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★ Brief introduction of scholars and its practical significance
★ 600 words after reading scholars' foreign history
★ The main content of scholars' history
★ Academic comments 1500 words
Reading Notes on The Scholars (1)
When I first started reading this novel, I felt very puzzled. Previous novels, especially novels like this one, must have at least one protagonist and one center, but Wu's center seems to be a little scattered, and the protagonist has been changing, so it is impossible to see a person's complete life. The author only concentrates on the most obvious characteristics of this person, exaggerates his personality characteristics and what he has done, and even exaggerates it, thus achieving his satire.
Undoubtedly, The Scholars is a satirical novel worthy of in-depth study, and many celebrities have highly praised it. For example, Mr. Lu Xun used "greatness" to describe two books, one is Historical Records and the other is Scholars. The reason why Wu can write such a great work is inseparable from his life experience. His biological father gave him to his uncle Wu. As an adult, he followed his father everywhere as an official, so he had the opportunity to know the unknown inside story of officialdom, which played a very important role in revealing the decay of officialdom in his works. At the age of 23, my father died. As the heir of an official's children's family, he basically has no right to fight for the family property, and he can only watch a group of hypocritical relatives fight for the family property. He thoroughly saw the ugly nature of morality, and those well-dressed gentry exposed their hypocrisy in front of money. This kind of life experience is another accumulation of his later creation.
At the age of 29, it took him nearly 20 years to complete The Scholars. Nine times out of ten, the characters written in his book are true, and more than 200 characters have been completely portrayed. He did not directly say that he was a figure in his own dynasty, but wrote about the ups and downs of intellectuals' lives and circumstances during the prosperous period of Kanggan in the Ming Dynasty, especially whether they were proud of officialdom. In the book, the author clearly distinguishes the positive characters from the negative characters, and the criterion for judging their merits is their attitude towards fame and wealth. For example, Wang Mian, the first person at the beginning, is the representative of a first-class positive figure. His occupation is cowherd, but he can draw a good lotus, and his lotus is as muddy as his people. Faced with the threat of "killing a county", he would rather run around than ignore authority, and he is worthy of being a celebrity in the eyes of the author. The equally prominent positive figure is Feng Si, arranged in the middle of the book. He is a very free and easy hero and my favorite character. According to the stone test, there is a real person. His prototype is Wu's friend, Gan Fengchi. He is brave and resourceful. He spoke out bravely, lost money to help the poor, and also scared off the county officials with his strength. But he never does it for money, only for temporary happiness. Other positive figures, such as Du, Shang, Chi Hengshan, Yu Yude, Zhuang Shaoguang, etc., are all gathered by celebrities. Du Shao Qing may feel a little weak and know that he has been cheated, but he lived like this until he ran out of all his money. Since then, he has lived a poor life, but he has also lived comfortably with celebrities, which shows that he doesn't care about fame and fortune. On the other hand, Ma Chun is a complicated figure. He has both Confucianism and integrity. And his final outcome should be right. Good people are rewarded. At the end of the book, it ends with the story of four strangers in the market. September 17th is the season when calligraphy matures. His handwriting is particularly good, but he refuses to imitate the ancients. His temperament is particularly eccentric, honest and frank. Shi asked him to write, but he scolded him, while the monk refused to let him write, but he grinded ink and capitalized with a broken pen. Erqi is Yuan Jing, a tailor. He can play the piano, write and write poems, which seems out of step with his family as a tailor, but he doesn't think so. Does he think he can't love some literary things because he is a tailor? Sanqi is Mrs. Wang who sells toilet paper tubes. He likes playing Go since he was a child. One day, he saw several senior officials playing chess around two people, so he went over and asked for the next game. At first, everyone looked down on him, but only halfway down, the master lost. People only looked at him with new eyes and offered him a drink, but he refused. He thinks playing chess is the best thing. What's the point of drinking! The author has his own reasons for arranging the appearance order of different positive characters in this way. Celebrities in Nanjing have gradually disappeared. If you want to find strange people again, you can only start from the streets.
As a satirical novel, this book focuses and attracts people's attention. Their decadent life deepened the theme that the author wanted to express: the decay of the imperial examination system! The villain in the book is Jin Fan, whom we are familiar with. He was hand-picked by Zhou Jin. Zhou Jin, in his sixties, tried again and again. One day, he followed his brother-in-law to Gong Sheng compound and was very sad to see what he saw. He even touched the sign. Everyone is very sympathetic to him. He left him two hundred and twenty pieces of silver and donated a Guo Jian diploma. In the future, he was admitted as a scholar and studied Taoism in Guangdong. Here, he met Jin Fan who was in the same boat with him. Jin Fan, 54, has also tried many times. Zhou Jin read his article three times. Jin Fan's fame depends entirely on stereotyped writing, and he knows nothing else, which shows that the rigid imperial examination system is deeply toxic to people. In addition to official corruption, there are also some local strongmen who collude with the government to oppress civilians. For example, Yan Zhizhong, Yan's younger brother, ran to his house and detained other people's pigs. Wang Er's brother broke his leg when he wanted it. After my brother died, in order to seize the family property, I asked my sister-in-law to adopt her son as my son in the name of my brother, which was full of truth. There are also villains like Zhang Jingzhai, who, in order to seize the land of the temple, let seven or eight hooligans frame monks for having an affair with women. Let the monk take the lawsuit in a shady way.
Nothing can best reflect the harm of the imperial examination than Kuang Superman. At first, I thought he was a very filial person and had a good impression on him. He runs a small business in Hangzhou to support his parents. Later, I met Mr. Ma Er who chose to print eight-part essay. Mr. Ma Er gave him twelve taels of silver to encourage him to study hard. After returning home, he studied hard while doing small business, and soon gained the appreciation of Li Zhifu and became a scholar. However, something happened to Li Zhifu soon. In order to avoid getting involved, Kuang Chaoren immediately went to Hangzhou, where he began to completely change himself. First, he met with Jing, the owner of a headscarf shop posing as a celebrity, and Pan, an official of the chief. These two are his benefactors now and will be stepping stones for him to climb up in the future. From them, he learned to take exams, to praise others, and even to make his own brother a scapegoat in the future. He also got to know Mr. Ma Er and began to choose articles for others, which was highly praised by everyone. Most shamelessly, he abandoned his wife and took the teacher's niece. Li Zhifu was rehabilitated and promoted, and he shamelessly followed him to Beijing to be an official. Later, something happened to Mr. Pan, and he didn't even bother to look at it. He even belittled and slandered Mr. Ma Er in order to improve himself. The former Kuang Superman disappeared completely, and we have to say that this is not the credit of the imperial examination. However, Wang Yuhui, a poor scholar who was deeply poisoned by the imperial examination, was full of confidence in the imperial examination, but he failed every year, but the imperial examination still deeply poisoned his thoughts. His third son-in-law died, and his daughter wanted to be buried, but her in-laws did not allow it. Instead, he advised his in-laws to make her a martyr. As a result, my daughter fasted for eight days and died in mourning. But he laughed and shouted "good death, good death", until her daughter died and saw her sadness, he began to regret it.
This is the author's view that imperial examinations do harm to people. He showed the world the meanness of these scholars, but these are the people who really need help. ...
Reading notes ii
The Scholars is an outstanding realistic satirical novel in the history of China literature. In this paper, the author Wu tries to expose and criticize the darkness of the feudal imperial examination system, the defilement of a large number of literati's souls and the degradation of their personality by borrowing some scholars who pursue fame and gain and show off their knowledge. This book does not despise the central figure and plot of a scholar with a sense of fame and fortune, but takes the corruption of the imperial examination system as the central idea, connecting each character with his own story and forming an internally related picture of folk literati.
The Scholars begins with a description of Wang Mian, a rural teenager in Zhuji County. Because of his poor family, he herded cattle for Qin Lao since childhood, but he was diligent and studious, and bought books with the snacks he saved every day. Because Wang Mian is smart and diligent, well-read and good at drawing lotus flowers, he became a celebrity in the county before he was twenty years old. He doesn't seek fame and fortune, and the county magistrate visits, but he avoids it; Zhu Yuanzhang offered him the job of military consultant, but he didn't accept it. Wang Mian was afraid that someone would hire him as an official again, so he fled to Kuaiji Mountain to live in seclusion. Literati who are indifferent to fame and fortune like this are really rare in the author's life, so the author appreciates Wang Mian very much.
It is the main theme of this book to satirize the scholars who lashed out at the imperial examination system and sought only fame and gain. Old boys, who failed many times in the imperial examination, was given a cold shoulder at home and scolded by her husband Hu. Fan entered the provincial examination and consulted with his father-in-law because there was no board fee. Unexpectedly, Butcher Hu called him dog blood, saying that he was a "toad trying to eat swan meat" and that he was "feeding your old lady seriously", which made him "out of touch". On the day the list was published, there was no rice at home. Mother asked Jin Fan to take the hen to the market and sell it for rice. At this time, there was a happy news from Jin Fan, who came back from the market. After learning the news, he was ecstatic. It was his father-in-law Hu who woke him up with a slap and cured him of his madness. In the blink of an eye, Jin Fan's fortune turned and financial resources rolled in. Even the butcher Hu was uncharacteristic, calling him "satellites" and praising him as "talented and good-looking". This story strongly satirizes the extreme desire for fame and fortune and Hu's "chameleon" character.
In The Scholars, there are many vivid figures like Wang Hui, who told everyone to hand over their money under the banner of the government, and Kuang, who did whatever it took to become famous, bite the hand that feeds him, and abandoned his wife and children. In fact, they are all victims of the decadent imperial examination system!
How many scholars' consciences have been lost by the phrase "learning to be an excellent official"! As Mr. Lu Xun said: "Where is the plane going, especially in Shilin." In real life, although no one is crazy about winning the jury, some people do whatever it takes to get a doctorate or master's degree. Although no one is proud of the power gained by learning, some people exchange their knowledge for wealth. Zhou Enlai once said, "Learn for the rise of China". We should not study for fame and fortune, but for the future prosperity of our motherland.
Reading Notes on The Scholars III
The Scholars is one of China's four satirical novels. I saw it recently and liked it very much.
Most of the characters in The Scholars have the shadow of real people. But the author skillfully pushed the story to the previous dynasty, avoiding the cruel literary inquisition of the controller, and was very courageous. Moreover, it is very clear that the theme of this book is "Preface to the Scholars" by the idle old man in Zhai: "His book is rich with fame." Those who have a heart, fame and fortune, charm others; There are people who are proud of fame and fortune; Those who have no intention of fame and wealth, no intention of self-esteem, and are laughed at by others; Eventually resigned but gained fame and fortune, and the top of the product was the main one. "The book is centered on opposing the imperial examination and fame and fortune, attacking the bureaucracy, personnel relations and the whole social fashion at that time, which is its unique highlight.
There is also the author's creative intention in this book, and the characters are distinct. The author praises and opposes everything in the language of the characters in his works, and he is not artificial at all. Because the author doesn't like being an official, in the first "wedge", he wrote the words that Wang Mian's mother advised her son before she died: "I'm afraid the official is not Rongzong Yaozu! I see that none of these officials can have a good end; What's more, if you are arrogant and ugly as a result, my son can listen to my last words and will definitely marry and have children and guard my grave in the future. Don't go out to be an official. My mouth and eyes will be closed when I die. " When Kuang Renchao's father died, he also had similar last words: "It is important to be named as something outside the body." All these reflect the author's magnanimity.
The main idea of this book is told through short stories: for example, Wang Mian abandoned his official position to live in seclusion, and Kuang Chaoren abandoned his son to mix with officialdom, which is a good example. I admire Wang Mian's firmness when he is tempted. Spit on the shamelessness of Superman, Superman and others.
Wang Mian is a cowherd from a peasant background. With his cleverness and eagerness to learn, he not only mastered a subset of classics and history, but also taught himself the unique skill of painting lotus flowers. But he never entered the track of the imperial examination, and he was never dragged down by fame and fortune. He relies on his knowledge and skills to honor his mother and earn his own living. Knowing that the court wanted him to be an official, he fled to Huiji Mountain overnight to live in seclusion. Because he knows that anyone, no matter what his background, can't control himself once he steps into the official position. You can't have your own thoughts and activities, you can only be a slave without a soul. He finally became an open and handsome man.
Kuang Chao was born a simple and honest poor boy. Because of his pursuit of official career, he abandoned his father's legacy and became a thug of a vicious snob in cool thin, regardless of virtue, suffering all his life. Zhou Jin, who is in his sixties, has to grovel and endure new progress because he has never been to school.
After learning of Mei San's taunts, he also cleaned the garbage for the king of the former dynasty and new China all morning. Later, even the position of the church was gone, so I had to keep accounts for the businessmen and cried my eyes out. Finally, the businessman donated a imperial academy diploma to him, but he lost his dignity, climbed to the ground and kowtowed to them, saying that they were biological parents and made cattle and horses. You know how low the status of businessmen was at that time, and how ridiculous it was for Zhou Jin to be desperate to compliment them. And Jin Fan, an old boy who didn't even get into the exam for more than 20 times. Later, he finally made the list. On the day the list was published, he sold the hens that were laying eggs in his arms to the collection. When he knew this, he clapped his hands and laughed happily, and he didn't wake up until his father-in-law slapped him in the face. Later, many people came to flatter him, and in a blink of an eye, he had everything from real estate to maids.
Many stories here tell about the corruption of the imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty and the disadvantages of the eight-part essay examination. You can find someone to take the exam, bribe, and impersonate. It is also described in the book. When Anton was promoted to the magistrate of Anqing, he went to the Chayuan to inspect the boy students, and saw that those boys were ghostwriting, handing paper, throwing paper bricks and winking at them. There was even a boy who took the opportunity to go out and walked to the root of the earth wall, dug a hole in the earth wall and reached for the article. What kind of talented officials can such an environment produce, and how can the Qing government continue from generation to generation? This reflects the substantive loopholes in the demise of the Qing Dynasty.
In this book, the characters described by the author, whether they are dutiful sons or rebellious sons, whether they are promoted or dismissed from office, whether they are Hanlin bachelors or waiters, are vividly written, and the beauty and ugliness can be seen. The language of this book is also very artistic, and the characters are often "unattractive" in a few words. Language without art is not literature, literature should be a pagoda of language art, and any part of it should shine with the brilliance of language art. The Scholars fully meets this standard. The artistic structure of this book is very novel. There are no events and people throughout, but what runs through is thought. Using fame and fortune to attract different kinds of characters, in order to deny the social system of imperial examination at that time.
The Scholars is not only rich and profound in thought, but also unique in artistic style. The whole story runs through the technique of "satire", and its satirical art has almost reached the point of surpassing the ancients and never returning. So I like this book better. Its language art and literature art are first-class.
Reading Notes 4 of The Scholars
After reading the whole Scholars, it is like reading a long scroll with all beings painted on it. The Confucian world is not big, but the separation and integration of literati and humanities; Small but not small, just like a big stage, more than 100 celebrities with surnames have appeared one after another, and everyone is flesh and blood. You are really lively after singing! We watched them quietly under the stage, either sad or happy, or angry or sighing. This play seems absurd, full of arty and sour literati life. However, if you look closely, you can get a glimpse of the stale degeneration of that feudal era, the sadness and helplessness of ordinary people and even yourself.
The literati in the Confucian forest is the most lamentable, and the salt merchants say it well. It is really "intersecting all over the world, knowing people and discussing the world"! Du is the author's most famous figure, and his appearance is due to his generosity and fame. No matter who borrows money from him, as long as he complains about his difficulties, he almost never deducts his money. He also gave up the good opportunity to go to Beijing and chose to play with his wife and be a fairy couple. But the most ridiculous thing is that what he did did not win him a good reputation for being kind-hearted and indifferent to fame and fortune. On the contrary, he has been talked about as a joke. Although his reputation spread far and wide and many people made friends with him, who knows his sincerity? He has an untimely and innocent heart in the complex and indifferent world of Confucian scholars. He looks at the world with pure kindness, so he can't see fame and fortune. He treats the world with a frank and sincere heart, but he can't get a confidant. When he was questioned by his wife why he gave up the great opportunity to go to Beijing, he simply said, "You are so stupid!" I think he should also want to say this sentence to those self-righteous literati who pursue fame and gain-"You are so stupid!"
Among those who are carried away by money and fame, I am most impressed by Superman Kuang. He appeared as an honest and poor Tian Shelang, devoted himself to his studies, got help from many people, and served his wife wholeheartedly at home. He is a famous dutiful son. I thought he would put on an inspirational drama, but the more I watched it, the more disappointed I became. He was attracted by Pan's petty profits, stuck to his laurels, went astray, and eventually became a treacherous villain step by step. After his wife died, he sent his eldest brother away with a few taels of silver, and even prepared to build a coffin! I was speechless with anger, and at the same time I felt a sense of sadness. He used to be an upright teenager! Vanity is eating away at him, and so are thousands of scholars in the Confucian forest. Sadly, they know nothing about it.
That era was so sad and ridiculous. Although it's about Confucian scholars, isn't it about the market? Although it is about the market, it is not about the times! I remember that dad Ni talked about selling his son and asked him how he was willing to give up. Dad Ni replied: "It is better to let him starve at home." I wonder what kind of era this is. In this era, selling children is free. In this era, poverty is really a disease, and there is only a dead end. In this era, people are as humble as ants.
Mr. Yang Lu's evaluation of this book in the preface is vulgar and desperate! Yes, I saw this vulgarity and this biting despair. As theatre goers, shouldn't we also regard our vulgar world and ourselves as ants? Maybe what you see is not only despair, but also warmth. Finally, I found myself a mediocrity. Perhaps this is what Mr. Yang Lu said in his preface: "Love this world, love extremely vulgar human beings, and love their complexity and vanity like ants." Only by knowing how humble and even inferior you are can you avoid unnecessary narcissism and lyricism.
Reading Notes on The Scholars (5)
The Scholars written by Wu, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, is characterized by satire, which reflects the fame and wealth status of Confucian scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and also profoundly exposes the decay of scholars' psychological concepts, imperial examinations, ethics and corruption in the feudal social system. It is still very warning.
Since I have written my thoughts after reading, I want the writer to experience them. Only by combining them can I have feelings to write. Wu, the author, is a scholar in Qing Dynasty who hates the secular world and is full of resentment. Being in the officialdom, I saw through many ups and downs, reading notes and many entanglements, thus writing The Scholars, which created vivid characters in the form of stories, and the portrayal of the characters in the stories represented the author's views on the state of affairs in feudal countries. Mr. Lu Xun once commented that this book is euphemistic, sharp and straightforward, and it is a classic of realistic literature, which shows the success of this book.
Reading "The Scholars" made me see the stubbornness of the ancient feudal dynasty, eating people and harming people. But it reminds me of China now. China today is not China in the past; Now China is a socialist country, a people-oriented country that holds high Lenin and Marxism. Now China is struggling for the rise of the Chinese nation and the realization of the "Chinese Dream", which makes our Chinese sons and daughters feel extremely proud. However, there are still some stumbling blocks on our way forward, such as _ _, imperfect legal system, lack of supervision by many government agencies, and environmental degradation. These are all problems that need our patience, care and seriousness to solve.
Let's take action and do our best to build a strong, democratic and beautiful China.
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