Wen Tianxiang: "Or as a' model', ghosts and gods cry heroically."
-"Example" is sincere, shocking and tear-jerking.
Lu You: "When you start your career, you can show your real name. Who can compete for a thousand years! " "("book wrath ")
-The artistic achievement of Model is unparalleled.
Lu You: Beginner is a watch that travels through the past and the present. Take a closer look at it at midnight. "("Disease Book ")
-the model is worth studying and learning from.
Lu You: Introduction is a once-in-a-lifetime book (You Zhu Wu Ge Houtai).
-The artistic achievement of Model is unparalleled.
Lu You: "Who will become a teacher once you show it" (The Book of Songs, Seventy-two)
-The artistic achievement of Model is unparalleled.
Lu You: The model of "the noble spirit" cannot be deleted. ("feeling")
-"A Model" is a masterpiece and an unpublished theory.
Du Fu: The Three Summons put state affairs first, and the two generations took the heart of a child. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats.
-"Shuxiang"
Zhuge Liang's achievements in literature mainly lie in prose writing, and at the same time, he is also very distinctive in poetry creation. Zhuge Liang was a brave soldier all his life. In the busy and tense political and military struggle, he wrote a lot of articles. According to Zhang Shu, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, there are about 199 articles, including countermeasures, letters, tables, books, religions, military orders, military essentials, inscriptions, notes, generals' offices, etc. Although these works are applied articles, not pure literary works, they are the essence of Zhuge Liang's thoughts and speeches all his life and the main materials for understanding and studying Zhuge Liang's ideological accomplishment and personality. On the other hand, many articles have high literary value because of his outspoken views, simple language and sincere feelings. Liezi, written in the 5th year of Jian Xing in Shu (AD 227), is one of the most representative works of Zhuge Liang. Liu Xie, a famous literary critic in the Southern Dynasties, once spoke highly of this model. He said: "After Kong Ming's speech, the Lord should be as fluent as possible." ; He also called Liezi and Kong Rong's Recommended Balance Sheet "English of Tables". Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, wrote excitedly when commenting on the model: "Kong Ming is a model, simple and complete, and honest and frank is not arrogant. Great! Compared with the life of Yi Xun and Said, it is not in the Qin and Han Dynasties, but in the material pleasure. " . In the Commentary on Selected Works edited by Yu Guanghua in Qing Dynasty, Guo's A Teacher's Watch was quoted as saying: "Loyalty is self-flowing, simple and honest, and every word is tearful, winning glory with the sun and the moon." Liu Yongji wrote in "Wen Xin Diao Long Shi": "The master list begins with the words of national disaster, which makes the late master realize its importance; In the middle, I hate constancy and spirit, thinking it is a lesson for me; He was repeatedly ordered to seek self-help in order to warn him of his fatuity. Love is true, so say' Zhishun'. " He also said: "The' model' is on the rise, and the ancient meaning is unclear ... I think it is also a model." These are all to the point and received rave reviews.
The whole article of Example is clear-cut, logical and narrative, incisive and thorough. The language is simple and true, natural and smooth, seamless, euphemistic and touching. In terms of writing methods and styles, this model inherits and absorbs the excellent traditions of Chu Ci and Han Fu, and at the same time, while paying attention to prose narration, it uses parallel prose and antithetical sentences. Especially good at using four words, fluent, concise and powerful. The rhyme is natural and seamless, which makes people read harmoniously. It is rigorous, solemn and changeable, and has the "Wei-Jin demeanor" of "clear, bright and strong".
For example, in the article, "the pro-sages are far away from the villains, and the ancestors are so prosperous; Dear villain, Minister Yuan Xian, since then, Han has fallen. " "If you die in troubled times, don't ask Wenda to be a vassal." "When I was appointed as the defeated army, I was ordered to be in danger." And many famous sentences, such as "rewarding the three armies, setting the central plains north, exhausting bluntness, resisting rape and murder, reviving the Han Dynasty and returning the old capital", are vividly and concisely written and have strong artistic appeal. This is why "Example" has touched many celebrities and figures for thousands of years and is loved by readers.
Bai Juyi, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote after reading The Model: "The legacy of being a model before and after is obvious, which makes people cry." In Shaoxing in 1955 (A.D. 1 138), Yue Fei, a patriotic star in the Southern Song Dynasty, once visited Wuhou Temple. When reading the stone carvings on the wall, he "didn't feel tears, couldn't sleep at night, and waited for death", which shows that the "model" was touching. Lu You, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, also wrote many poems praising this model. In the sixth year of Xichun (A.D. 1 179), when visiting Zhuge Bookstore in Chengdu, he wrote: "Books" have a thousand years, far more than one tube and one cover. "In the thirteenth year of Xichun (AD 1 186), Lu You was an old man in his sixties. He wrote in the poem "Book Anger": "Who is a teacher in a thousand years? Wen Tianyang, another patriotic poet at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, was captured by the Yuan Army and wrote in his poem Huai: "The slanting valley is not good, and the stars will fall into the camp.
Up to now, tears from watching "Model" have touched my chest. "Just the above cases are enough to show the important position and high artistic achievements of this model in the history of China literature.
Sima Guang, a famous historian in the Northern Song Dynasty, compiled Zi Jian, and Zhu, a famous scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, edited Zi Jian Lue, without exception, deleting and eliminating chapters and remarks in the old history, and only editing the article "Teacher's Watch" and recording the full text. When analyzing this phenomenon, Mr. Wang, a modern scholar, pointed out: "Be a teacher, be strong and do it. In the history of 2000, you want the second one, but you can't get it ... The words and sentences that cover the text are eternal, but Song Like Yu gave it a gift to the United States:' Adding one point is too long, reducing one point is too short, and Zhu Shi is too short. Scholars in all previous dynasties regarded this model as a classic since three generations when commenting on it. For example, Su Dongpo compared this model with Yi Xun and Yu Ming. Lu Gu said: "The exegesis of three generations of famous ministers came out from the people again. Tan Xian said: "This is a patent that compares Yi Xun and Luo." . " .
Some people take Chu Ci as an example. For example, Wu Zhiqing, an Amin, wrote in the poem "You Wuhou Temple": "There are many generals in ancient and modern times. Who is my teacher? The spirit is like a hero, and the article is like "Chu Ci". " All these comments are by no means flattering, but a proper evaluation of the literary value and artistic charm of the model. This model is indeed an immortal masterpiece in China's classical literature.
Most of Zhuge Liang's other articles also have the characteristics of clear thinking, strict logic, concise language and simple style of writing. For example, the well-known masterpieces such as Longzhong Dui, Commanding Nephew's Book, Commanding Book and Commanding Book are very concise and pure, but their theoretical analysis is meticulous and rigorous, very attractive and convincing. Mr. Bai Yidian said in the article "Comment on Zhuge Liang (Command Book)": "The wisdom of ancient philosophers is summarized in just 86 words; It is the criterion of self-cultivation; The first sound of tutoring; For the foundation of governing the country; There is qi in pregnancy; The way of heaven and earth; It' s really a swan song. " Indeed, it can be said that Zhuge Liang is not only a "genius in the world" politically and militarily, but also a "genius in the world" in writing. Some documents written by Zhuge Liang to subordinate officials and soldiers, that is, "Teaching", have also been respected by all previous dynasties.
Liu Xie said: "Teachers are effective, words are effective for the people ... If Zhu Gekongming's detailed agreement ... is reasonable and well taught." When commenting on Zhuge Liang, Chen Shou also pointed out: "His last words of vocal education are all based on things, and the heart of public sincerity is shaped in the ink, which is enough to know his meaning and make up for the present." In this kind of articles, such as "Teaching with the Group", "Teaching with the Group" and "Teaching with Li" are all touching. In particular, "Persuade soldiers to attack their own religion" pointed out that the defeat of street kiosks "is not in serenade, but in one ear." Confess and blame yourself, Buyi has lost the world, and earnestly ask the soldiers: "From now on, be loyal to our country, and attack our country diligently, then things can be settled, thieves can die, and merits can be left." His eagerness to consult modestly is beyond words, sincere and moving. Another example is the "southern expedition": "Use the way of fighting, attack the heart for the top, and attack the city for the bottom; Psychological warfare is the top and military warfare is the bottom. " There are only 20 words, which clearly explain the strategy and tactics of the southern expedition. As proof, Liu Zhifeng and Suowei's "If it makes sense, it is easy to teach" is a very pertinent evaluation.
Zhuge Liang also loves to write poems. When he tills fields in Longzhong, he often sings with his knees in his arms. However, few of his poems have been handed down, and the most credible one is Yin Bu Chu Men. In addition, there are several songs relayed in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. On one occasion, Liu Bei went to visit the thatched cottage, passed by Xiaohongqiao and met Huang. He listened to a poem sung by Huang Kou and said, "The north wind is cold all night, and Wan Liyun is thick. The snow in the sky is floating around, changing the past. The scenery on the back is space, and it is suspected that it is Yulong Dou. Flying in proportion, all over the universe in an instant. Riding a donkey across a small bridge, sighing that plum blossoms are fragrant. " After listening to this, Liu Bei said to Huang, "It's wonderful to recite the sentence properly." Huang replied, "I watched Song of Songs at my little husband's house. I remember this song. I crossed the small bridge freely, and occasionally I saw plum blossoms fall between the hedges, so I recited them. " Although the author of this poem is not clearly indicated, it should be written by Kong Ming from the artistic conception and emotional appeal of the poem and Luo Guanzhong's description. From Huang's point of view, Zhuge Liang's Song of Fu Liang is not just these two articles. From the above two poems, we can generally see the unique style and artistic achievements of Zhuge Liang's poems. First of all, his poems are all used to express his will. Both the epic poem Yin Chu Qi Men and the landscape story Yin Han Night clearly reflect his lofty ambition of "being indifferent, quiet and peaceful".
In his calm and handsome poems, he revealed his ideal and ambition to save the world and people. Secondly, the language art of Zhuge Liang's poems is also very distinctive. He studied and inherited the excellent tradition of Yuefu folk songs, and wrote five-character poems with Yuefu old inscriptions. The language is fresh and simple, very close to folk songs, with colloquial characteristics, catchy and fluent. This is related to his close contact with farmers when he was in middle school, so his poems were loved by farmers at that time and were sung and recited.