second, narrow interpretation
in a narrow sense, culture only refers to people's spiritual life. On this basis, the cultural structure is further classified according to different perspectives. First of all, from the time point of view, there are primitive culture, ancient culture, modern culture and modern culture. Secondly, from a spatial perspective, there are oriental culture, western culture, marine culture and mainland culture. Thirdly, from the social level, there are aristocratic culture, civilian culture, official culture, folk culture, mainstream culture and marginal culture (Mr. Jiang Yihua divides them into normative culture, non-normative culture and semi-normative culture. This division is relatively novel, so I will introduce it emphatically. The so-called normative culture, according to Mr. Jiang, is a historical culture based on Confucian classics and official records of past dynasties, and has widely absorbed the theories of Taoism, dharma, Yin and Yang, vertical and horizontal, metaphysics and Buddhism in the long-term evolution of traditional culture, which is the highest authoritative normative culture in China's small-scale peasant society. Correspondingly, it is the mode of production, lifestyle, various relationships between people, customs, habits, beliefs, pursuits, daily psychology, potential consciousness and various non-normative cultures in written or unwritten systems. In addition to these two cultures, there is a semi-normative culture between them, which refers to a large number of literary and artistic works with different levels of elegance and vulgarity, various cultural education and religious entertainment activities that are semi-detached from the classics, history and culture, such as The Water Margin, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, The Journey to the West and other popular cultural masterpieces. Of course, I think Mr. Jiang's division seems to be only effective for China's traditional culture. Fourthly, from the social function, it is divided into etiquette culture, system culture, clothing culture, campus culture and enterprise culture. Fifth, from the internal logical level of culture, it can be divided into four levels: material state culture, mentality culture, behavior culture and system culture. Sixthly, from the aspect of economic form, there are different cultures, such as herding and hunting, fishing and salt, agriculture, industry and commerce. Some people engage in coloring, yellow culture, blue culture and so on.
Third, other methods
In addition, there are more nifty points. For example, Mr. Zhang Yuanshan divides culture into brain culture, chest culture, abdomen culture and lower body culture in his cultural essay "Up and Down Five Thousand Years". The lower body is divided into two sections by him, which are crotch culture and crotch culture. He said that in the middle of Tang Dynasty (An Shi Rebellion), it was the upper part of China culture, and then the lower part of China culture. If subdivided, from Yao to Zhou, that is, from 3, BC to the birth of Confucius in 552 BC, about 2,5 years, it is a prehistoric period of China culture, and there is no mind yet. Around the birth of Confucius, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China entered the era of brain culture. Qin Shihuang was unified, centralized and autocratic, and his chest snapped, so China entered the era of chest. The Han Dynasty beat even louder, making the Xiongnu soldiers tremble. Huo Qubing's stone pig and stone horse were carved by the most mindless people at a glance. Sima Qian, the most intelligent, was castrated by the most mindless Emperor Wu. It was also the mindless Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty who declared that Confucianism was the only one, which led to the fact that most of the intellectuals in China for two thousand years became brainless. In a word, Mr. Zhang's score is very witty. The reason why he bothers you so much is just to give you some inspiration. If students are interested, they may wish to create a score.
Edit the keywords in this paragraph
1. hundred schools of thought
★ Overview of tradition ★: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, faithfulness, loyalty, filial piety, filial piety, restraint, forgiveness, courage and concession; Qinqi calligraphy and painting, three religions and nine streams, 36 lines, four great inventions, folk taboos, loyal service to the country, bamboo, folk songs, loess, Yangtze River, Yellow River, red, moon ... ★ Agricultural culture ★: farmers, peasant uprisings, hoes. Paper-cutting of traditional culture
★ Palace government ★: palace culture, imperial studies. ★ hundred schools of thought★: Confucianism (Confucius, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Mencius, Xunzi; Benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith; The Doctrine of the Mean) Taoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi; Morality, inaction, freedom) Mohist school (Mozi, Mozi, universal love) Legalist school (Han Fei, Li Si, Han Feizi) famous artists (Deng Xi, Hui Shi, Gongsun Longzi) Yin and Yang school (Zou Yan, Wuxing, Jin Mu fire and water soil) strategists (Guiguzi, Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Han Feizi). Jasmine Flower, Top Ten Famous Songs (Mountain Flowing Water, Guangling San, Wild Goose in Pingsha, Three Alleys of Plum Blossoms, House of Flying Daggers, Sunset Flute Drum, Questions and Answers of Fishermen, Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia, Autumn Moon in Han Palace, Spring Snow) ★ Chess ★ Books ★: China's calligraphy, seal cutting, Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink, inkstone, rice paper), woodblock watermark, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhong Dingwen, bamboo slips of Han Dynasty, and vertical thread-bound books. ★ Painting ★: Chinese painting, landscape painting and freehand painting; Dunhuang murals; Eight Horses, Tai Chi (Tai Chi).
Third, the traditional
★ Zodiac ★: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog and pig. ★ Traditional literature ★: Tang poetry, Song ci, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels, songs, Fu, The Book of Songs, Thirty-six Strategies, The Art of War, Four Great Classical Novels. ★ Traditional festivals ★: Lantern Festival, Cold Food Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day (ancestor worship), Dragon Boat Festival (Zongzi, Dragon Boat Race, Qu Yuan), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival (respect for the elderly), Laba Festival (New Year's Eve, red envelopes, family reunion dinner), New Year's Eve, and Spring Festival (Zhengdan, New Year's Day, and Yuanri). Shadow play of traditional culture
★ China drama ★: Kunqu opera, xiang opera opera, Cantonese opera, Hui opera, Han opera, Beijing opera, shadow play, Yue opera, Sichuan opera and Huangmei opera; Kunqu mask, xiang opera mask, Sichuan mask, Beijing mask. ★ China architecture ★: Great Wall, memorial archway, gardens, temples, clocks, towers, temples, pavilions, wells, stone lions, houses, Qin bricks and Han tiles, terracotta warriors and horses. Chinese characters Chinese: Chinese characters, Chinese couplets, riddles (riddles), two-part allegorical sayings, idioms, shots, wine orders, etc. ★ Traditional Chinese Medicine ★: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huangdi Neijing, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Compendium of Materia Medica. ★ Religious philosophy ★: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, yin and yang, five elements, compass, gossip, Sina, magic weapon, fortune telling, Zen, Buddhism, Guanyin, the old gentleman on the throne; Burn incense, worship Buddha, candles.
IV. Folk
★ Folk crafts ★: paper-cutting, kites, China embroidery (embroidery, etc.), Chinese knots, clay figurines, dragon and phoenix patterns (gluttonous patterns, ruyi patterns, thunder patterns, palindromes and ba patterns), auspicious cloud patterns, phoenix, Melaleuca, eaves and vultures. ★ Chinese martial arts ★: Nanquan Beitui, Shaolin Wudang, clothes of traditional Taiji Bagua culture
★ Regional culture★: Central Plains culture, Jiangnan culture, Jiangnan water town, Saibei Lingnan, desert customs, Mongolian grassland, the ends of the earth and the Central Plains. ★ Folk customs ★: Etiquette, marriage (matchmaker, elder), funeral (mourning clothes, paper money), sacrifice (ancestor); Door gods, New Year pictures, firecrackers, jiaozi, lion dance. ★ Dress clothes ★: Hanfu, deep clothes, long skirts, Tang suits (collar robes), Tang scarves (hoes), straight garments (Taoist robes), embroidered shoes, old tiger-headed shoes, Uygur clothes, Russian clothes, Harbin clothes, etc.
5. Other
★ Four elegant operas ★: flowers, birds, insects, fish, peony, plum blossom, sweet-scented osmanthus, lotus flower, birdcage, bonsai, traditional cultural costumes
cricket fighting and carp; ★ Animals and plants ★: dragon, phoenix, wolf, unicorn, tiger, leopard, crane, turtle, giant panda ...; Plum blossoms, orchids, bamboos and chrysanthemums. Pine and cypress. ★ Objects to carry ★: jade (Yu Pei, jade carving ...) porcelain, cloisonne, China lacquerware, painted pottery, teapot, batik, ancient weapons (armor, broadsword, sword, etc.), bronzes, antiques (copper coins, etc.), ding, Jin Yuanbao, Ruyi, candlestick, red lantern (palace lantern, gauze lantern), etc. ★ Eating and cooking ★: Seven things to do when going out: firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea; Wine and tea ceremony; Eat culture, Chinese food, eight major cuisines (costumes of traditional cultures of Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan and Huizhou < P >), jiaozi, reunion dinner, New Year's Eve dinner, rice cakes, Mid-Autumn moon cakes and chopsticks; Shark's fin, bear's paw ... ★ Legends and myths ★: The goddess patching the sky, Pangu opened heaven and earth, Houyi shot the sun, Chang 'e flew to the sky, Kuafu day by day ★ Gods, monsters, ghosts, ghosts; Jade Emperor, Yan Luowang, Black and White Impermanence, Meng Po, Naiheqiao
Editing this paragraph to save traditional culture
First, the basic situation
Myth of traditional culture
When it comes to traditional culture, most modern people who grew up in the cultural fault period have no clear concept. People who have dabbled in it may sigh: China's traditional culture is profound and has a long history; Some people may say: in today's era, traditional culture is out of date and too conservative. Is traditional culture out of date? Is it still valuable to our current society? We prove her great vitality and increasingly prominent social interests through the following facts: Of the four ancient civilizations in human history, only China culture remains as the main body of culture. China, based on traditional culture, has existed in the world for 5, years. Compared with the Roman Empire, which has been strong for more than 1, years in history, it has long since ceased to exist. However, we have to admit that the traditional culture of China has been suppressed and abandoned in the past century. In the era when traditional culture is deeply rooted in people's hearts, people are physically and mentally stable, living a life of not closing their doors at night and not picking up the road; But today's people lock themselves in bars, and social activities will be threatened by frequent vicious incidents. What a contrast! A famous professor in Peking University once lamented: "Now people's behavior has no moral bottom line".
Second, after World War II
After World War II, while absorbing advanced western technology, Japan continued to maintain the traditional culture of China people in families, schools, companies and government departments, and was able to rapidly rise to become a world power in a short time in an eclectic way. The United States is the representative of modern western civilization, and recent statistics show that its juvenile crime rate is 69, cases/day. Some western countries, such as the United States, are deeply disturbed by their increasingly serious social chaos. People of insight have clearly realized that their concept of advocating individuals and advocating competition is the root of social unrest. They began to look for a good way to save the world in eastern culture. Many famous universities have set up sinology departments, and the US government has also set up special funds to organize scholars to study China's traditional culture. After the "911" incident, the world situation has been turbulent, terrorist acts have been heard from time to time, the war in the Gulf region has not been extinguished, and many people live in anxiety and terror. The result of the development of free competition will inevitably escalate into struggle, and the further progress of struggle is war. Regardless of the cold war or the hot war, the result is that resentment is getting deeper and deeper, and revenge is getting worse every time. Eliminating conflicts and promoting world peace have become the common aspiration of people of all countries. What both sides of the conflict need is not revenge, but forgiveness, forbearance and introspection. This is exactly what China traditional culture advocates. On the contrary, look at the consequences of the escalating Palestinian-Israeli conflict-more and more people lost their lives in the explosion, the natural environment was seriously damaged, and the economic environment was hit hard ... If it continues, the consequences will be unimaginable.
Third, find a cure
Faced with the increasingly turbulent social situation, people of insight are all trying to find a cure to save the world. In the 197s, the famous British philosopher Dr. Toynbee put forward an argument that made the world think deeply: "Only China's Confucius and Mencius theory and Mahayana Buddhism can save the social problems in the 21st century." The world needs the promotion and practice of China's ancient cultural ideas; Chinese traditional culture, which has been wasted for nearly a hundred years, is in urgent need of saving in China. As China people, we should not wander around looking for food with golden rice bowls in our hands. The popularization and revival of traditional culture will inevitably bring about harmonious interpersonal relationships and long-term social stability, and sustainable development will be realized smoothly. Isn't this what we are looking forward to? What is the core of China's traditional culture? Can she have such a strong vitality and save the society? Traditional culture is the crystallization of thousands of years' experience and wisdom of China ancient sages, and its core is moral education. In the current environment of lack of culture and cross-flow of material desires, many people mistakenly believe that morality is the rule that restricts people's behavior. In fact, a moral life is a truly normal and happy life.
iv. Morality
What is morality? What is Tao? What is virtue? Tao is the natural rule, order and program of the universe as a whole. For example, our human body, from the birth of our mother, the whole body organs are operating according to certain rules, and the operating rule of the whole body is Tao. Tao is not designed by anyone, but is naturally Tao. If the food you eat can be digested and absorbed naturally, when you walk, the muscles of all parts can naturally coordinate with each other. What a scientific and comfortable life it is if people can follow the rules of nature in the world. The principle of local operation is that the doer of the word gains from the heart and the doer of the word gains from the body.