Dongguo was destroyed by Zheng in 767 BC. In the fourth year (767 BC), Dongguo was destroyed by Zheng. However, Guo Yuxiang (now Pinglu, Shaanxi Province), a descendant of Guo Yuxiang, became the Northern Guo, and gradually declined and attached to the Southern Guo. In 658 BC, the Northland perished in the State of Jin. The descendants changed Guo to Guo, and moved to Jinyang, Shanxi and Xinzhou, Dingxiang and Yangqu in the north. Since the Han Dynasty, they have become a noble family in Taiyuan.
After Xi Guodong moved to Sanmenxia, there was a small Polygonum in the original place, which was destroyed by Qin in 687 BC (according to historical records and Qin Benji records); After moving eastward, Guoguo in Sanmenxia was built in Shangyang, which straddles the banks of the Yellow River and is known as the South China in history. In 655 BC, the South China was destroyed by the State of Jin. Guo Gongchou led some nobles to flee to Luoyang, and then fled to the Soviet country where his father-in-law's family was located (that is, Wenxian County in Jiaozuo, Henan Province). Now there are Dongguo Village and Xiguo Village. Some nobles and civilians captured by the South China were taken to Fenyang, Shanxi by Jin Jun to settle down. geographical position
At the beginning of the week, Guo Zhong and Guo Shu, the younger brothers of King Wen, were appointed as ambassadors of the East and the West. Dongguo was destroyed by Zheng in Xingyang, Henan Province. Xiguo is now Baoji, Shaanxi, and moved to Sanmenxia, Henan and Pinglu, Shanxi at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In 658 BC, the northern country, which belonged to the southern country, perished in the state of Jin. Before 655, the state of Jin was destroyed by false danger, and the southern country was destroyed, leaving a lasting legacy.
After two excavations, more than 250 noble tombs including two monarchs, one monarch's wife's tomb and two princes' tombs were discovered, and more than 20,000 precious cultural relics were unearthed. 1999, the site of Yangcheng in Guodu City was discovered in the southwest of Sanmenxia City. The discovery of Guo Cemetery and Shangyangcheng is of great academic value, and was rated as one of the 100 new archaeological discoveries in China in the 20th century.
particle size distribution
Guo Lingyuan is located in Shangcunling, Sanmenxia City. Since 1950s, it has been drilled four times and excavated twice on a large scale, which proves that it is a large-scale state-owned cemetery in the late Western Zhou Dynasty with complete grades, orderly arrangement, unique features and good preservation. The cemetery covers a total area of 324,500 square meters and is divided into eight groups. Tomb No.2009, namely Guo Zhong Tomb, belongs to the eighth group, located in the north area, and is the group with the largest number of tombs and the highest level. Unearthed cultural relics are not only large in number and full in variety, but also many of them fill the gaps in the archaeology of Zhou Dynasty in China.
Guo Zhong's Tomb No.9 is a vertical cave tomb with a north-south direction, with a length of 5.6 meters from north to south and a width of 4.4 meters from east to west. The bottom of the tomb is slightly larger than the mouth of the tomb, 6.00 meters long from north to south and 4.62-4.92 meters wide from east to west; The tomb is 19.3 meters deep from the surface, which is the largest tomb unearthed in Guo cemetery. The walls of the tomb were specially painted with light green pigment from top to bottom. The burial tool used by the tomb owner is a single coffin with a large lid. Judging from a large number of bronze inscriptions unearthed, the owner of the tomb is Guo's king. Its burial date was in the late Western Zhou Dynasty.
Funeral ritual vessels
The number of bronze sacrificial vessels buried with the tomb reflects the status of the owner. More than 20 bronze ritual vessels 120 were unearthed from Tomb No.9, among which 29 ding vessels were used to mark the identity of the tomb owner. There are 44 inscriptions indicating that it is the self-use equipment of the tomb owner Guo Zhong. Two sets of chimes unearthed, one is Bayong chime; A set consists of eight new clocks, and the longest inscription is over 60 words. As can be seen from its contents, this new clock is a self-made device. And called himself "Zhong". It can be seen from the inscription that the owner of the tomb assisted Zhou to govern the world and manage his subjects before his death, which was "acceptable to the son of heaven". His position, power and wealth are obviously higher than that of Ji Guo, the owner of Tomb No.2001excavated in 1990. It is the earliest two sets of chimes unearthed in archaeological excavations in China. Four bronzes unearthed in the tomb? All of them are cast with "Zhong Zhongbao? The inscription "Yong Baoyu, Father, Son and Sun" is large in shape and well preserved, and it is the largest bronze ware of this kind in China at present.
Buried jade articles
Jade unearthed from Tomb No.9 is rare in the archaeology of the Zhou Dynasty because of its large quantity, complete variety, exquisite workmanship and good jade quality. 724 pieces (groups) of jade articles, identified by experts, are divided into white jade, sapphire, sapphire, topaz, jasper and so on. Most of them are Hetian jade in Xinjiang. Judging from the production process, most of them are excellent works. For example, a Yu Pei with dragon patterns is refined from Hetian jade and decorated with abstract deformed dragon patterns on both sides. The whole body is round and regular, with smooth and generous patterns and full of movement. Jade tools, such as blue gluttonous husband, suet white jade diamond, etc. , are also made of hetian jade, without any traces of use. It can be seen that these jade articles are only used as symbols of ritual jade on specific occasions. Among the jades buried with the tomb, the two jade handles unearthed from this tomb are the most typical: the left handle is Hetian blue white jade, which is a round square tube with eight strings and four cicada patterns at both ends, which is a relic of Shang Dynasty; The right hand is Hetian sapphire, which is round and tubular, and the whole body is decorated with rotating dragon patterns. It is a typical artifact of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The most exquisite jade carving is the bionic animal jade carving. There are mysterious Jade Dragon, fierce roaring Jade Tiger, winged Jade Eagle, lively and lovely Jade Rabbit, jade deer, jade mouse, jade cow, jade snake, jade sheep, jade monkey, jade spider and jade dragonfly. According to statistics, these bionic jade carvings cover almost all common animal species in the northern temperate zone of China.
In addition, the jade manuscript unearthed from Tomb No.9 has the word "South China" written with a brush, which is the earliest writing with a brush found in China at present, and is of great value for studying the origin of China's calligraphy.
Bury weapons and other things
Four bronze vessels with iron blades and two weapons were also unearthed from Tomb No.9: one was a bronze iron helper and the other was a bronze iron leaf spear; There are two kinds of tools, namely copper, iron and iron, and cutting iron with a copper handle. It is rare that several iron-edged bronzes were unearthed at the same time in the tombs of the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Appraised by Metallurgical Research Office of University of Science and Technology Beijing, one piece is artificial ironmaking, and the other three pieces are meteorite products. In the tombs of the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the appearance of artificial iron smelting products and meteorite products is very important and rare physical evidence for the archaeology and metallurgical history of China. This shows that ancient craftsmen in China began to choose meteorites as utensils at the latest from the14th century BC, and they were still in use in the 9th-8th century BC, lasting for more than 500 years. Combined with the iron sword with copper handle unearthed from Tomb 200 1 (also known as the first sword of China), it shows that artificial iron smelting was not the only weapon source in this period. Similar discoveries have been found in other ancient civilizations in the world, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and so on. Meteorites and artificial iron smelting have been used for hundreds of years at the same time, which is the nature of ancient civilizations in various regions of the world. China is one of the ancient civilizations in the world. It should be like this, but there is no empirical evidence before. The excavation of these four iron-edged bronzes provides us with convincing physical evidence.
In Tomb No.9, pottery, wood, bamboo, mussels, hemp, ivory and other artifacts were also unearthed, especially a complete set of linen clothes, which was only seen in archaeology at the same time in China.