".
Wang Jie, a native of Jin Dynasty, said: "Jie often said that "Zuo Shi" is rich in words and meanings. It is naturally a family book, not mainly for the development of scriptures; "Gongyang" is attached with scriptures and biographies, and the scriptures are not written. , Don't preach rashly, be frugal in writing, and be knowledgeable in the classics."
Chen Shang said: "Confucius wrote the classics, praised good and evil, and had clear categories and examples, and Zuo Qiu Ming was a Lu. History, describing current affairs...the sun is connected with the moon...it is not a sacred word of support, but is based on the scriptures, and it is the same as Taishi's. "Book", "Book of Changes" and so on; Qiu Ming should be listed with Sima Qian, Ban Gu and so on."
Liu Fenglu and Pi Xirui of the Qing Dynasty both believed that "Zuo Zhuan" was an independent work. According to historical records, Pi Xirui fully affirmed Wang Jiezhi's theory in "General Theory of Confucian Classics: Spring and Autumn Period" and quoted Zhuang Gong's "Biography" in the 26th year: "In autumn, Guo people invaded Jin.
In winter, Guo people invaded Jin. People invaded Jin again.
"Du Yu's "Jijie" says: "In this year, the "Jing" and "Zhuan" each talked about their affairs. The slips are scattered, and the origin is not studied, so the "Zhuan" does not explain it, but just talks about it."
"Zuo Zhuan" contains a lot of explanatory content, such as "Junzi said" and " "Fifty Extraordinary" etc., but these are obviously traces of processing, and most of them are not integrated with the text.
Lin Li from the Song Dynasty said: "Everything that a gentleman says in Zuozhuan is Liu Xin's words.
"Some scriptures in "Spring and Autumn" do not have corresponding "Zuo Zhuan" texts, such as "Spring and Autumn Period, the Second Year of Yin Gong": "In the second month of the twelfth month of the twelfth month, Mrs. Zi passed away.
" Du Xuan's note: "No biography."
"Zuo Zhuan" There is no corresponding "Spring and Autumn" text in the biography, for example, "Zuo Zhuan·Xiangong Fifteenth Year": "(Winter) Zheng Gong's grandson Xia Rujin went to the funeral, and Zizhong was buried.
"This article has no corresponding text. "Spring and Autumn" scriptures.
There are also those who think that "The Classics" and "Zhuan" are different" and "the "Jing" is followed by "Zhuan".
2. Historiographic status
Wang Jie, a native of Jin Dynasty, said: ""Zuo Shi" is rich in rhetoric and meaning, and it is naturally a family book, not mainly for the development of classics.
< p> "Zuo Zhuan" represents the highest achievement of Pre-Qin historiography. He Xun evaluated it as "Zuo's Biography is the ultimate in history, with literary grace like clouds and moons, and as profound as mountains and seas. It is the best way to study the history of Pre-Qin and the Spring and Autumn Period." An important document that had a great influence on later historiography, especially in establishing the status of chronicle history books.And because it has a strong Confucian ideological tendency, it emphasizes hierarchical order and patriarchal ethics. , attaches great importance to the distinction between seniority and inferiority, and also shows the "people-oriented" thinking. Therefore, it is also an important historical material for the study of Pre-Qin Confucianism.
"Zuo Zhuan" mainly records the decline of the Zhou royal family and the struggle for hegemony among the princes. The history includes descriptions and comments on various etiquette norms, laws and regulations, social customs, ethnic relations, moral concepts, astronomy and geography, calendar seasons, ancient documents, myths and legends,
songs and rumors
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"Zuo Zhuan" is good at predictions, and some predictions are very effective. For example, in the 22nd year of Duke Zhuang, it was recorded that Yi, the official of the Chen State, had a divination to marry a daughter to Chen Wan, the son of the Chen State. After that, "Mo Zhi and Jing", Chen Wan's descendants became increasingly powerful in Qi until the Tian family replaced Qi.
"Zuo Zhuan" can also assert that Zheng died first.
Jin Fan Ning commented on the characteristics of the three biographies of "Spring and Autumn" and said: ""Zuo Shi" is beautiful and rich, and its loss is also witchcraft (referring to the many stories about ghosts and gods).
"Gu Liang" is clear and graceful, and its loss is also short.
"Gongyang" is debated and judged, and its loss is also vulgar.
"Han Yu said: "The Spring and Autumn Annals are rigorous, while the Zuo Shi is exaggerated."
"Zuo Zhuan" has been circulated in the Western Han Dynasty, and Wang Mang himself was fond of "Zuo Zhuan" , and established academic officials. Famous scholars include Chen Yuan, Zheng Zhong, Jia Kui, Ma Rong, Yan Du, Peng Zhongbo and others.
Du Yu in the Jin Dynasty claimed to have "Zuo Chuanqi". p>
Sima Guang loved "Zuo Zhuan" since he was a child. "From childhood to old age, I never got tired of it." He often "could not let go of the book, and he did not know hunger, thirst, cold or heat." Sima Guang wrote "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", It is also the successor of "Zuo Zhuan" "because of the chronicle style of Qiu Ming, imitating Xun Yue's concise prose"
Zhang Binglin said: "Those who can comment on Tongjian are written by Chen Guang." The conclusion is that this is an example of what the gentleman said in "Zuo Zhuan".