Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions appeared in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and simple written records provided the necessary conditions for the emergence of historiography. The ancient historiography of China began to sprout from the earliest official documents Shangshu and the epics Ya and Ode in The Book of Songs. It has lasted for more than two thousand years and five development periods, and has made rare achievements in the world. 1. The emergence of ancient historiography in China. Pan Geng and Oath of Pastoral Poetry in Shangshu recorded some important historical events in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, while Ya and Ode reflected the social situation in various historical stages before moving eastward and related activities such as sealing off the country, conquering and farming, which showed a clear historical consciousness with inscriptions on bronze. From the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, "national history" developed, which was called "Spring and Autumn Period", "Wandering" and "Cheng", and all of them were recorded. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius compiled The Spring and Autumn Period, which was the first chronological history book in China's history and created a precedent for private history writing. During the Warring States period, the number of private history books gradually increased. Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu recorded historical events in the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Policy and Letters from the Warring States Period, Annals of Bamboo Books and Shiben recorded historical events from ancient times to the present, and the historical books reflected the trend of political unification.
build
The establishment of China's ancient historiography. The unified political situation produced corresponding historical masterpieces, Historical Records and Hanshu. The former was the first biographical general history, while the latter was the first biographical chronology, which laid the foundation for the development of ancient historiography in China. The historical theories of various schools in the early Western Han Dynasty and the first chronology written by Xun Yue at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty are also important historical achievements in this period.
develop
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties: the development of ancient historiography in China. History of the Three Kingdoms, History of the Later Han Dynasty, Book of Jin, Book of Song Dynasty, Book of Southern Qi, Liang Shu, Book of Chen, Book of Wei, Book of Zhou, Book of Northern Qi, Sui Shu, History of Southern Qi, History of Northern Qi, etc. They account for more than half of the twenty-four histories. Liu Zhiji wrote Shi Tong, the world's first systematic historical commentary (in the fourth year of Jinglong in Tang Zhongzong, that is, 7 10), and Du You wrote the world's earliest general history of canon system (in the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong, that is, 80 1 0), which expanded the field of historical writing. Local history, ethnic history, religious history, family history, genealogy, genealogy, foreign history, etc. Both have made great progress, and the number, types and genres of history books have also increased significantly.
Perfection (further development and evolution)
The Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties: The Continued Development of China's Ancient Historiography. Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian, Zheng Qiao's Tong Zhi and Ma Duanlin's General Examination of Literature represent the new achievements of three genres of general history: chronicle, biography and canon. Yuan Shu's Chronicle of the Mirror Flower Edge is a chronicle work. The compilation of seven "official histories" such as Old Tang Book, Old History of the Five Dynasties, New Tang Book, New History of the Five Dynasties, History of Song Dynasty, History of Liao Dynasty and History of Jin Dynasty, as well as the collation of contemporary historical documents, also reflect the momentum of the continued development of historiography.
The evolution of China's ancient historiography. Li Zhi's collection of books, continued books, burning books, continued books, Gu's Record of Japanese Knowledge, Wang Fuzhi's Reading as a Mirror and Song Theory, Huang Zongxi's Record of Ming Yi to be Visited, the case of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty, the case of Song and Yuan Dynasties and Zhang Xuecheng. Wang Mingsheng, Qian Daxin, Zhao Yi, Ruan Yuan and Cui Shu. , famous for textual research, collation and textual research of historical documents. Feudal orthodox historiography still dominates, and at the same time, there is a progressive thought to criticize and expose feudal absolutism.
fine tradition
First, learning and heaven will connect ancient and modern times.
Second, learn from history and apply it to the world.
Third, realistic straight books are not hidden.
Fourth, moral knowledge is the first thing to learn.