What is the classical period?

Question 1: Overview of the Classical Period1In the middle of the 8th century, with the development of industrial revolution, science and technology and the impact of the French Revolution, profound changes have taken place in European society. Art is no longer just an elegant art appreciated by nobles, but the newly rising middle class has also become an audience in theaters and concert halls. Therefore, a large number of folk operas and folk vivid instrumental music have appeared. The classicism period in the history of western music is from1the middle of the 8th century to1the 1920s and 1930s. There are three classical masters in Vienna: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. Their outstanding music works and styles are called "classics" of modern European music art. The formation of classical style experienced a complicated preparation process in the early classical period. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, Europe experienced an extensive ideological revolution ―― the Enlightenment before the French Revolution, which was a cultural movement against the theocracy of the church and feudal autocracy. But its influence goes far beyond the cultural field, involving economy, politics, law, philosophy, science and even social systems and social customs. Enlightenment thinkers opposed traditional religion and advocated deism; Oppose metaphysics and advocate science and common sense knowledge; Oppose autocratic authority and privilege and advocate the slogan of freedom, equality and universal education. Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, Rousseau and other French encyclopedias are all trying to illuminate the dark and ignorant society with the brilliance of advanced philosophical and cultural knowledge. The enlightener believes that "rationality" is the basis of human thought and behavior. Boileau emphasized "conscience" or "rationality" in the classical literary theory classic "The Art of Poetry", denouncing imagination and fickle emotions. He believes that all natural things are always rational, eternal and true. A writer should love reason and never let nature go. The popular style in the Enlightenment is emotional prose, and the clarity, vividness, appropriateness, symmetry and beauty of excellent prose have become the criteria for judging other arts. In the art of music, several generations of classical masters have explored a huge form of musical artistic conception full of rationality and logic, and finally, emotions have been appropriately and satisfactorily expressed in it. The period of classicism is an era of knowledge popularization. Philosophy, science, literature and art began to face the emerging bourgeoisie and the masses. Novels and plays depict the daily life of ordinary people. Musicians have also walked out of the gate of the deep court of the court to conceive and create for the audience of the concert, so the musical quality such as pleasure, calmness and moving has become the criterion of musical beauty. Under the influence of the humanitarian thought of the Enlightenment, Europe formed an enlightened monarchy period. At the same time of social reform, culture and art have developed. The extensive marriage of European monarchs weakened national boundaries. The development of art, especially music, shows the trend of European integration. However, this is a dying society after all. The French Revolution sounded the death knell of the old social system and heralded the beginning of a new music era. History of Classical Period 1. Development of Xi Opera and Gluck's Opera Reform1In the first half of the 8th century, the opera "Bafa" appeared in Italy, which was a new opera genre that opposed the "affectation" of Italian opera and pursued "nature" under the influence of the Enlightenment. It was developed on the basis of Italian interlude. The characters in the play are often the middle and lower classes of society, and the scenes are mostly the daily life that the public is very familiar with, rather than the luxurious life in the palace. The drama words are humorous and colloquial, and the music is also very vivid. Giovanni Batista pergolesi of Italy (1710 ――1736) is not only a brilliant opera composer, but also his Wife's Maid is regarded as the first Italian comic opera. This independent comedy opera was originally divided into two parts, interspersed between the scenes of his own three-act opera "Proud Prisoner". The plot is simple, and the characters are only the master (bass, which often plays a more vivid role in comic operas), the maid (soprano) and a mute servant. The work shows the shrewdness and wit of the girl of the citizen class. The docile daughter written by n pic-cini (1728 ―― 1800) is a major Italian composer of comic operas in1800, with some serious lyricism. D. Cimarosa's Secret Marriage (1749-1801) caused a sensation because it vividly showed the change of people's social hierarchy concept. 1752, an Italian opera troupe came to Paris to perform "Maids as Wives", which caused the "opera-loving dispute" in French cultural circles. Rousseau and some other enlightenment thinkers enthusiastically praised this popular song ...

Question 2: Introduction to Classical Period The classical period is the fifth stage in the history of western music, from 1750 to 1820, including pre-classical and Vienna classical music schools.

Question 3: The classicism period is the fifth stage in the history of western music, covering1750-1800 years, including pre-classicism and Vienna classicism.

1) The beginning and end of the classical period:

/kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, with the development of industrial revolution, science and technology and the impact of the French Revolution, profound changes have taken place in European society. Art is no longer just an elegant art appreciated by nobles, but the newly rising middle class has also become an audience in theaters and concert halls. Therefore, a large number of folk operas and folk vivid instrumental music have appeared.

(2) The characteristics of classical music:

This period was praised as "classical" by historians and artists. In the field of music, the classical style is manifested in advocating rationality in art, concise and concise music language, and expressing simple and sincere feelings in a rigorous and harmonious form. This period is a brilliant achievement in the history of European music, and it also affects the music development of all countries in the world.

(3) The representatives of the classical period: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.

Question 4: Early classical sonatas and symphonies in the history of western music, from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, vocal music occupied a dominant position for a long time. In the Baroque period, instrumental music developed independently and kept pace with vocal music, while in the classical period, instrumental music flourished. Baroque music has developed for more than one hundred years, and composers have accumulated pure music creation experience independent of lyrics. In the classical period, people abandoned the complex polyphonic music style and advocated music with clear melody, which made the melody and harmony of music more prominent. Clear and symmetrical music melody syntax and paragraph structure have replaced the decorative melody method of Baroque music motivation plus variation. Among the structural forms of classical music, sonata form with abstract dialectical thinking has become an almost ubiquitous music form that composers tirelessly explore. Solo sonatas, trios, quartets and quintets in private living rooms, and ensembles with more than five people as the background music for banquets and weddings, such as serenades and roaming, have flourished, and the most important thing is the symphony played by the orchestra. When the symphony gradually turned from the entertainment of the court to the audience of the concert, it incorporated the connotation of the spirit of the times and sublimated instrumental music. d？ Scarlatti (1685- 1757) was the most important Italian classical piano composer in the first half of the 8th century. As a famous opera composer a? The son of scarlatti, he was influenced by the lyric melody of Italian opera. However, he made great achievements in classical piano music, and wrote nearly 600 piano music in one movement, which was later called sonata. They adopted the ancient two-part musical form with reappearance factors, which was close to the classical sonata form in structure. d？ Scarlatti's piano sonatas have distinct themes and diverse textures, which give full play to the expressive force of the piano. Among them, some novel techniques such as jumping, crossing hands, quick repetition and * * * are adopted. He brought the playing style of keyboard instruments into a new free world. His clavichord art reflects the transition from baroque to classical neo-style, and is still often played in concerts. c？ p？ e？ Bach (karl philip Mannel Bach,1714-1788) is J.? s？ Bach's second son, Friedrich the Great, as an ancient pianist, has performed in Berlin and Potsdam for a long time. He is the main representative of Berlin Music School. His keyboard music works are of great significance in early classicism. Influenced by the "sentimental style" of northern German literature and art, he pursues subjective and sensitive emotional expression in his music. The theme of contrast tonality in his sonatas gradually matured, which prepared for the formation of classical sonata form. The sad andante movement and narrative tone obviously absorbed the opera style. c？ p？ e？ Bach likes to play the clavichord instead of the popular harpsichord, with a soft and kind voice, which can show the detailed changes of the output. His last five sonatas were written for the piano Great Performance. c？ p？ e？ Bach's instrumental performance style directly influenced the classical Vienna school of music. Among Bach's other two sons, the eldest son W? f？ Bach (WilhehmFriedemann, 17 10- 1784) kept his father's tradition, so he was considered out of date. The youngest son Johann Christian Bach (1735- 1782) lived in London for a long time and was called "London Bach". He was the first composer to create concertos for modern pianos. Mozart's piano concerto and fluent musical style left a deep impression on him. At the beginning of the 8th century, the early symphony 65438+ Italian Opera Overture (Sinfonia) gradually broke away from opera and became an independent orchestral genre to play in concerts. It is in the form of fast-slow-fast, that is, allegro movement, short lyric andante movement and rhythmic movement (minuet or jig), which is the earliest symphony (English: symphony; Meaning: symphony; ; Germany: Symphony). Italian composer Sam Martini (1698― 1775) composed a large number of early symphonies. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, orchestras rose in the courts of Germany and Austria, among which Mannheim, Vienna and Berlin became the centers of symphony development. Mannheim Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Johann Stamitz (1717-1757) > >

Question 5: Ludwig, a representative figure in the classical period? Where is it? Beethoven (1770.12.16-1827.03.26), male, German composer, pianist and conductor. One of the representatives of Vienna Classical Music School. He has composed 9 numbered symphonies, 35 piano sonatas (including the last 32 numbered sonatas), 65,438+00 violin sonatas, 65,438+06 string quartets, 65,438+0 operas, 2 mass, 65,438+0 oratorios and 3 oratorios, as well as a large number of chamber music and. These works have a far-reaching influence on the development of music, so they are respected as musicians.

Question 6: What are the three peak periods of classicism? Three peak periods-ancient Greek drama, (14-16th century) Renaissance and (17th century) classical drama.

Question 7: Introduction to Classical Music This is an article of mine, originally written for a child. You can refer to it

What is the western classical music that people often say? To answer this question, you should find the answer from this noun. The first is "West". What does this mean? This is Europe. Then there is "classical". What is classicism? It includes two meanings: one is "ancient" and the other is "classic". Ancient refers to a long time ago, canon refers to the rules formulated by sages in the past, and here refers to music theory. It can be seen that western classical music originated in Europe and was created according to the music theory specified by their former great musicians.

Knowing this meaning, the following question is: So western classical music is created according to this music theory, isn't it all a pattern? How to answer this question? It should be said that there are similarities and differences. Classical music has developed for a long time since it came out. Music will form various styles in different development periods. Like China's calligraphy, there are Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, bronze inscriptions in Zhou Dynasty, seal script in Spring and Autumn Period and official script in Han Dynasty. Are they all different? However, they all have something in common. Because the latter is developed on the basis of the former. Music also has different stages of development.

In order to describe each stage of music development, people have to give each stage a name. How did these names come from? Therefore, people who study the history of music name each stage according to the characteristics of the musical style of each period.

The first stage: most of the earliest music was passed on by word of mouth, and there were no records. Just like a mother teaching her children to sing. Because there is no score record, people know too little about the music at that time. Europe was in the Middle Ages. So scholars call the music of that period "medieval music". All the music preserved in that period was used for religious ceremonies. To tell the truth, some of them are very unpleasant. Religion is very powerful. The archbishop only pursues the sacred sense of ceremony and the unchallengeability of religion, and thinks that music should be listened to by God and immortals. It doesn't matter whether we like it or not. Therefore, music is depressing, even a little scary.

The second stage: music has developed. The religious music in the Middle Ages was not very pleasant to listen to, so everyone asked not only to think about gods and immortals, but also to consider people's feelings. Let people and God love it. This period is in a period when various literary forms (including music) are developing from serving the immortals to serving the people. This period is called the Renaissance. Therefore, scholars named the music of this period "Renaissance" music. During this period, music was accompanied by many songs and dances. Very good. Does anyone still listen to religious music? No one listens to music that once suppressed human nature. There is no music in the church, okay? Yes This is just a change. Musicians add reverence for God to music and write many magnificent music works. It needs a lot of people to sing together. In order to make everyone willing to sing, these music must be nice and intimate. This familiar daily music is called secular music. Secular music entered the music scene and became popular with religious music, which is the characteristic of this period. This is a kind of liberation. So musical instruments have made great progress.

The third stage: Baroque music. Why is it called baroque style? There is no explanation that everyone agrees with. However, baroque is a foreign word, which means fancy, exquisite and exaggerated. During the Renaissance, musical instruments developed greatly. So many musical instruments are played together, some good and some bad. During the baroque period, musicians discovered some laws of beauty through long-term accumulation: music that abides by these laws is beautiful; Otherwise it will be ugly. For example, the rules of beginning and ending, the rules of * *, and the rules of orchestration were all discovered during this period. In order to pursue and show the law, musicians strive for perfection and never tire of complexity. In this way, music is very gorgeous and complicated. Music in this period pursued formal beauty, and even religious music followed the principle of beauty. We should remember a name: Bach. He was a great musician of this period. Invented many rules. Handel, his music is brilliant. He also wrote an opera for the church, called drama.

The fourth stage: in the late Baroque era, the development of music entered an unprecedented scale. Sometimes hundreds of people play together. The musician summed up a most reasonable form of performance. Very neat, but not too gorgeous. Music rules become mature and stable. Musicians have become more skilled in controlling these rules. There was a great musician named Haydn. He skillfully combined a variety of musical instruments and played them in a certain format. Thus, the modern symphony was born. This form of performance is >>

Question 8: The meaning of classicism in a narrow sense. Classicism (French: Le Classici English: western classic) mainly refers to the high artistic recognition of the culture of classical times, including Greece and ancient Rome. Classicism takes the taste of the classical era as the standard and tries to imitate its style. Classicism formed and flourished in France, and then spread to other European countries. It is a concept advocated by the Enlightenment, the rational age and some modernist thoughts.

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