In hot August, I went to Qufu. When I trudged to the Confucius Temple in the scorching sun, I looked at the tall and solemn archway of the Confucius Temple and was filled with emotion. I consciously turned my digital camera into a black-and-white file and took several black-and-white photos to show my history and heavy feeling. Although Confucius founded Confucianism before his death and became a contemporary celebrity, he led his disciples to lobby other countries. However, in the era when other countries competed for hegemony and advised ministers to dominate, his thought of governing the country with courtesy and promoting benevolence, righteousness and morality did not need to be favored by monarchs of all countries at all. How can he be respected after his death? 1 1, in April 479, Confucius died of illness, but because Confucius was a civilian at that time, the governors of all countries did not take it seriously. After his death, King Lu wrote several eulogies for him. In the second year after his death, Lu Aigong ordered Confucius' former residence to be changed into a Confucius Temple, which was shabby and shabby at that time. After the great cause of Qin Shihuang's reunification was completed, Confucianism was rejected, and Confucianism was listed as one of the doctrines prohibiting communication. There have also been incidents of burning books and burying Confucianism in history. By the time of Emperor Gaozu, he had begun to realize the value of Confucianism. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed Confucianism as the respect. Because the rulers realized that Confucius' theory could safeguard their own interests, the incense of Confucius Temple naturally flourished while praising Confucius' thought. From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, the renovation of Confucius Temple, as a major event, expanded again and again. The biggest construction was during the Hongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, which was not only equal to the emperor's specifications in scale, but also in building quality and decoration, and became an unprecedented huge building complex. After thousands of years of construction, Confucius Temple has finally become the first temple in the world. From the scale and luxury of the temple, it is not difficult to see the respect of Confucius by the rulers of past dynasties.
A long stone road leads to the Confucius Temple. Now this road has become a pedestrian street, but because it is too long, for the convenience of tourists, two north-south asphalt roads have been re-opened on both sides of this road, so the original slate street has almost become a decoration.
According to the data, there are nine temples and nine courtyards in Confucius Temple, because nine is the largest pole number and the largest odd number in Yang numbers. Therefore, in the Confucius Temple, the arrangement and structure of nine appear in many places. The main hall of Confucius Temple, Dacheng Hall, is also a nine-bay room. In the history of ancient architecture in China, only the emperor could use nine rooms. Besides, only the spirit of Confucius was in the sky.
Confucius Temple is used to worship Confucius. In the Confucius Temple, in order to show respect for Confucius, the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius is very complicated. In order to carry out these ceremonies, there are corresponding buildings, such as musical instrument library, ritual library, chef, gods and so on. In the archway of Confucius Temple, it is also a landscape. Every archway has a sentence: Star Gate: Confucius is a satellite in the sky, and Hongdimen: Confucius preaches Yao Shunyu's Tao of Tang Wuwen; Especially in the "Golden Sound and Yuzhen" Gate Square, Hu Zanzong, a calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty, wrote a metaphor that Mencius praised Confucius, which means that playing music begins with ringing the bell (Golden Sound) and ends with ringing the chime (Yuzhen). Jin Sheng Yu Zhen is the whole process of playing music, and Mencius used this as a metaphor for Confucius' thought collection of ancient sages and sages. From here, pass through the "Shengshimen", "Hongdimen", "Dazhongmen" and "Tongwenmen" and arrive at Kuiwen Pavilion, which is the library of Confucius Temple famous for its Tibetan title. Kuiwen's name is one of the 28 stars, and the main text is because of the rise and fall of Kuixing. The book on the wooden tablet is the imperial pen of Emperor Qianlong. Kuiwen Pavilion is a library pavilion, which originally contained books and ink donated by emperors to Confucius. After Kuiwen Pavilion, further north, there is 13 tablet pavilion, which was built by the imperial pen of the emperor, also known as "Imperial Tablet Pavilion". * * * 53 tablets, from the Tang Dynasty to the Republic of China, in Chinese, Mongolian and Manchu languages. These tablets all admire Confucius' theory, which shows Confucius' lofty position in feudal society. However, they were all damaged to varying degrees during the Cultural Revolution, especially in the aspect of digging holes, and the stone tablets suffered a catastrophe. Out of my love for calligraphy, I especially hate saboteurs who guide saboteurs.
Xingtan is located in the middle of the aisle in front of Dacheng Hall, which is said to be the place where Confucius gave lectures. There is an old cypress beside the altar, which is called "the old teacher planted cypress". The tour guide said that if you want the college entrance examination, you can get it by touching the tree, so many people touch the trunk with their hands. There are similar far-fetched statements everywhere. When I saw so many people scrambling to touch the trunk, I felt funny, but I refrained from laughing.
Dacheng Hall is the main hall of Confucius Temple, which was called "Wenxuan Wang Dian" in the Tang Dynasty. Dacheng was renamed Dacheng Hall because Zhao Ji, Huizong of Song Taizu, honored Confucius as a masterpiece of ancient sages and wrote a calligraphy tablet. Dacheng Hall is not only magnificent and luxuriously decorated, but also the most famous Confucius Temple in China. In addition, there are ten carved dragon stone pillars on the front eaves of this hall. There are 28 huge stone pillars about 6 meters high around Dacheng Hall, all of which are carved in stone. 18 stone pillars are decorated with light carved dragons, and there are 72 dragons on each stone pillar, totaling 1296 lifelike dragons with different expressions. The most classic is the deep relief of ten front eaves. On each pillar, there are two dragon dances, one soaring and the other hovering down. The flame is lined with rocks and the waves are rough. Ten dragon pillars are opposite, and none of them are the same; Exquisitely carved in the sunshine, Long Zaitian flies in the air, only watching Yunlong fly without stone pillars, which is unprecedented in palace architecture, and even the dragon pillars in the Forbidden City are dwarfed. It is said that whenever the emperor comes to pay homage to Confucius, the dragon column should be wrapped in the HongLing, lest the emperor find out and commit the crime of beheading. Dacheng Hall also has many inscriptions, especially in the Han Dynasty. It is said that the inscription here is second only to Xi 'an, so it is called the second forest of steles in the world.
In the Confucius Temple, from the emperor to the Confucius House, there are many complicated sacrificial activities. Ganlong was the emperor who offered sacrifices to Confucius the most times, and he also betrothed his daughter to Kong Xianpei, the 72nd descendant of Confucius. Now offering sacrifices to Confucius has become an important official activity in Qufu, because it can not only promote Confucian culture, but also prove the profoundness of China culture to the world. This long history and splendid culture are beyond the reach of any country, and foreigners with blond hair and blue eyes can only look at the temple and sigh.
Confucius House, located in the west of Confucius Temple, is the hereditary "Duke of Feast" of Confucius, the place where direct descendants lived for generations, and the largest mansion in China after the imperial palaces of Ming and Qing dynasties. Covering an area of more than 240 mu, there are 463 buildings such as halls, halls, buildings and pavilions, which are divided into three roads: China, East and West. East Road is the home temple, West Road is the academy and Middle Road is the main building.
Above the gate of Confucius' House, there is a plaque of "Fu Sheng" with gold on a blue background, written by Yan Song, a traitor of the Ming Dynasty. Font vigorous, people say that Yan Song is a traitor. On the pillars on both sides of the gate, there is also a pair of couplets in gold on a blue background:
Rest in peace, wealth and honor are with the country.
The same day and the same old article, the family of moral saints
This couplet was written by Ji Xiaolan, a famous person in Qing Dynasty. The word "rich" in the couplets is a little missing, which is called "rich without top" and "writing with virtue". The word "early" below goes straight to the word "stand" above, which is called "writing reaches the sky". The couplets are beautiful and well written, which summarizes the extraordinary demeanor of Confucius' family for thousands of years. Master Ji's talent is really equal.
The lobby is the court of the feast duke. There are eight treasures warm pavilion, big round-backed armchair with tiger skin and red lacquer case-solving. There are official seals, directions and flags, gavel and Four Treasures of the Study on the public funds. There are ceremonies on both sides, and the weather is terrible. Here, Confucius' family law is also a national law. The house and furniture of Kong Lingyi, the Duke of Feast in the 76th century, are well preserved. In the bedroom of the Duke of Feast, we saw a red lacquered wooden box with copper pipes beside the bed, and none of us could guess what it was for. Later, the tour guide said that this was the toilet box used in those years. Not only am I heartless, who would have thought that this wooden box would be used for this purpose? It is said that in the program of Zheng Da Variety, we also took this as a test. The Confucian ethics that men are superior to women is very strict, and men can't cross the backyard. There is a stone trough called "Stone Flow" embedded in the north wall 5 meters west of the inner house door, which is the place where the water bearer pours water. The servant who carries water pours the water into the stone flow, and the water flows into the water tank on the other side of the wall, and then the maid sends the water to all parts of the house for use. The descendants of Confucius followed different paths. There is a big screen on the inner door, with a colorful monster painted on it, which looks like a unicorn. There are treasures such as money hanging on it, but it still opens its mouth and tries to swallow the red sun at the top left of the picture. This monster is called "greed". The Duke of Feast painted this picture on the inner wall of the inner door, so that future generations can see it as soon as they go out to show their warning.
It is said that the weddings and funerals of the Confucius family are very grand and pay too much attention to etiquette. There is a clear grade at the banquet, and the lowest food is for the police and the old lady, but such people are not allowed to serve. Emperor Qianlong married his daughter to the seventy-second generation of Confucius, Sun Kongxian, which also promoted the status of Confucius. Gan Long went to Qufu eight times in his life, once to honor Confucius and once to visit his daughter, killing two birds with one stone.
Kong Lin is the cemetery of Confucius and his descendants, located in the north of Qufu, covering an area of more than 3,000 mu. It is the oldest, largest and most well-preserved clan-specific cemetery in China, and the only large cemetery with wood and stone in China. There are many tombs, monuments and stone tools in the forest. Kong Lin: "The tomb is a thousand years old, and the forest is cold in May. Thanks to Zhou, I know Han's clothes. The pavilion is still there, but the birds in the nest are not safe. There is no way to see the deep tree broken monument. " This poem was written by Li Dongyang, a famous poet in Ming Dynasty. Today, hundreds of years later, if you savor it carefully in the cemetery, you will feel the same as Dongyang. Regular script trees are tough and the trunk is straight, which symbolizes that Confucius is a teacher and a teacher. In addition, the pavilion and the pavilion were places where the emperor rested when he came here to pay homage to Confucius. Because the Confucius Forest is too big, I only saw the tombs of three generations of Confucius, among which the tombs of Confucius, Kong Li, Confucius and the three generations were all surrounded by red walls. Known as the "forest in the forest", three tombs are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The tomb of Confucius is the largest, located in the middle of the forest, surrounded by red walls. There is a "Dacheng to Tomb" tablet in front of the tomb, which was sealed by Huang in Ming Dynasty. In order to avoid the arrival of the emperor, the clever calligrapher stretched out the vertical shaft of "Wang Wenxuan" for a long time, and stood in front of the tombstone to see that it was a ". This monument was smashed into more than 50 pieces by the rebels' axe and hammer during the Cultural Revolution. Although repaired by experts, the traces of adhesion are clearly visible. When there are tombs of Song Zhenzong, Qing Shengzu and Qing Gaozong nearby, there is a "resident pavilion" where drivers park. Behind the pavilion, 200 meters south of the tomb, there is the Kaishu site planted by Zi Gong himself and the "Tomb of Zi Gong Lu". Legend has it that Zi Gong was absent when Confucius died. Therefore, in order to show respect and guilt for his former teacher, Zi Gong kept filial piety for Confucius for three years and Zi Gong kept filial piety for six years in Brothers. Is this loyalty or a pointless waste of time? Only future generations will comment. Kong Lin is too big, with a total area of 3,000 mu, which is bigger than the whole city of Qufu. It is impossible to visit it all in a limited time. In Kong Lin, there is a road around the forest. Visitors can take an ancient carriage to see it. If Kong Lin is regarded as a cemetery, a carriage and a laughing tourist, it will destroy the tranquility of the cemetery. If it is regarded as an artificial garden covered with green shade, it should be another matter.
Confucius, once a civilian, was buried in Surabaya, occupying a small place. Now, the cemetery is lush and his tomb is limited in height. But his thoughts were based on the land of China, and his Confucianism influenced China and imprisoned China for thousands of years. In this cemetery surrounded by green trees, I worshipped him and founded Confucianism, but if many people, especially women, died in the shackles of feudal ethics for thousands of years, should I hate him? People say that half of the Analects of Confucius governs the world. Now, the world has developed into today's pattern. Is it the contribution of Confucius or the alternation of society? Who can make it clear? Ideologically, can it be said that Confucius was also defeated?