When Jin Mingdi was only a few years old, he sat on Yuan Di's knee. A man from Chang 'an, Yuan Di asked him about Luoyang, and he couldn't help crying. Ming Di asked Yuan Di why he was crying, and Yuan Di told him the whole story of moving eastward in detail. So I asked Ming Di, "Which one do you think is farther from Chang 'an than the sun?" Ming Di replied, "The sun is far away. I have never heard of who is from the sun, obviously. " Yuan Di was very surprised.
How old is Jin Mingdi, sitting on Yuan Di's lap? When someone came from Chang 'an, he asked Luo for news and shed tears. Ming Di asked him why he was crying and told him in an oriental tone. Because he asked Ming Di, "How far do you want to live in peace?" A: "The sun is far away. I don't know if people are from Japan. " Yuan Di is different.
The next day, Yuan Di called ministers to hold a banquet and told everyone what Ming Di said. Then he asked Ming Di again, but Ming Di replied, "The sun is near." Yuan Di was surprised and asked, "Why are you different from what you said yesterday?" Ming Di replied, "Because you can see the sun when you look up, but you can't always see Chang 'an. "
Tomorrow, call ministers to a banquet to tell you this and ask them more seriously. But he replied, "The day is near." Yuan Di turned pale and said, "Why are you different from yesterday?" A: "I can see the sun, but I can't see Chang' an. "
Selected from Shi Shuo Xin Yu
I raised my eyes and saw the sun, but I couldn't see Chang 'an.
Western Jin Dynasty (266~3 16) In 266 AD, Sima Yan, grandson of Sima Yi, minister of Wei, usurped the throne and changed his country name to "Jin". Luoyang is its capital. Sima Yan is the Emperor of Jin Dynasty.
Rise and unification
The origin of the royal family in the Jin Dynasty was the Sima family in Hanoi, and it was an official for generations in the Cao Wei era. For example, Sima Lang, Sima Yi and Sima Fu are eight brothers, so they are called the "Eight". Among them, Sima Yi has political and military talents. In the later period of Cao Wei, he resisted the Northern Expedition of Shu Han, pacified Liaodong and became an important minister of Wei State. When Wei Mingdi died in 239, both Sima Yi and Cao Shuang lived on their inheritance, but Sima Yi was later trampled to death by Cao Shuang. In 249, the Gao Ping Ling incident happened, Sima Yi regained power, and Sima's dictatorship began. After Sima Yi's death, his sons Sima Shi and Si Mazhao gradually consolidated Sima Shi's power. During this period, the three wars against Sima's family (known as Shouchun Three Oppositions in history) were all put down.
In 263 AD, Si Mazhao ordered Zhong Hui, Wargo and Zhuge Xu to attack Shu, and Jiang Wei, commander-in-chief of Shu Han, blocked the enemy at Jiange. Finally, Wargo attacked Fucheng and advanced into Chengdu. Finally, Liu Chan surrendered and Shu Han perished, which was the famous battle of Wei destroying Shu. After Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei attempted to defect, they were immediately put down by Si Mazhao. Si Mazhao died soon, and his son Sima Yan finally usurped the throne in 266, and Cao Wei perished. Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty for Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history.
At that time, the situation of Sun Wu was chaotic, and Sun Hao, the emperor of Wu, was extravagant and did not repair internal affairs. In 270, Xianbei bald tree in Hexi rebelled, and it was not settled until 279. At this time, is preparing to attack wu. He sent yang hu to Xiangyang to confront Sun Wu's famous Lu Kang, and sent Wang Jun to build a ship in Yizhou. Lu Kang died in 274. The following year, Yang proposed to attack Wu, but Jia Chong objected and gave up. After years of preparation, in 279, Wang Jun and Du Yu wrote that it was time to attack Wu, but Jia Chong and Xun Yu opposed it on the grounds that the northwest was undecided. Finally, Sima Yan decided to attack Wu in 65438+February, which was the so-called Jin-Wu War. Sima Yan took Jia Chong as the commander-in-chief, with Wang Junjun in the upper reaches, Du Yu in the middle reaches and Wang Hun in the lower reaches neck and neck. Finally, in 280, when Jianye approached, Sun Hao surrendered, Sun Wu perished, and the Western Jin Dynasty successfully unified the world.
domestic trouble and foreign invasion
The political atmosphere in the Western Jin Dynasty is deteriorating. During the Cao Wei period, clans were deliberately suppressed and meritocracy was advocated, but their honor gradually declined. After Sima Shi came to power, he killed dissidents, and the clan gradually rose under the wings of Sima Yi and Chen Qun. This makes most of the founding heroes of the Western Jin Dynasty belong to the generation without virtue and talent. At that time, the famous clansmen were Langya Wang Xiang, Yang Rong Zheng Chong, Chen Hezeng, Linhuai Chen Qian, Yingchuan Xun Yi Xun, Hedong Wei Guan, Hedong Pei Xiu, Taiyuan Wang Hun, Taishan yang hu, Hanoi Dan Tao, Jingzhao Du Yu and so on. At that time, "luxury" and "corruption" continued in society. At this time, most of the clans lost the fine tradition of the clans in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but gained something. Shi Chong, the richest man at that time, set up a museum in Jingu. He once competed with his spouse Wang Kai for wealth. At that time, Emperor Wu of Jin helped Wang Kai and didn't stop him. Because luxury and corruption are inseparable, at that time, almost all the scholar-officials got rich by taking bribes. Although Emperor Wu of Jin repeatedly advocated frugality, he did not set an example by writing empty promises. During the Cao Wei period, many scholars in the Jin Dynasty followed suit, and finally formed a group of scholars who lived in seclusion after fame and profit.
As a result of the ministers' arguments on "Wu Ping" and "Reese", a party was formed. Yang hu and Zhang Hua supported the cutting of Wu, and thought that it would be gram; But Sima Jia's favorite ministers, Jia Chong, Xun Xun and Feng Yi, all opposed it, so it dragged on for several years. After Wu Ping, Jia Chong was ashamed of his mistakes, so he resented Zhang Hua. The dispute among ministers over the issue of heirs is even more dramatic. At that time, the prince was Sima Zhong, incompetent. Sima You, the younger brother of Emperor Wu of Qi, is kind, filial and sensitive. Ministers Wei Guan and He Yi advocated an alliance, which was strongly opposed by Xun Yu, Xun Yu and Feng Yi. Finally, Emperor Wu of Jin was reluctant to part with his son, set up a younger brother and sent him back to China. Wang Qi, you finally died in anger. After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty enfeoffed the kings and sent them to China in 277. Some of them were in charge of the military affairs of each state. For example, Wang Liang in Runan supervises Yuzhou and Wang Wei in Chu supervises Yangzhou. After reunification, the state garrison was abolished in order to avoid the recurrence of the state separatist regime in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In order to avoid the dictatorship of powerful ministers and local separatist regimes, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty enfeoffed the king and soldiers to counties, but gradually made the power of local imperial clan override the central government. At that time, the Hu people on the border moved into the Central Plains, presenting a semi-encirclement situation to the State of Jin. These conference semifinals are always oppressed by Han Chinese officials or discriminated against by Han Chinese, so they are dissatisfied. In 270, Xianbei Bald Tree in Hexi rebelled, and Liu Meng, the Hun, rebelled, and went through the customs until 279. Later, Guo Qin, Jiang Tong and others used the migration theory to persuade Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to forcibly move the foreigners who moved in to their original places of residence by force, but it was useless for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. After the imperial court was greatly weakened, the surrounding Hu nationality was in chaos.
Emperor Wu of Jin was mediocre in talent, but very lewd. In 273, in order to choose ladies-in-waiting, he banned ethnic marriage. After the destruction of Wu, 5,000 ladies-in-waiting in Sun Hao's harem were included, which made the harem have a scale of 10,000 people at that time. He inherited the inheritance of the first emperor and called himself the emperor, not a genius. He failed to solve the problems of extravagant political style and corruption, the rise of political parties, the expansion of imperial clan forces and the inward migration of foreigners, which buried the distant causes of the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia disaster in the future.
Intervention in Politics after Home and the Eight Kings Rebellion
In 290, Emperor Wu of Jin died, and Emperor Hui succeeded to the throne, with consort Yang Jun as assistant minister. Hui Di is fatuous and incompetent. History records that he swam in Hualin Garden and smelled frogs. He said to the left and right, "Is this singer an official? Private? " When the world panicked and people starved to death, he actually said, "Why not eat minced meat?" . Queen Jia Nanfeng was ambitious and took the opportunity to intervene in politics. At that time, Yang Jun was arrogant and opposed to his family. Sima Liang, the king of Runan, was afraid that Yang Jun would hurt him and fled to Xuchang. In order to consolidate his power, Yang Jun appointed his cronies to take charge of the imperial army, which made the imperial clan king and some ministers dissatisfied. In 29 1 year, Yang Jun and his forces were ousted by Sima Wei, the king of Chu, and Wang Liang and Wei Guan were appointed to manage the state affairs. Soon, Jia took advantage of the discord between Chu and Ru 'nan, dismissed Ru 'nan and Wei Guan, killed Chu by false imperial edict, and appointed Zhang Hua and Jia Mo to be in charge of state affairs. At this point, the family successfully seized power. Fortunately, Zhang Hua and others, such as Qi Xin, worked together to fulfill their duties, and the political situation was stabilized. In 294, Xiongnu Hao San rebelled and was soon put down. In 296, under the leadership of Qi Wannian, his younger brother Liu joined forces with Ma Lanqiang and Lushui Tiger in the northwest, and the Jin Army was defeated and killed at the beginning of the week. In 299, the Qi Wannian rebellion was put down. Jiang Tong suggested moving the Hu people away, but there was nothing Kim could do.
Because Prince Sima Yu was not born to Queen Jia, Queen Jia intended to abolish it. In 300 years, the prince was slandered and rebelled by his family and was deposed. Sima Lun, the king of Zhao, used Sun Xiuji to provoke Jia to kill the prince. Later, Zhao joined forces with Sima Tang, the king of Qi, to send troops to get rid of his henchmen on the grounds of revenge against the prince and Zhao's dictatorship. 30 1 year, Zhao Wanglun became emperor on his own and rebuilt the old friendship. Hui Di abdicated as the father of the emperor. In March, the King of Qi, the King of Hejian Sima Yu and the King of Chengdu Sima Ying joined forces with the King of Changshan Sima Ai (later called Changsha King) to attack Zhao Wanglun. In May, Zhao and his henchmen were eliminated, restored, and the King of Qi ruled the party. In 302, Wang Ying, Chengdu and Hejian Wang Qing sent troops to crusade against Wang Qiyi, and Changsha Wang Yi responded in Luoyang, the capital. Finally, the King of Qi and his henchmen were removed, the King of Changsha took power, and Wang Ying in Chengdu was remotely controlled by yeyu.
In 303, Chengdu Wang Ying joined forces with Hejian Wang Yong to attack Luoyang in order to drive away Changsha Wangwa, who was stationed in the capital, but was repeatedly defeated by Changsha Wang Yong. At the beginning of 304, Luoyang was short of food, and Sima Yue, the king of the East China Sea, colluded with the imperial army, captured the king of Changsha and surrendered in Kaesong. King Changsha was roasted to death by General Zhang Fang of Hejian Wang, and Wang Ying forced Huidi to make him his younger brother, Hejian Wang Qing as the prince and Donghai Wang Yue as the official minister. After Wang Shengli, the slate returned to the leaves, and the political center moved northward. Then Wang Yue of the East China Sea gathered all his forces and attacked Chengdu and Wang Ying with Hui Di. In the end, Hui Di was captured, the king of the East China Sea fled to the East China Sea (now north of Tancheng, Shandong Province), and the general of Hejian King Zhang Fang occupied Luoyang.
But before long, Ma Teng, the younger brother of the East China Sea King, and Wang Jun, the secretariat of Bingzhou and Youzhou, joined forces with Wu Wan and others to defeat the King of Chengdu. King Chengdu fled to Luoyang with Emperor Huidi and took refuge in Hejian King who owned Guanzhong and Luoyang. Finally, the King of Chengdu was abolished, and Sima Chi, Wang Gai of Hejian, became his younger brother. In 305, Wang Yue of Donghai once again set out to attack Shandong and the West. In 306, Wang Yue of the East China Sea invaded Chang 'an. Hejian Wang Qing and Chengdu Wang Ying were defeated and finally killed. Wang Yueying of the East China Sea returned Hui Di to Luoyang, then Hui Di was poisoned, and Sima Chi of Zhang Yu succeeded to the throne, ruled by Sima Yue of the East China Sea. The rebellion of the Eight Kings is over.
Five nomadic tribes plague China people.
. During the Eight Kings Rebellion, Sima's influence in the local area declined, the local power continued to expand, and foreigners defected to independence one after another, and Li Cheng became independent one after another. Li Xiong, an Adi, grew up in Yizhou and finally became emperor in 306, known as Li Cheng in history. In 304, Wang Jun sent Liu Yuan, the leader of Xiongnu, back to Bing to send troops to support, and Liu Yuan took the opportunity to declare independence. In 308, Liu Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Han, later. After the Eight Kings Rebellion, Jinshi faced the crisis of collapse.
After the Eight Kings Rebellion, Liu Yuan sent his son Liu Cong to plunder Luoyang, while general Schleswig and Wang Mi plundered the Kanto countries. In 3 10, Liu Yuan died, and his son Liu He succeeded to the throne. Soon Liu Cong was killed and stood on his own feet. 3 1 1 year, Schleswig sent troops to Xiangyang, and the Jin Dynasty sent troops to crusade. However, due to mutual suspicion between the imperial court and Sima Yue, 8 Jin Army was in civil strife, and was finally captured by Schleswig-Holstein, and the elite died. At that time, Luoyang was empty, and Liu Cong took the opportunity to capture Jin Huaidi, which was called "the disaster of Yongjia" in history. In 3 13, Emperor Huaidi was killed, Jin Emperor succeeded to Chang 'an, and Han and Zhao sent Liu Yao to continue the attack. In 3 16, Xian Di Chen of Jin surrendered, and was finally humiliated and killed, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. Then Xiongnu, Di, Jie, Xianbei and Qiang established a series of countries in the north, which were called "Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries" in history.
After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were still three areas loyal to the Jin Dynasty in the north, namely Liu Kun in the north of Bingzhou, Pipi in Youzhou and Zhang Shi in Liangzhou. However, Liu Kun of Bingzhou was defeated by Schleswig first and took refuge in Youzhou section. Duan Pihao was ordered by the Eastern Jin Dynasty to kill Liu Kun, and was later defeated by Schleswig. Finally, after the death of Zhang Shi in Liangzhou, his brother Zhang Mao surrendered to Liu Yao, and the influence of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in North China was completely eliminated.
The reign of the Jin and Yuan emperors (276 ~322) was from 3 17 to 322.
outline
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Emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in China. Temple name Zhongzong, posthumous title Yuan. The great-grandson of Sima Yi and the son of Sima Jin. Word Wen Jing. Wen county, Hanoi (now west of wen county, Henan).
15 years old, succession. In the late period of the Eight Kings Rebellion, Sima Yue, the king of the East China Sea, attached himself to it, becoming the general of Pingdong, overstepping the military affairs of Xuzhou, and staying in Xiapi. After Liu Yuan, the leader of the Han Dynasty, rose up, the situation in the Central Plains deteriorated. Si Marui used Wang Dao's plan to establish his own town (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). In the first year of Yongjia (307), the court appointed General Anton and Commander-in-Chief of Yangzhou Corps, and went south in September. With the help of Wang Dao and Wang Dun, we treated the local gentry well, suppressed the rebellion, and got a foothold in the south of the Yangtze River.
In the fourth year of lite (3 16), Liu Yao was trapped in Chang 'an and captured the emperor. The demise of the western jin dynasty. In March of the following year, Si Marui acceded to the throne, and began to build the country and rebuild Wu. In 3 18, Si Marui proclaimed himself emperor and changed his name to Taixing. According to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River and Pearl River basins, it was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. In the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wang Dao was in charge politically and relied on Wang Dun militarily. At that time, people called it "the king and the horse, * * * the world". Jin Yuan Emperor was dissatisfied with the relegation of power, citing Liu Kun and Diao Xie as confidants in an attempt to crowd out the power of the king. In the first year of Yu Yongchang (322), Wang Dun went out of Wuchang in the name of killing Liu Kui, and went straight to Stone Town (that is, Jiankang). Wang Dao secretly helped Wang Dun safeguard the interests of the Wangs. Wang Dun attacked Jiankang and killed Dai Yuan, while Liu Kui went to Schleswig. In November of the same year, Emperor Jin Yuan died of grief and indignation.
"Looking up at the sun, but not seeing Chang 'an" in Shi Shuo Xin Yu and Su Hui Pian: How old is Jin Mingdi, sitting on Yuan Di's lap? When someone came from Chang 'an, Yuan Di asked about Charlotte (Luoyang), and his eyes fell into tears. Ming Di asked, "Why are you crying?" Intention to cross the east. Because he asked Ming Di, "You mean, how far is Chang 'an from the sun? A: "The days are far away. Obviously, no one is from Japan. " Yuan Di is different. Tomorrow, call ministers to hold a banquet to show this intention; Ask again. But he replied, "The day is near." Yuan Di turned pale and said, "Why are you different from what you said yesterday? A: "I can see the sun, but I can't see Chang' an. " 」
This story shows that the son of Emperor Jin Yuan (Si Marui) is very clever, but it doesn't explain why the Emperor Jin Yuan shed tears. However, according to historical knowledge, we know that the capital of the Jin Dynasty was originally in Luoyang. In 3 16 AD, Xiongnu soldiers captured Chang 'an and wiped out the Western Jin Dynasty. In 3 17, Si Marui, the royal family of the Jin Dynasty, had to flee to Jiankang (now Nanjing) in the south of the Yangtze River to rebuild the Jin Dynasty, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. Since someone came from Chang 'an, the Jin and Yuan emperors would naturally know about Chang 'an, especially Luoyang, the old capital. But at this time, Luoyang was under alien rule and was devastated. Thinking of this, the Jin and Yuan emperors naturally "shed tears".
During the Three Kingdoms period, Si Marui took refuge in Meduoling, southwest of Chuzhou, hence the name Langya Mountain.
His mausoleum was built in Jianping Mausoleum (now Jilong Mountain, Jiangning County, Jiangsu Province).
Jin Mingdi Si Mashao (30 1-325), a native of Dao Ji, was the second emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the son of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty. Mother was born in Dai Jun.
Yuan Di was made a prince when he was in office. Yuan Di died in leap 1 1 in 322 AD, and he succeeded to the throne in the same month. In the second year, the year number was changed to "Taining". After three years in office, he died at the age of 27. Buried in Wupingling (now Jilong Mountain, Jiangning County, Jiangsu Province).
Jin Mingdi has been very clever since he was a child. According to Shi Shuo Xin Yu, when Jin Mingdi was a child, he argued with his father about "which is closer to Chang 'an or the sun", and there was an anecdote that Prince Xichi was built overnight with East Palace guards. Si Mashao is not only good at calligraphy and etiquette, but also filial. Si Mashao is also quite brave, which Wang Dun called "Xianbei". Wang Dun wanted to ask Jin Yuan Emperor to abolish the Prince, but he gave up because of the minister's opposition.
After Si Mashao succeeded to the throne, he still used Wang Dao as assistant minister. Wang Dao's cousin, Wang Dun, thought there was an opportunity and stepped up preparations for usurpation. In 324 AD, Wang Dun was seriously ill, and Si Mashao took the opportunity to plan to send troops to pacify Wang Dun. Wang Dun once again pre-empted, sent troops to attack health, and was repelled by 8 jin j.. Soon, Wang Dun died of illness, and the usurpation crisis temporarily subsided.
In the leap of August in 325 AD, Si Mashao was seriously ill. On his deathbed, he called Taizai Sima Yi, Stuart Wang Dao, Shang Shuling Bianbian and others into the bedroom to accept his life, made Prince Sima Yan emperor, and asked the three of them to assist him wholeheartedly. The next day (Wuzi Day), Si Mashao died in the East Hall of Jiankang Palace.
After Si Mashao's death, the temple was named Su Zong and posthumous title Ming Di.