1. To know a person's name, font size, age, place of origin and simple life, please refer to China Personal Names Dictionary. The book is rich in content and has collected more than 40,000 people from ancient times to the late Qing Dynasty. After 192 1 Commercial Press was published, 1949 was printed in the ninth edition, and 1958 was photocopied again, which shows that it is very useful. However, it also has many shortcomings, such as outdated views, failure to indicate the date of birth and death of characters and the source of biographies, and some materials are inaccurate, which deserves attention when using.
Because big dictionaries are arranged according to the strokes of surnames, there are too many people with the same surnames, which is quite inconvenient to look up. Therefore, the Commercial Press compiled a four-corner number "China Personal Names Dictionary Index" at the back of the book 1934, and there are also singles for readers to use.
In addition, some famous historical figures can also be found in Ci Hai.
2. China has a long history, and there are many people with the same name and surname, which is easy to be confused. To solve this problem, we can look up the dictionary of ancient and modern times with the same name 1934 edited by Peng and published by Beiping Bookstore. This book is compiled according to the Bibliography of the Same Surname in Ancient and Modern Times by Emperor Liang Yuan, the Bibliography of the Same Surname in Echoes, the Bibliography of the Same Surname in Chenba, the Bibliography of the Same Surname in Liu Changhua in Past Dynasties, and Wang Huizu's A Brief Account of the Same Surname in Nine History. Fifty-six thousand seven hundred people, arranged by surname strokes.
193 1 Harvard Yanjing Society has compiled a special index for Liu Changhua's Table of the Same Surnames in Past Dynasties: Introduction to the Table of the Same Surnames in Past Dynasties, which can be used to quickly find the names recorded in Liu Shu.
3. If you mainly want to know the date of birth and death of characters, you can check Jiang Liangfu's Biography of Monuments to Figures of Past Dynasties. The book was originally named "Monuments to Celebrities in Past Dynasties", published by the Commercial Press, 1937. The collected materials include Qian Daxin's Records of Suspicious Years, Wu Xiu's Records of Suspicious Years, Qian Jiaobu's Records of Suspicious Years, Lu Xinyuan's Records of Suspicious Years, Zhang Mingke's Records of Suspicious Years, Min Erchang's Records of Suspicious Years and Wu Rongguang's Records of Suspicious Years. After liberation, the author corrected mistakes, supplemented omissions, eliminated miscellaneous materials and supplemented some new materials. Zhonghua Book Company reprinted it and changed its name on 1959. There are about12,000 people who died from the end of the Spring and Autumn Period to19 years ago in the book, which are arranged in order of date of birth, and there is an index of names and strokes at the end. Because the references in this book are unreliable, there are omissions and mistakes in the dates of birth and death of some characters, but it is still a useful reference book on the whole. There is a famous monk in the old general's list, which was deleted when it was reprinted. Therefore, if you want to check the birth and death years of Buddhists, you can check Chen Yuan's Chronicle of Explaining Doubts (Zhonghua Book Company 1964 Edition). This book is compiled according to more than 700 Buddhist classics, biographies of monks and quotations, with reference to various anthologies, local chronicles and inscriptions. Including 2800 people who have been tested for many years from the Jin Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty. At the end of the book, there is an overview of the Buddhist names of monks. It is an important reference book for studying the deeds of monks in past dynasties, including names, places of origin, dates of birth and death, etc.
4. To study historical figures, we need to find more detailed biographical materials. The "Compilation" column of the Comprehensive Table of Monuments to Historical Figures indicates the source of biographies. Although there are some mistakes and omissions, we can further consult the original materials according to this clue. In addition, you can consult the biographies of historical books through the Index of the Names of Twenty-five Historians.
Wang Huizu of A Qing compiled the names in Twenty-four Histories into Rhyme of Historical Surnames, which attracted great attention from academic circles at that time. However, because the collection is limited to 24 histories, and does not contain the names of emperors, queens and descendants of other nationalities, and it still has rhyme, it is very inconvenient to check. Therefore, the Twenty-Five History Publishing Committee collects historical records, such as Hanshu, Houhanshu, The History of the Three Kingdoms, Jinshu, Songshu, Nanqi Shu, Liang Shu, Chenshu, Wei Shu, Beiqi Shu, Zhoushu, Sui Shu Shu, and so on. In addition, Biography of Twenty-four Historians compiled by Liang Qixiong and others published by Zhonghua Book Company 1936 is also acceptable, but this book is not as convenient as the Index of Names of Twenty-five Historians.
The most detailed record of a character's life activities is the chronicle.
Which characters have chronicles to read? Generally speaking, all major libraries have bibliographies. After liberation, as a separate bibliography, Hangzhou University published the Collection of Figures of Past Dynasties. This book was printed in print on 1962, and contains about 1800 kinds of chronologies for reference. However, according to Zhao's use of China's reference books, Wang Shu compiled the Chronicle Collection of Celebrities in Past Dynasties in China (manuscript), which included 22 14 kinds of chronicles. It can be seen that there are still many bibliographies lost in Hangda University. In addition, you can consult Li Shitao's Catalogue of Chronicles (Shanghai Zhonghua Book Company, 1936 edition) and Liang Tingcan's Textual Research on Chronicles (Volume III, No.1 to No.5, Beiping Library Monthly, June, 1929).
Second, search for people according to times or regions.
In addition to the above-mentioned commonly used reference books, we can also determine the age and geographical scope of the characters and try to search with other reference books.
1. The figures in the pre-Qin period can be found in Annotations to Historical Records (Yan No.40, published in 1947), Index of Names of Historical Records compiled by Zhong Hua (published by Zhonghua Book Company 1977), and List of Ancient and Modern Figures in Hanshu by Ban Gu.
The part about names in Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi can be used to retrieve names from pre-Qin to early Western Han Dynasty. The Index of Names of Historical Records is compiled according to the proofreading edition of Historical Records published by Zhonghua Book Company 1959, with names or used titles as the main purpose, and other titles such as aliases, characters, numbers, titles, posthumous title and posthumous title. As a reference item, you can look up from different names, that is, you can look up the names of historical records, that is, you can look up people from pre-Qin to early Han Dynasty.
Textual research on ancient and modern people's tables in Qing Dynasty, Cai Yun's and Zhai's Textual research on correcting ancient and modern people's tables can be used as reference when consulting ancient and modern people's tables. In addition, Hong Wen Pavilion (version 1935) in the place name index of Zuozhuan can also be used to find the pre-Qin figures in Zuozhuan.
2. Regarding the figures in the Han Dynasty, we can find Fu Shan's Rhyme of Names in the Han Dynasty (Shaanxi Edition) and Zhuang's Rhyme of Names in the Han Dynasty (Commercial Press, 1935 Edition). The former book is a biographical index of the Second Biography of Han Dynasty, while the latter book is a compilation of the names mentioned in the Second Biography of Han Dynasty, and there is no special biography. In addition, The Comprehensive Citation and Supplementary Notes of Han History and The Comprehensive Citation and Annotation of Later Han Books compiled by yenching university Compilation Department are also famous.
Recently, Zhonghua Book Company published the Index of Names in the Later Han Dynasty edited by Li Yumin, numbered 1979. This series is compiled according to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty published by 1965, and includes the names of the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms (Wei Shuwu) and the Jin Dynasty. Names before the Han Dynasty, biographical or of great value, are also included. This is a particularly important reference book for tracing people in Han Dynasty. Because this book is based on the twenty-four histories of Xindian School, it is convenient to use, and I hope to pay special attention to it.
3. The figures of the Sui Dynasty in the Sanjin Dynasty can be consulted and compiled in the Directory of the Figures of the Three Kingdoms (Commercial Press 1956 Edition), the Index of the Names of Jin Books (Zhonghua Book Company 1977 Edition) and the Index of the Names of Sui Shu (Zhonghua Book Company 1977 Edition).
Lu Bi's Collection of the Records of the Three Kingdoms added a small note: "Or, there is no solution to this sentence, and there is a mistake in doubt." Due to misunderstanding, Sun Gui didn't mark names in Selected Annals of the Three Kingdoms and New Punctuated Annals of the Three Kingdoms. However, Sun Gui was not found in China Dictionary of Names and Index of Names of Twenty-five Historians. I still don't know what Sun Gui is talking about. Only when I checked the catalogue of the Three Kingdoms did I know that Sun Gui was really a person's name. In addition to the biography of Lu Meng, there are also stories in the biography of Sun Quan. There are some words in this biography, such as "I sent Monroe to command Xi 'an Yudan, Xu Zhong, Sun Gui and other 20,000 soldiers, taking Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang counties". I knew at a glance that Sun Gui was General Wu Dong, so the Selected Annals of the Three Kingdoms and the new punctuation book The History of the Three Kingdoms were punctuated here. It can be seen that "The Biography of Monroe" did not indicate the name of the person, which is obviously an accidental negligence of Lu Zhu. Because the catalogue of the Three Kingdoms is an index, it is natural to merge two entries about Sun Gui in the compilation process, which can avoid the above mistakes.
Through these twists and turns, we can further understand the importance of this reference book by reading the publication instructions of the Catalogue of the Three Kingdoms. Originally, the Three Kingdoms part of the Index of Twenty-five Historians' Names was limited to Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms, and only biographies and drawings were collected. In addition to biographies and drawings, The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms also includes all the names mentioned in the article, and even the names in Pei Songzhi's notes, while Pei Songzhi's notes are several times more than Chen's, so the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms must be used. Lao Yanda's "A Brief Introduction to the Notes on the Three Kingdoms" comprehensively compares the names of people, places and officials in Pei's notes, and contains a lot of words. There are also two sources about Sun Gui, which shows that its uses are as wide as the catalogue of the Three Kingdoms. From this, we can also infer the usefulness of the above three quotations from historians and Koreans, and the names they receive are far more than those in the Index of Names of Twenty-five Historians, which deserves attention.
The Index of Names in the Book of Jin was compiled according to the Book of Jin published in June 1974 1 1, which collected the names of Jin Dynasty (including sixteen countries), Three Kingdoms () and Liu Song Dynasties. However, ancient names related to the Jin lineage are still included. Other ancient people mentioned in the book are not included. This index focuses on names or common appellations, and other appellations, such as people, numbers, posthumous title, official names, titles and posthumous title, are attached. In order to facilitate the search from various names, all synonyms are listed separately in the comments after the main item. The book is arranged according to the four-corner dictionary, with a stroke dictionary for easy reference.
The Toponymic Index of Sui Shu was compiled according to Sui Shu published in 1973. The book contains the names of Sui Dynasty, Southern Dynasty (Song Qi Liang Chen), Northern Dynasty (Northern Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou) and people who entered the Tang Dynasty. The names of people who can be traced back to the Sui Dynasty in Ji Zhong Chuan are not subject to this restriction, but they are still included. Other ancient people mentioned in the book are not included. However, the names of the authors in Sui Shu Economic Annals are generally recognized.
In addition, the Index of Names of New and Old Five Dynasties Historians is being printed by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and will be published soon. The above two books provide convenience for the investigation of figures in Sui and Five Dynasties.
4. For the main figures in Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, please refer to the comprehensive introduction of 47 biographies of Song people and 30 biographies of Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties edited by yenching university and photocopied by Zhonghua Book Company 1959.
Forty-seven biographies in Song Dynasty and thirty biographies in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties all provide important clues for finding biographies of ancient people. Because the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties crossed in time, some characters extracted from the biographies of Song people can also be found in the biographies of Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. These two books complement each other.
The Song Dynasty and the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties attracted the adoption of some non-biographical books, such as Tong Jiu, Wan Bian Jiu Hua, Song Dynasty Banknotes, Chronicle of Northern Song Dynasty, Chronicle of Southern Song Dynasty, Chronicle of Liao Poetry, Chronicle of Liao Officials, Chronicle of Liao Fangzhen and Selected Songs of Yuan Dynasty. There is something wrong with style, but as far as characters are concerned, the more information, the better, which is not too big a shortcoming; On the contrary, there are still many records about characters in poems and notes, and biographies are not used for stylistic reasons. Therefore, if you want to fully understand the life story of a historical figure, you cannot be satisfied with the clues pointed out in the introduction. In Japan, Meiyuan Yu and Yichuanqiang collected biographical data of 3,200 people (including poems, epitaphs and tombstones) from 132 Song Dynasty documents, and compiled the Biographical Index of Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties in stroke order (Institute of Humanities, Kyoto University, 1972 edition). Zhu collected biographical data of 3,949 people from 33 local records of Song and Yuan Dynasties. In addition, the figures included in the official history and many biographical materials are generally national celebrities, while those who are not included are often found in anthologies and local chronicles. Here I will focus on the role of local chronicles. For example, there is an article called Xie in Li Zhi's Burning Books, such as China's Dictionary of Names, Index of Family Names of Twenty-five Historians, and Comprehensive Introduction to Biographies of Eighty-nine Ming People. In recent years, according to Li Zhi's activities before his death, it was finally found in Macheng County Records that Liu Xie was a scholar in Xinwei, Qin Long, and served as a magistrate in Yugan. Another example is that someone collated and studied Lin Zexu's historical materials and saw a man named Li, who was very close to Lin's letters. However, he only knew that this man had been an official in Yunnan. In order to further understand his situation, he couldn't find the Dictionary of China's Names, A Comprehensive Introduction to Thirty-three Biographies of Qing Dynasty, and A General Examination of Inscriptions in Qing Dynasty. Only by looking up Yunnan Tongzhi did I know that Li was from Jiangxi. If we look up the relevant government records and county records according to this clue, we will have more detailed materials. Such examples are too numerous to mention.
There are few local chronicles in Song and Yuan Dynasties. You can find Zhu's Biographical Index of Local Chronicles in Song and Yuan Dynasties. There are more than 800 local chronicles in the Ming Dynasty, more than 5,000 in the Qing Dynasty and more than 0/000 in the Republic of China. It is too big to edit biographies or other special indexes. Therefore, in order to find people from the local chronicles since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, we can only predict the birthplace of Taoist priests (including the main activity areas before their death) and then consult relevant local chronicles. Zhu's Index of Names of Wu County Records (version 1939) is the first index of names of local chronicles in China. 1934, when the Commercial Press photocopied the local chronicles of Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan and Guangdong provinces, a four-corner index was attached to the back of the book, including the names of people, which can be used to check the people in the above areas.
By the way, this is also one of the effective ways to find people by region. In addition to the records of provinces, prefectures, counties, towns and villages, there are also special books on local characters, such as Hebei Province, which can be found in Sun Qifeng's Textual Research on Jifu Characters. Xu Shichang's Biography of Great Qing Jifu Sages; In Henan province, you can check Sun Qifeng's Textual Research on Zhongzhou Characters. In Zhejiang, we can find Xu's Who's Who in Zhejiang. Guangdong province, you can look for Ou Daren's Chronicle of Hundred Legends and so on, so I won't list them one by one here.
In addition, Japanese Meiyuan compiled the Index of Names Compiled by a Long Mirror (Kyoto Tongpeng Association 1978 Edition), Ruocheng Hisajiro compiled the Index of Liao History (Kyoto Institute of Oriental Culture 1937 Edition), and Onogawa Xiumei compiled the Lexical Integration of Jin History (Kyoto University Institute of Humanities 1960 Edition)
5. Ming and Qing figures.
For the Ming Dynasty, you can check the Comprehensive Introduction to Eighty-nine Biographies of Ming History photocopied by Zhonghua Book Company 1959; There are many reference books in the Qing Dynasty, among which Thirty-three Biographies of the Qing Dynasty (1959) photocopied by Zhonghua Book Company and A General Examination of the Monuments of the Qing Dynasty (1959) edited by Chen Naigan and published by Zhonghua Book Company are the most important.
Two kinds of quotations in Ming and Qing Dynasties are important reference books for studying the figures in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The biographies of the Ming Dynasty were occasionally neglected in arrangement; In Qing dynasty, only the real name was recorded, but the font size was not listed, which was different from before and was a great shortcoming.
An Overview of Qing Dynasty Monument Biography has collected 1025 kinds of related collections, including the name of the monument owner, font size, native place, date of birth and death, the author of the monument biography, the title of the book, the number of volumes, etc., and arranged them according to the names and strokes of the monument owner. Anyone who died after the Ming Dynasty 1644 (Chongzhen 17) and lived before Modern191year (three years after Xuantong) will be paid. If a person has two names or changes his name, a synonym test will be conducted in the appendix; If several people recite it, but the outlook on life and death contained in it is different from each other, it is a textual research on the outlook on life and death. In a word, this is a very useful reference book for studying historical materials and investigating figures in the Qing Dynasty. A comprehensive introduction to Thirty-three Biographies of the Qing Dynasty can be used as a reference.
In addition, there are many reference books that can directly find biographies of people, such as Cai Gaiyin Edition and 700 Biographies of Celebrities in Qing Dynasty published by World Bookstore 1937 Edition, so I won't introduce them one by one here.
6. From modern times to the early days of liberation, you can check the biographies and dictionaries of names in the Collection of Historical Materials of the Republic of China compiled by the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biographies are about 1000 people, dictionaries of names are about 4,000 to 5,000 people, and there are some lists of people.
Biographies and Writings of Modern Writers in China (printed version 1964), edited by Zheng Yunbo and Wei Yunqing of Xuzhou Normal University, collects biographies and life works of 239 modern writers, which is very convenient to find. In addition, the picture book of celebrities in the Republic of China, edited by Shigeo Hashikawa, was published by China Law Publishing House 1940, the Dictionary of Contemporary China Celebrities edited by Ren Jiayao, edited by Fan, and published by Oriental Bookstore 1947.
Third, search for numbers by identity and occupation
According to their status and occupation, people can be divided into two categories: one is the reference books of emperors, ministers, imperial examinations, etc., mainly including Chronicles of Emperors (published by Shanghai Xinya Bookstore 1954), Chronicles of Emperors (four standby editions) and Chronicles of Fangzhen in Past Dynasties compiled by Wu. An Introduction to the Genealogy of Prime Ministers in the New Tang Dynasty (version 1934) was compiled by Yanda Yindu Compilation Department, and Chronology of Generals and Ministers in Various Regions in Qing Dynasty was compiled by Zhang Bofeng (1796-19165438) (1965). Chronology of Important Officials in Qing Dynasty (published by Beijing Zhonghua Book Company 1959), Chronology of Newly Established Officials in Qing Dynasty (published by Beijing Zhonghua Book Company 196 1 year) and Chronology of Officials in Seventeen Years after Xinhai (published by Beijing Zhonghua Book Company1999)
The other is to consult the reference books of some scholars and artists. There are mainly Pan Nianzhi's Dictionary of Thinkers (World Bookstore 1933 edition), Tan Zhengbi's Dictionary of China Writers (Wei Publishing House 1934 edition), China Writers' Dictionary of North Language Institute (1978 edition), and Deng's Editor-in-Chief's Index of Song and Yuan Learning Cases (. Ruan Yuan, Luo Shilin, Zhu Kebao and Hua Shifang. , edited forty-six volumes of Biography of Domain People, six volumes, three volumes and seven volumes of modern domain people's writings, 1 volume (published by Sanlian Bookstore 1955), four volumes of Biography of Domain People edited by Huang, 1 1 volume (/kloc-0 In 948, Zhu Zhuyun compiled the Dictionary of Painters' Names before Tang Dynasty (Beijing People's Fine Arts Publishing House 19 1 Edition) and the Dictionary of Painters' Names in Tang and Song Dynasties (Beijing China Classical Art Publishing House 1958 Edition). In addition, Guo Weiqu's Chronology of Painters and Calligraphers in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (Beijing China Classical Art Publishing House, 1958 edition), Xu Bangda's Chronology of Paintings and Calligraphy in Past Dynasties (Shanghai People's Fine Arts Publishing House, 1963 edition) and Fu Baoshi's Chronology of China Fine Arts (Commercial Press,/kloc-).
Huang Zongxi, an outstanding scholar and thinker in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, wrote a 62-volume case of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty, listing the lives and academic thoughts of more than 200 scholars of the Ming Dynasty 19 schools. This is China's first relatively complete history of academic thought. After the case of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty, the case of learning in the Song and Yuan Dynasties was written, each with its own "table", and he knew the origin of teachers and friends and the tributaries of various factions like the back of his hand. After each case, there is an "appendix", which widely collects the positive and negative comments of people at that time and later generations, and seems to be an improvement over the compilation of Confucian cases in the Ming Dynasty. Unfortunately, Huang Zongxi died before he finished writing. Later, part of it was written by his son Bai Jia, but it was mainly written in full. The book 100 volume, including 9 1 case studies, has been described by more than 2,000 scholars. Qingjiang Fan wrote The History of Sinologists and The Origin of Song Xueyuan, and Tang Jian wrote The Case of Qing Dynasty, which are collectively called The Case of Qing Confucianism. Confucianism in Qing Dynasty, Confucianism in Ming Dynasty and Academic Cases in Song and Yuan Dynasties are also called Academic Cases in Four Dynasties. This is an important reference for scholars in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and readers should pay special attention to it. At present, there are two kinds of popular paperbacks of the four dynasties: the Commercial Press and the World Bookstore. In view of the fact that Confucianism in Ming Dynasty has been included in Eighty-nine Biographies of Ming History, and Confucianism in Qing Dynasty has been included in Thirty-three Biographies of Qing History, the Commercial Press published the Index of Names of Learning Cases in Song and Yuan Dynasties by Deng and Editor-in-Chief on 1936, which readers can refer to separately. In addition, the fourth volume of World Bookstore is attached with the Index of the Names of Four Dynasties' Learning Cases compiled by Zhang Mingren. More than 200 volumes contain biographies and more than 3,000 scholars, which are also published as 1936 for easy retrieval.
Biography of People in the Domain contains the biographies of 400 astronomical mathematicians (52 westerners in Appendix) from the time of ancient legends in China to the end of Qing Dynasty. Other books, such as Biography of Scientific and Technological Inventors compiled by the Institute of Natural Science History of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing No.1 Machine Tool Works (Beijing People's Publishing House, 1978 edition), and Biography of Chinese and Foreign Scientists (Heilongjiang People's Publishing House, 1979 edition), are all useful reference books for searching biographies of scientists.
The four biographies of the Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties reprinted by Zhonghua Book Company all lead to the biographies already included (see the previous table) to avoid repetition.
The Chronicle of Jin Cai's Poems, edited by Jin Cai and published by Yanjing Harvard Press 1937, is a practical reference book for searching the information of bibliophiles in past dynasties.
Ye's Bibliographic Poems collected the data of more than 1000 bibliophiles from the Five Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty. The Chronicle Poems of Books Collected by Lun Ming since 19 1 1 is the sequel to Ye Shu. Ind arranges the relevant items in the above two books according to Chinese characters, focusing on names, dynasties, font sizes, places of origin, house names, seals and handwriting, proofreading and engraving the titles, and then noting the source; Take the font size, room name, etc. As an end, only remember the main purpose to which it belongs, not the source. If you can't find Chinese characters, there is also a stroke index to look up.
Jin Cai reprinted, Harvard Yanjing Society 194 1 Printed A Brief Introduction to Poets in the Han, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, edited by Li Shuchun, 193 1 Printed A Brief Introduction to Authors of Tang Poems, edited by Lin Side, and published A Brief Introduction to Authors of All Tang Poems by Shandong University Library. Yan Editing and Editing Office 1934 published "A Guide to the Authors of the Chronicle of Song Poetry" and "A Guide to the Authors of the Chronicle of Yuan Poetry", and The Catalogue and Author Index of the Chronicles of Ancient Three Dynasties, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties edited and published by Zhonghua Book Company 1965 are also useful reference books for finding ancient writers.
Fourth, from the font size, pen name and other aspects.
China people have the most complicated names: names, people, numbers, aliases, nicknames and room names. Modern writers have a variety of pen names, most of which are famous by font size or pen name, but no one cares about their real names. Most general reference books are mainly based on names with font sizes, so it is difficult to find them directly. In this way, it is necessary to have a reference book with font size and pen name as the main purpose to find the real name of the character in reverse. Therefore, the Index of Ancient and Modern People's Alias 1937 edited by Chen Deyun and published by Guangzhou Lingnan University Library, the Index of Room Names 1957 edited by Chen Naigan and reprinted by Zhonghua Book Company, and the Index of Names and Places Since the Republic of China 1977 edited and published by the Institute of Oriental Culture of Tokyo University, Japan. Jincai 1934 yenching university re-edited and published; Shang Chengzuo and Huang Hua 1960 Edited and published by People's Fine Arts Publishing House; Jiang Xingyu, editor-in-chief of The Font Index of China Painters published by Liaoyuan Publishing House1934; The Directory of Modern Writers in China, edited by Yuan and published by China Library Association 1936, and the Directory of Modern Writers in China, published by the Library of the Institute of Literature of China Academy of Sciences 1959, have become extremely useful reference books.
In addition, people in the Tang Dynasty like to be commensurate with their official ranks, such as the famous poets of the Tang Dynasty "Bai Twenty-two" and Yuan Zhen "Yuan Jiu". Travel Notes of Tang Dynasty by Cen (Zhonghua Book Company, 1962 edition) is a useful reference book for studying travel notes of Tang Dynasty.
In addition, there are reference books such as posthumous title, temple names, honorifics and historical taboos. In feudal times, after death, people were awarded a title called posthumous title according to their deeds. The emperor's obituary was discussed by the etiquette officer, and the courtiers' obituary was given by the court. According to the viewpoint of the landlord class, posthumous title has some words with specific meanings, such as "Defending Heaven and Earth, Respecting People", "Being Strong and Ruide", "Li Anmin Success", "Killing Innocent People", "Farewell at Home", "Mourning for Righteousness" and "Mourning at Home". There were private discussions in the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as the death of the Summer Palace, and various Confucian private discussions were called Xuanmingjun. Chen Biao died, and more than 30,000 people hanged themselves in the sea. * * * was appointed as Mr. Fan Wen.
Since the Han dynasty, emperors have temple names, such as a certain ancestor, a certain Sect and so on. Some emperors were named after their temples, such as "Emperor Gaozu" and "Emperor Taizong". Since the Tang Dynasty, emperors still have honorifics. These honorifics were added before or after their death. They are all words of respect and praise. For example, Nora in the Qing Dynasty was Empress Dowager Cixi, and she was honored as 16 words.
Besides, in the past, emperors and princes were afraid to call each other by their first names and needed to be avoided. There are three ways to avoid taboo: one is to change the word because of taboo; Second, empty talk; Third, lack of pens. Due to taboos, personal names, place names, official names, etc. All have been changed, which has led to some confusion in literature. It is necessary to refer to some books specializing in historical taboos to understand this common sense.
Investigation on the Death Law of Famous Officials in the Past Dynasties (Guangxu Edition), Investigation on the Death Law in the Qing Dynasty (1924 India), Four Books and Twenty-one History (1936 Basic Series of Shangguoxue) compiled by Shen Bingzhen, and Liu
V. Inspection of foreigners
Check foreign figures, including 1963 Directory of Foreign Philosophers and Social Sciences published by the editorial department of the Commercial Press, 1964 Directory of Soviet Philosophers and Social Sciences published by the Commercial Press, and 1965 Names of Modern Foreign Philosophers and Social Sciences. Zhang Yinglun, Lu, Qian and Hu Zhanzhen, editors-in-chief, Introduction and Biography of Foreign Famous Books (Volumes I and II) 1979 published by China Social Sciences Publishing House.
The Collection of Names of Modern Foreign Philosophy and Social Sciences is rich in content and extremely important. All the materials in this book are selected from and translated from the Encyclopedia of the Soviet Union published by 1950- 1958, the Encyclopedia of Britain published by 1958, and the Biography of Contemporary Americans published by 19 1 (/kloc- The Encyclopedia of Social Sciences published in the United States (66438) mainly includes thinkers and scholars in modern foreign philosophy and social sciences, as well as politicians and social activists as appropriate, as well as a few soldiers, diplomats and missionaries in capitalist countries related to the modern history of China. The figures collected are limited to people who died on or after 1870 (that is, people who died before 1870 are not collected), generally and throughout the nineteenth century, until now. This book has about 7500 entries. Due to the limitation of data sources, the numbers collected in Europe and North America are much more than those in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and the number of people who have died is much more than that in contemporary times. At the same time, because the materials are drawn from various channels, the positions and viewpoints of the materials are different, and the emphasis and details are also different, so we should pay attention to them when using them.
Several reference books published before liberation, such as Dictionary of Modern Foreigners' Names compiled by Tang et al., Shanghai Commercial Press 1933, World Names Dictionary compiled by Pan Nianzhi and Jin Yiruo, Shanghai World Bookstore 1936, World Names Dictionary compiled by Liu et al., Zhonghua Book Company 1940.
In addition, Xinhua, foreign language bookstore, 1970 edition, French name translation handbook, German name translation handbook, English name translation handbook (revised edition), Spanish name translation handbook, 1970 edition, Portuguese name translation handbook, 1973 edition. Handbook of Japanese Surnames (version 1970), Handbook of Japanese Names Translation (edited by Zhang Jinggan, Huang Jingcheng and Wang Jianming), published by Science and Technology Literature Publishing House (version 1978), and Japanese Names Dictionary edited by Shi Qun, which is divided into three volumes: Latin order, Chinese character order and names order, has been published in/kloc. The above reference books can be used for translators' reference.