The idea of argumentative writing can be summarized as follows:
(A) Association method
Some things, talked about in isolation, are easy to be boring. If we expand the association, we can think of another thing related to it from this incident, highlight the characteristics of things, and explore the essence of things in their mutual connection. This will not only make the discussion deeper, but also make the thinking vivid and open.
In addition to ancient and modern associations, we can also carry out similar associations (with similar characteristics or essence), comparative associations (with opposite nature), causal associations, chain associations and so on.
(2) Classification
Seeing more abstract topics, it is difficult to discuss them in general terms. At this time, we can consider classifying the things to be discussed.
For example, the word "friendship" is no stranger to us, but it is difficult to discuss it in depth. At this time, we can classify different types of friendship, which can open our minds.
Friendship, according to different times, can be divided into Boya playing the piano and Taoyuan Jieyi, which reflect feudal ethics; The friendship of capitalist society with "Christian fraternity"; The revolutionary friendship of the proletariat is represented by Marx and Engels.
According to different purposes, it can be divided into friendship that benefits one or more people and friendship that benefits class, country and nation.
According to different nature, it can be divided into friendship established by mutual understanding in the struggle; In the process of eating, drinking and having fun together, we blow and pat each other to establish a "friendship."
According to different contents, it can be divided into friendships that help you when your work is frustrated and comfort you when your life is troubled; Give you a "friendship" when you are smooth sailing, and applaud you when you are complacent; Friendship of "sharing weal and woe, sharing life and death"; The "friendship" of "the advantage lies in fighting (stealing) and the bitterness lies in leaning (sinking)"; A friendship between gentlemen is as light as water; The friendship between villains is eloquent. ...
With classification, the content available for discussion suddenly enriched a lot. Classification not only opens your mind, but also allows you to see the depth of the problem. It can be seen that classification is a way to understand the essence of things from different angles and concretize those abstract topics.
(3) Analytic Hierarchy Process
It is a way of thinking in a distorted way by adding other ingredients to the topic. Some concepts are abstract, and if we only talk about this concept, it is easy to make the discussion vague and not in-depth. At this time, we can consider adopting the method of "step by step" to narrow the scope of discussion and make the article more and more in-depth.
Hierarchical methods can be divided into two ways: one is to add attributes. As the topic continues to add attributes, the ideas of the article will continue to develop, and the scope of discussion will continue to focus on a smaller scope. For example, on the topic of "Talking about Struggle", we can talk about "Struggle" in general on the first floor, "Youth Struggle" on the second floor, and "Youth Struggle in China in the 20th century" on the third floor. Another way is to expand the content of the topic and concretize an abstract topic, thus making the article more open-minded and comprehensive. For example, on the topic of learning, we can talk about "the purpose of learning" first, and then talk about "the interest in learning"; Talk about "the law of learning" again; Finally, talk about "learning methods" and so on.
Note that when using the hierarchical method, the argument should not be shifted in the first case, and the concept after adding elements in the second case can only be used as a sub-argument, so as not to cause the argument to be not concentrated.
(4) refinement method
That is, in the process of argument, the argument is clarified and explained, and the content of the proof argument contained in the argument is revealed more vividly and fully. We can open our minds in this way.
For example, Deng Tuo's "Don't Keep a Secret" quotes a sentence from Chen Shan of the Southern Song Dynasty in "A New Story of Ammonium Tick" to demonstrate that reading can't turn to "Secret" and you must rely on your own efforts:
"Read in and out. When you start, you should look for it, and then you should look for it. See xian Si Qi, this into calligraphy; Very useful. It's calligraphy. I can't get into the book, I don't know the intentions of the ancients; If you can't publish a book, you will die in words. Only when you know what you know, you have to do your best to study. "
Then the author made the following explanation:
Looking at this passage from the current perspective, you may think that his views are very common. However, we should know that Chen Shan was born in the Xichun period of the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, in the second half of the12nd century. At that time, he was able to put forward such a clear idea, which was also a valuable person. He advocates reading living books instead of dead books, that is, knowing what he has learned; We should understand the spirit and essence of ancient works, instead of memorizing some words. That is to say, we should understand that ancient people were cautious and should not die in words. Not only that, he also opposed the tendency to read for the sake of reading. He advocates that reading should be practical and flexible, which is the so-called "thoroughness". Don't you think his idea is anti-dogmatic? In the past, few people paid attention to his thought, because his reputation was far less than that of Zhu and others, but he put forward this idea based on his own reading experience, which I think is still worth recommending.
The author illustrates his point of view by explaining a passage in classical Chinese. We can also explain some incomprehensible viewpoints to make them clear and prominent.
(5) Rebound Pipa Method
For some seemingly conclusive problems, if you analyze them carefully, you will find that they may not be appropriate. This requires us to take out the spirit of breaking the old and creating the new, overthrow the traditional views and put forward new ones. This method of creating new ideas by reverse thinking is called "rebound pipa method", which can break old ideas and produce new ones.
For example, "Those who approach Mexico are black, those who approach Zhu Zhechi are black" is a famous saying that has been circulated for thousands of years. This seems to be an unchangeable truth. If you study it carefully, you will find that this view is intended to emphasize the influence of environment on people, but external factors always work through internal factors. Therefore, under certain conditions, this sentence is wrong and has certain limitations. In this way, we can write an article like "Those who are close to Mexico are not necessarily black" to clarify our point of view: everyone should strengthen their self-cultivation, so that the mud and sand are not stained, and they are clear and white.
However, when you use the rebound pipa method, you should be careful not to deliberately be unconventional without factual basis. This is not an innovation of ideas, but a grandstanding.
Personally, I think Shen Lun is a test of the qualities that a civil servant should have in raising and solving problems and logical thinking. It is best to use a more standard format! But we should be bold in innovation and have a positive attitude. ...
Come on ~ ~ Tip: Liu Jiaoshou's Practical Writing Skills of Guangdong Police College is of great benefit.
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