Emperor
After King Qin Yingzheng unified the six kingdoms, Wang Wan, Li Si and others were named Emperor Qin based on the names of the legendary three emperors. Ying Zheng decided to take the imperial title and call him Emperor, which means that his merits can be compared with those of the "Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors". From then on, the feudal monarchs of all dynasties were called emperors, commonly known as emperors.
The Supreme Emperor
The First Emperor of Qin honored his father, King Zhuang Xiang, as the Supreme Emperor; Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, honored his father, the Grand Duke, as the Supreme Emperor, and also called him "Shang Huang". Emperors of all dynasties were crown princes before they died, and they called themselves the Supreme Emperor.
Prince-in-law
The Prince-in-law was just an official position at first. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up the Prince-in-law Duwei, which means a horse in charge of a chariot. It was originally a kind of close attendant, mostly composed of clan members and relatives. , the descendants of the princesses serve. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the emperor's son-in-law was routinely given this title, referred to as Prince Consort, but it was not an actual official position. In the Qing Dynasty, it was called "Efu".
A title
It is a title or a title, which is a bestowal given by ancient emperors to nobles and heroes. It is said in the Zhou Dynasty that there were five kinds of titles: Duke, Marquis, Bo, Zi and Male. Later generations' title and title system often changed with time. For example, in the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang not only granted the title of "king" to the prince, but also to seven meritorious officials; in the Song Dynasty, many titles were granted to "gong", with Kou Zhun being granted the title of Duke of Lai, and Wang Anshi being granted the title of Duke of Jing; in the Ming Dynasty, Li Shan was granted the title of "gong and uncle". Han Gong, Liu Ji was granted the title of Chengyi Bo; in the Qing Dynasty, he was granted the title of "Hou, Bo", Zeng Guofan was granted the title of First-class Yiyong Marquis, and Li Hongzhang was granted the title of First-class Su Yibo.
Prime Minister
The person responsible for the monarch in the feudal era was called Prime Minister, and his position was roughly equivalent to today's "Prime Minister" or "Prime Minister". Zai means to preside over, and Xiang means to assist.
The Prime Minister
is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy. He is the person who upholds the monarch's will and comprehensively manages the national government affairs. Sometimes it is called the prime minister, often referred to as the prime minister, or "prime minister" for short. For example, "The Chen She Family": "Do princes and generals like Xiang Ning have any kind of knowledge?"
Bachelor's degree
In ancient times, bachelor's degree did not refer to a degree but an out-and-out official title. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, literary scholars were recruited to be in charge of ceremonies, compilation, writing and other affairs. They were generally called bachelors. Depending on the agencies they belong to, their responsibilities and powers vary. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial bachelors actually held the power of the prime minister. They were the highest-status "bachelors" in history.
Doctor
Doctor is also an official title. During the Six Kingdoms period, there were doctors in various fields such as poetry, poetry, Shu, and Fang skills. Both the Qin and Han dynasties followed this official position.
Imperial Physician
The officials of the Zhou Dynasty appointed physicians in charge of medical affairs. In the Qin and Han dynasties, there were imperial doctors and ministers. In the early Han Dynasty, it belonged to Taichang Temple, and later it belonged to Shaofu. Later generations generally referred to the emperor's doctor as an imperial physician or imperial physician, but his duties as "Minister of Health" were forgotten.
Taishi
Refers to two kinds of official positions. One is that in ancient times, Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao were called the "Three Dukes". Later, they were mostly given titles to senior officials to express favor and favor. There is no actual position. For example, Zhao Pu and Wen Yanbo in the Song Dynasty were awarded the title of Taishi. Secondly, in ancient times, the prince's grand master, the prince's Taifu and the prince's Taibao were also called the "Three Masters of the East Palace". They were all teachers of the prince. Taishi was the abbreviation of the prince's grand master, and later it gradually became a virtual title.
Tai Tuo
See the "Tai Tuo" section. One of the "Three Lords" in ancient times. It also refers to one of the "Three Divisions of the East Palace", which gradually became a virtual title.
Shaobao
Refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Shaoshi, Shaofu and Shaobao were called the "three orphans". Later, they gradually became empty titles. Secondly, in ancient times, the prince's young master, the prince's young master, and the prince's young master were called the "three young masters of the East Palace", and later they gradually became empty titles.
Shang Shu
Originally, he was an official in charge of documents and memorials. In the Sui Dynasty, there were no six ministries. In the Tang Dynasty, the six ministries were identified as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and workers. Each ministry had Shangshu and Shilang as chief and deputy chiefs.
Shangqing
In the official system of the Zhou Dynasty, the emperor and the princes all had ministers, who were divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower. The most noble one was called "shangqing".
General
In the pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties, it was the highest title for a general. For example, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty made Han Xin his general, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made Wei Qing his general. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the title gradually became empty and had no actual duties. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the post of general officer was established only during wars and was abolished after the war.
Participating in political affairs
Also referred to as "participating in political affairs". He was one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Together with Tongping Zhangshi, Privy Envoy, and Deputy Envoy Jiami, he was collectively known as "Zai Zhi".
Minister of Military Aircraft
The Military Aircraft Department was a government agency that assisted the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. Generally, it is held concurrently by a prince, a bachelor, a minister, a minister, or a minister, and is called the military minister. There are as few as three or four military ministers and as many as six or seven, and they are called "pivot ministers".
Military aircraft Zhang Jing
See the article "Military aircraft minister". He is a staff member of the Military Aircraft Department and an official subordinate to the Minister of Military Aircraft. He is called a "little military aircraft".
Censor
Originally, he was a historian. After the Qin Dynasty, he was appointed as a censor. His position was second only to that of the prime minister. He was responsible for impeachment and investigating officials' faults.
Privy Envoy
The chief of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, the position was held by eunuchs, but after the Song Dynasty, it was changed to ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state institutions that manages important military affairs. The power of the Privy Council is equivalent to that of the prime minister. In the Qing Dynasty, military ministers were often respectfully called "Privy Councilors".
Zuo Tu
The official name of Chu State during the Warring States Period was equivalent to that of left and right in later generations. The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents.
Taiwei
The official title before the Yuan Dynasty. He was the highest military officer assisting the emperor and was called Da Sima in the Han Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, he was designated as the highest military attache.
Shangdafu
The pre-Qin official title was one level lower than Qing.
Dafu
The contents of different dynasties are different. Sometimes it can refer to important positions in central agencies, such as censor doctor, admonishment doctor, etc.
Scholar-bureaucrats
In the old days, they referred to officials or intellectuals with more prestige and status.
Taishi
He was a high-status court minister in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. He was in charge of drafting documents, giving orders to princes and officials, recording historical events, and also taking charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices, etc. . After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishi Ling was established, and the scope of his duties gradually became smaller and his status gradually declined.
Chang Shi
In the Qin Dynasty, he was an official subordinate to the prime minister. For example, Li Si once served as a long history, which was equivalent to the secretary-general of the prime minister. After the Han Dynasty, he became an officer affiliated with the general and the chief of staff.
Servant
He was initially a servant of the palace. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became a subordinate official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, the Vice Minister was the deputy position of the ministers (Shang Shu) of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia, ??and Shangshu) (see the article "Three Provinces and Six Ministries" for details).
Shizhong
Originally, it was one of the additional officials in addition to regular official positions. As he served the emperor, his status gradually increased and his rank surpassed that of the minister.
During the Warring States Period, Langzhong served as a palace guard. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, he became a senior official below the minister and minister, and was responsible for the affairs of various departments.
Join the army
The abbreviation of "staff military affairs" was originally the military staff of the prime minister. After the Jin Dynasty, his status gradually decreased and he became a staff of kings and generals. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he gradually became a local official.
Ling Yin
The chief of Chu State in charge of military and political power during the Warring States Period was equivalent to the prime minister. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it referred to the county magistrate.
Yin
See the article "Ling Yin". During the Warring States Period, the assistants of Ling Yin of Chu State were Zuo Yin and You Yin. Zuo Yin's status was slightly higher than that of You Yin. It is also a general name for ancient officials, such as Jingzhao Yin, Henan Yin, Zhou Yin, County Yin, etc.
Captain
A military attache whose position is second to that of a general.
Jianqing
Another name for Taipusiqing, who is in charge of the emperor's carriage, horses and livestock.
Sima
The official positions in each dynasty are different. During the Warring States Period, he was the adjutant in charge of military administration and military tax. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was the subordinate officer of the prefect (provincial governor) of the prefectures and counties.
Jiedushi
In the Tang Dynasty, the general manager of the military and political affairs of several states was originally only located in the border states; later, it was also established in the interior, resulting in a separatist situation.
Jinglue Shi
Also referred to as "Jinglue". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military commander of the border defense, juxtaposed with the governor. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, when there were important military tasks, a special manager was appointed, and his official position was higher than that of the governor.
Provincial Governor
Originally the name of the inspector. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became the highest military and political officer of the state and county, and was sometimes called the prefect.
Prefect
See the article "Provincial Governor".
Also known as the "county governor", the highest chief executive of a state or county.
Captain
See the article "Jinglue Envoy". The official name of a military commander or a leading general. In some dynasties, the highest local governor is also called "dudu", which is equivalent to the military governor or the governor of a state or county.
Governor
In the early Ming Dynasty, it refers to officials from the capital inspecting places. In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became a provincial governor, with a status slightly lower than that of the governor. He was also known as "Fuyuan", "Futai" and "Fujun".
Xiaowei
An official position second to the general during the Han Dynasty. After the Tang Dynasty, his status gradually declined.
Teacher
An officer who taught martial arts in the Song Dynasty army.
Tijia
The official name of the state military attache in the Song Dynasty, responsible for training the army, supervising and arresting thieves and other matters.
Engagement
The staff members appointed by the central government or local governors themselves are also called "employees".
Prefect
That is, "Prefect", also known as "Zhizhou"
County Magistrate
The chief executive of a county, also known as "Zhifu" County magistrate."
Lizheng
The ancient township officials were one mile long.
Lixu
Manage the affairs of the township.
Extended information:
The level of ancient official positions is ancient official positions, involving official signatures, official names, official duties, etc. The situation in each dynasty is also different. They can be roughly divided into two categories: central official positions and local official positions.
1. Central official positions
The Qin Dynasty established prime ministers, Taiwei and Yushi officials to form the central organization. The prime minister is in charge of administration, the Taiwei is in charge of military affairs, and the imperial censor is in charge of supervision and secretarial work.
The Han Dynasty generally followed the Qin system and was called Sangong. There are nine ministers under him, who are in charge of all aspects of government affairs. In the Sui Dynasty, it evolved and was established as a system of three provinces and six ministries.
The three provinces are Zhongshu Province (decision-making), Menxia Province (deliberation), and Shangshu Province (execution). The chiefs of the three provinces are all prime ministers. In the Song Dynasty, the powers of Zhongshu Sheng were expanded, and civil and military powers were divided with the Privy Council. Under the sect, Shangshu Sheng was abolished. The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was the highest government agency. Cabinet ministers were called assistant ministers, and the chief minister was called chief assistant (i.e., prime minister). In the Qing Dynasty, there was a military aircraft department. Wang, Gong, Shangshu, etc. were military ministers and held great power in the government.
The six ministries refer to "the Ministry of Personnel, which is in charge of the appointment and dismissal, assessment, promotion and promotion of officials; the Ministry of Husbandry, which is in charge of matters such as land and household registration, taxation and finance; the Ministry of Rites, which is in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.; and the Ministry of War, which is in charge of matters such as land and household registration, taxation and finance. The Ministry of Justice is in charge of the military; the Ministry of Punishment is in charge of justice and prisons; the Ministry of Industry is in charge of engineering construction, farmland and water conservancy and other matters." The ministers are ministers, and their deputies are ministers. There are doctor, deputy doctor and wailang, and subordinate officials include principal and so on.
In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials responsible for managing books, compiling history, formulating calendars, etc. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng once served as Taishi Ling. Gao Qi compiled and edited Hanlin National History.
2. Local official positions
The main administrative areas of Qin and Han Dynasties were counties. The chief of a county is called a county governor in the Qin Dynasty and a prefect in the Han Dynasty. The main administrative areas in the Sui and Tang Dynasties were prefectures. Prefecture officials were called governors, and subordinate officials included Chang Shi, Sima, etc. In the Tang Dynasty, military envoys were established in some important military towns, and their subordinate officers included marching commanders, staff officers, and secretaries-general. In the Song Dynasty, state officials were called magistrates, and county officials were called magistrates. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the prefecture was renamed as a prefecture and was called a magistrate.
In addition, the Han Dynasty also established prefectures. The world was divided into thirteen prefectures, which were basically supervisory areas. The central government sent officials to spy on the situation, called governors. In the Tang Dynasty, the country was divided into twenty-two districts, also called supervisory districts. The central government sent officials to inspect these districts, called deposed envoys. In the Song Dynasty, the country was divided into more than twenty roads, with several departments in each road, responsible for various aspects of affairs. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative agency was called Xingzhongshu Sheng. In the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed Chengxuanzhengshisi, and it was still customarily called "Province".
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia - Ancient Official Ranks