Literary achievements
poetic sentiment
Lu You has many literary talents, especially his achievements in poetry. He claimed to have written more than 9,300 poems in 60 years, which can be roughly divided into three periods: before he entered Shu at the age of 46, he tended to be in the form of words; The period from entering Shu to retiring at the age of 64 is the mature period of his poetry creation, and it is also a period of great changes in his poetry style. He changed from "algae painting" in his early years to pursuing unrestrained style, full of fighting atmosphere and patriotic passion; After living in his hometown of Yin Shan in his later years, his poetic style tends to be simple and plain, showing an idyllic flavor, and from time to time revealing desolate life feelings.
1, poetry content
Lu You's poems cover a wide range, involving almost every field of social life in the early Southern Song Dynasty, which can be roughly divided into four aspects according to the content:
(1) Persist in resisting gold and crusade against capitulationists. Lu You bluntly said that "hiding relatives is not a long-term policy since ancient times", "being born with relatives is the most harmful, and the golden rooster group was defeated by Hu Qiang in his later years", and revealed that "the governors still have the policy of hiding relatives and relatives, and people with lofty ideals donate their youth for nothing". His Yuefu poem "Guan Shanyue" highly summarizes the contradiction between the upper rulers and the soldiers on the border and the people in the occupied areas in the main battle and theme, and exposes the serious consequences caused by the compromise peace policy of the ruling clique in the Southern Song Dynasty. Lu You's poems, with their distinctive combativeness and pertinence, inspired people's fighting spirit against gold and won the praise of people with lofty ideals.
(2) Express impassioned enthusiasm for serving the country and the grief and indignation of unpaid ambition. When Lu You was young, he took it as his duty to serve the country generously, and his first purpose in life was to destroy the invading enemy and recover the occupied land, but his ideal of resisting the enemy was frustrated repeatedly. Therefore, a large number of his poems not only show high fighting spirit, but also pour deep grief and indignation. For example, in the poem "Book Wrath", the poet is bent on serving the country, and his ambition is hard to be rewarded. His high-spirited, majestic, full of desolation and sadness is not only the epitome of the poet's personal experience, but also the epitome of the national destiny, and is a typical representative of this kind of works.
③ Describe rural scenery and daily life. Lu You loves life and is good at discovering poetry from various life scenes. Whether it's mountains, rivers, plants, insects and fish, whether it's ordinary life in the countryside or leisure in the study, "every grass, tree, fish and bird are cut into poems." The poem "Shanxi Village Tour" is vivid in scenery description and contains philosophy. Among them, "there is no road to doubt when mountains are heavy and waters are heavy, and there is another village in the dark" has become a widely circulated famous sentence. His Spring Rain in Lin 'an describes the spring in the south of the Yangtze River. Writing is a virtual scene, exquisite and beautiful, meaningful.
④ Love poems. Due to the restriction of Neo-Confucianism on the thoughts and feelings of Song scholars and the development of Song ci, the lyric function of Song poetry gradually weakened, and the love poems in Song Dynasty could not be compared with Tang poetry in quantity and quality, but Lu You was an exception. When Lu You was young, he had an unforgettable emotional experience with his ex-wife. His poems in memory of his ex-wife are sincere and touching. The two poems written by Shen Yuan in his later years are called "Unequal Sadness Poems" by later generations, which are rare masterpieces in ancient love poems.
2. Artistic features
(1) artistic style, with both realistic and romantic features. Lu You is bold and unconstrained, ambitious, pursuing vigorous and vigorous poetic style, and despising delicate and delicate at the same time, forming a poetic style with bold momentum and grand realm. Lu You devoted all his lofty aspirations and lofty sentiments that could not be realized in real life to his poems. He is often known as "Little Li Bai" because of his heroic spirit in his mind and his dreamland poems. However, there is an insurmountable contradiction between the desire for fame and the resistance of those in power, and the harsh realistic environment has brought an unavoidable burden to the poet's mind. Therefore, Lu You advocates Du Fu, cares about reality, and advocates that poetry is "outside poetry", and his poetic style has a gloomy and sad side close to Du Fu.
(2) The language is concise and fluent, and the composition is well organized. Lu You opposed the rhetoric and pursued adventure, and his poetic language was "empty and clear as words". Lu you attaches great importance to practicing sentences, which is dual, novel and neat, and does not fall into the suspicion of carving chapters and sentences. Zhao Yi once commented on Lu's poems as "seemingly bold but actually cautious", and Liu Kezhuang once lamented that "the ancients had exhausted their good confrontation". Lu You's seven-character ancient poem Long Songs is vigorous in brushwork, ups and downs in structure, clear and fluent in language, and magnificent in sentence patterns, which typically embodies the individual style of Lu You's poems and is praised as the masterpiece of Lu You's poems by later generations.
3. The status of Lushi.
Lu You played a very important role in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, although the situation was critical, the morale was still high and the poetic style was quite exciting. With the formation of the partial security situation in the Southern Song Dynasty, the literati gradually became negative, and the poetic style also declined. The theme tendency and petty spirit of moon-chanting poems are increasingly obvious. Lu You was saddened by this situation. He held high the flags of Qu, Jia, Li, Du and others. Traveling to Europe, the Soviet Union and the South, and reviving the poetic style with Huang Zhong, who held high the patriotic theme, had a positive impact on poetry in the late Southern Song Dynasty. Dai Fugu and Liu Kezhuang of Jianghu Poetry School both studied under Lu You. By the end of the Song Dynasty, Lu You's patriotic spirit was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
Lu You's poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations. Especially since the late Qing Dynasty, whenever the country is in danger, people often miss Lu You's patriotic spirit, and Lu Shi's patriotic feelings have therefore become a spiritual force to inspire people to resist foreign invasion. Lu You's "Study" is a poem about landscape and life, with delicate and vivid description and fresh and beautiful language, which is also deeply loved by poets in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The couplets in Lu You's poems are often used as couplets in study or pavilions, which also shows that Lu You's poems have a wide audience in later generations.
word
Lu You devoted his life to poetry creation, "deliberately wanted to be a poet" and despised lyrics. Therefore, as the backbone of the "new school poets", the number of lyric poems by Lu You is not much compared with his poems, and there are about 140 existing in the world. However, Lu You was brilliant and detached, and once lived in the northwest front. Therefore, Lu You also created another artistic realm that Jia Xuan's ci did not have.
The main content of Lu You's ci is to express patriotic feelings and express the bitterness of unfulfilled ambition. The characteristic of his ci is to idealize it as a dream, which is in sharp contrast with the sadness of reality. For example, in Complaining about Love, I found a seal in those years of Wanli, I recalled that year, and it was full of sadness. Lu You also has poems about objects and love, and his "Yongmei the soothsayer" shows the lofty character of perseverance in adversity. The word "Chai Feng red crisp hands" has a fast rhythm and a sad voice. I have sighed twice, touching, touching.
Lu You's ci has various styles, many of which are touching, sincere and touching, close to the graceful school in Song Ci. However, some words often express deep feelings about life, or express superb mind, or have profound meanings, which are close to Su Shi. What best reflects Lu You's life experience and personality characteristics is his generous and patriotic lyrics, which are close to Xin Qiji's style. However, because of its diverse styles, Lu You's ci has not refined its unique personality and has a sense of "omnipotent".
essay
Lu You is quite accomplished in prose, good at various styles, ingenious in conception and pure in writing. Among them, writing inscriptions, prefaces and postscripts, describing life experiences, expressing thoughts and feelings, or writing poems can best reflect the achievements of Lu You's prose. At the same time, as in poetry, patriotic feelings are revealed from time to time. Lu You also has some unique essays describing rural life, which are elegant and meaningful.
Lu You's Journey into Shu is the first travel book in China, which is rich in content, including historical miscellaneous notes, dialectical textual research, poetry criticism, novel stories and so on. Flexible form, random length, concise words; Especially in the Three Gorges section, there are many descriptions and comments on historical figures of natural scenery, scenic spots and historical sites, which are full of patriotism and interesting. Notes on the Old Learning Temple, though simple in pen and ink, is rich in content and anecdotes, which is of great historical value and is a masterpiece of notes in the Southern Song Dynasty. At the same time, Lu You is also good at 46 essays, and there are many excellent essays in his collection. For example, Lu You's Memorial to a Thunder Pool is shallow and vigorous, which is quite close to his poetic style.
Historical achievements
Lu You also has a gift for history. Lu You's historical achievements mainly lie in his privately written Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, not in the Records of Two Dynasties and History of Three Dynasties compiled by him as a historian. During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were 1 1 versions of historical records describing the history of the Southern Tang Dynasty, such as the History of the Old Five Dynasties edited by Xue and the History of the New Five Dynasties written by Ouyang Xiu. Lu You brought all these books and compiled them into eighteen volumes according to biographies.
The purpose of Lu You's compilation of the Book of Southern Tang Dynasty is to take history as a mirror for the Southern Song Dynasty. In this book, Lu You affirmed Li Jue, a martyr in the Southern Tang Dynasty, as "Li Ke, the great-grandson of Kelly, and the eighth son of Tang Xianzong", corrected the concept of taking the five generations of the Central Plains as the new moon, and used the words "emperor" and "I" many times in the book, expressing strong patriotic feelings through the description of the monarch's methods of governing the country, governing the people and using troops in the Southern Tang Dynasty.
The historical achievements of Lu You's Book of Southern Tang Dynasty are as follows: ① Institutional innovation. There are only biographies and biographies in Lu and Shu, which is a special case in the dynastic history of biographies. In particular, his Biography of Classes, in addition to the characters following the classes, also created Biography of Miscellaneous Arts, the alchemist and Jieyi (Volume 17) and Biography of Fotu Khitan Koryo (Volume 18), which are well classified and have better historical knowledge than the predecessors. (2) Historical review is rich and colorful. Neo-Confucianism flourished in the Song Dynasty, and Lu You took virtue as the only criterion for judging characters. For example, most historians criticize his late master Li Yu for indulging in poetry, neglecting his political career and losing his inheritance to the Southern Tang Dynasty. Lu You praised his ancestor's "natural filial piety" and "loving the people is the top priority", then briefly refuted his "cool pagoda" and finally concluded that "although kindness is enough to feel his adherents, he can't protect his country." ③ Strict historical management spirit. Lu you distinguishes the mistakes of the previous history and makes up for the mistakes of the previous history. Although there are not as many books and characters as Ma Ling's Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, the historical materials have been verified and proved, which is of great value in the supplement and preservation of historical materials.
Art of calligraphy
In Lu You's life, besides poetry, calligraphy is his ideal sustenance and eternal pursuit. Judging from his poems, calligraphy handwriting and inscriptions, Lu You is good at calligraphy, especially cursive script. Lu You's orthographic calligraphy, based on Jin and Tang calligraphy, is profound, vigorous and full of charm, with obvious Yan Zhenqing regular script style; His running script and cursive script adopted Zhang Xu and Yang Ningshi, and were influenced by Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and others. They pursue the harmony of personality and spirit, and pay attention to the change and rhythm of contrast.
Lu You's calligraphy is simple and elegant, and he is good at cursive brushwork. He is elegant and upright, and his brushwork is vigorous and unrestrained in his later years. Zhu Zi's Poem is called "exquisite style and profound meaning". His Poem still retains the brushwork and habit of studying Yan Zhenqing and Su Shi's calligraphy in his early years, but it obviously combines the advantages of running script and Zhang Xu cursive script. No matter how to use a pen, knot words and white cloth, they are all integrated with his poems. Cheng Yi's inscription in Ming Dynasty is "Beautiful Poems and Clear Words", which is a rare masterpiece of calligraphy.