Yunju Temple is located in a small basin in the southwest mountainous area of Fangshan County, Beijing, about 75 kilometers away from Beijing. It is located in Zhulu Mountain, with Zhu Shan as its back and Shijingshan as its barrier. Yunju Temple is famous for its Buddhist relics and stone inscriptions. It is a historic site with great cultural significance such as epigraphy, calligraphy, fine arts, national history and Buddhist history in the suburbs of Beijing. It occupies an important position in many ancient temples in Beijing and even the whole country. 1992, the temple was rated as "Top Ten Cultural Tourist Attractions in Beijing". The mountainous area in the northwest of fangshan county has been a Buddhist resort since the Sui and Tang Dynasties. There are many Buddhist relics, such as Doulv Temple in Fangshan, Tianguan Temple in Liupin Mountain, Longquan Temple in Yunmeng Mountain, and 72 temples with nine caves and twelve peaks centered on Doulv Temple. Among them, Yunju Temple in Shijingshan is the most famous and has the reputation of "Dunhuang in Beijing".
Yunju Temple was founded in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and has been rebuilt and expanded many times in past dynasties, becoming one of the famous temples in northern China. Some temples were destroyed by Japanese artillery fire during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, and now only ruins remain. There are nine sutra-storing caves in Shijingshan, about 0/.5 km northeast of the temple, in which stone sutra plates carved from Sui Dynasty to Ming Dynasty are preserved, together with the Liao and Jin sutra plates *** 143l2 in the sutra-storing cave at the southern end of the temple, with a total number of characters engraved. Excluding the repeated carvers, more than 1 12O were carved, which is one of the treasures of Chinese Buddhist culture. It is the earliest, the most complete and the best preserved stone tripitaka in the world, and it is worth writing in the history of Buddhism in China. The scale of carving Yunju Stone Path far exceeds that of Yintangshan Cliff Stone Carving Scriptures and Taishan Stone Valley Stone Carving Scriptures in Northern Qi Dynasty.
The name of Yunju Temple was first seen in the stone carvings in the second year of Tang Dynasty (669), and it was quite large in Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, both the Upper Temple and the Lower Temple were located on the Shijingshan Mountain, and the site of the temple was no longer examined. Xiadian is now a site. Yunju Temple in Liao and Jin Dynasties was famous for its stone carvings and scriptures, so it was called "Shijing Temple". In the Ming Dynasty, Dongyu Temple was built at the foot of Shijing Mountain, and Yunju Temple lived in the west of the mountain, so it was also called Xiyu Temple. In the early Qing Dynasty, it was renamed Xiyu Yunju Zen Forest, and it still retains the name of Yunju Temple. Yunju Temple has been repaired many times in the past dynasties, and the last repair was in the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (l698). Before it was destroyed, the temple was very large, with five courtyards and six halls in the middle of the temple road. The temple is built on the mountain, and the courtyard on each floor is gradually rising. There is a deputy hall next to the main hall on each floor. There is a monastery on the north side of the middle road, and the two towers are separated. Spring water in front of the mountain, clear spring weeping willows, mountain fog around. The natural environment is quite beautiful. This is really a good place to practice. After the July 7th Incident, the temple was destroyed by Japanese artillery fire, and the South Tower was also destroyed at this time. Ten small stone pagodas in the north and four corners of Yunju Temple site are the only remains after the robbery. Fortunately, there are photos taken before Yunju Temple was destroyed. After the resumption of diplomatic relations between China and Japan, the Japanese side returned the photos at that time. Since Buddhism was introduced to China in AD 2, the translation of Buddhist scriptures has been an enduring cause for many monks and believers. However, paper, silk and wood scrolls are not only easily damaged by wind, fire, water and insects, but also by human beings. During the two "legal difficulties" in history, a large number of handwritten Buddhist scriptures were reduced to ashes, and wars and fires also brought devastating disasters to Buddhist temples and Buddhist scriptures. Making samples urged monks to try their best to make Buddhism pass on for a long time. In view of the cliff stone carvings preserved in Taishan Mountain, Shandong Province and Gushan Mountain, Hebei Province, Jingwan, a monk in Youzhou, thought that the stone carvings could last forever, so he inherited the legacy of his teacher Whist, chose Fangshan, which is rich in white marble and mugwort bluestone and far away from Youzhou City, and began the hard work of carving stone rooms. Jingwan first created the Shijingshan Tibetan Sutra Cave and Yunju Temple, and he vowed to build twelve stone wells. This action was supported by all walks of life at that time. From the mid-Sui Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, Jingwan was engraved for 30 years, and a batch of stone scriptures were sealed every time. In the 13th year of Zhenguan (639), Jing Wan entered Ji 'an, and his eldest sons Xuandao, Monk Yi and Hui Sian successively presided over the sutra carving, and got more than 4,000 copies of the sutra given by the princess as the base copy, and successively carved more than 100 copies, which were stored in various Tibetan sutra caves. From Sui Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, * * * excavated 4559 Tibetan stone inscriptions in the Tibetan Sutra Cave; During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, a cave was dug on the south side of the temple, and 1O6 1 1 scriptures were buried in it. In the seventh year of Liao Tianqing (1 1 17), a tower was built next to the cave, that is, the "south tower of Yunju Temple", also known as the "pressure tower".
At first, Jingwan carved 146 stones, some of which were embedded in the wall of the fifth hole. The fifth cave, named "Lei Yin Cave", is the largest of the nine caves and the only one that is open to the Tibetan scriptures. There is a door in front of the cave that can enter and exit, and the length and width are all around 10 meter. Among them, there are four octagonal pillars supporting the ceiling, and the four sides of the pillars are carved with small Buddha statues *** 1O54, so it is called "Thousand Buddha Columns". The rest of the caves are closed, with stone tablets piled up inside, and the doors of the caves are closed, so people can't get out.
Fangshan's Book of Songs is a treasure house of China's Book of Songs, and it is also a precious cultural heritage of the world. It is of great value and significance to study China's ancient culture, history, art, Buddhist history and classics. The stone scriptures carved in Liao and Jin Dynasties were originally based on the Tibetan language of Qidan, but the Tibetan language of Qidan has long been lost. In recent years, a remnant of Qi Yongzang was found in the wooden pagoda in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province, which is exactly the same as Fangshan Shijing. Fangshan Stone Scripture has well preserved the Qidan Tibetan Scripture, which is a great event in the history of Buddhist Scripture in the world. Fangshan Shijing is an original engraved slate, without the mistakes that are easy to occur when writing and copying scriptures, and the edition collation is of great value. At the same time, more than 50 kinds of classics that are not available in various versions of the Tripitaka are preserved. Exquisite carving skills and exquisite calligraphy are not only precious Buddhist cultural relics, but also the fine works of Chinese calligraphy carving art. So he became famous after he came out. In terms of calligraphy art, the seal cutting classics in Sui Dynasty have been written by experts, while the seal cutting classics in Tang Dynasty have the beautiful style of calligraphy in Sui and Tang Dynasties. From The Book of Songs, we can also see the change of China's calligraphy style and the evolution of characters (such as vulgar characters, variant characters, simplified characters, new characters created by Wu Zhou, etc.). There are many inscriptions in The Book of Songs, which are valuable materials for studying politics, economy, culture and folk customs of past dynasties. Since 1956, the Chinese Buddhist Association, together with relevant departments, has conducted a comprehensive investigation, excavation and arrangement of Fangshan Shijing. At present, some stone classics have been numbered and exhibited.
198 1 year1kloc-0/month Luo Yan, a Buddhist from the Institute of World Religions of China Academy of Social Sciences, is studying in a cave. Five centimeters below the ground, he found a stone, and there was a cave under the stone, which contained stone letters, silver letters, jade letters and so on. Are sealed in the form of letters. 1 white marble letter, the cover is engraved with 172 words, and the title is 83 words. These words describe the first discovery of Buddhist relics of the Sui Dynasty in Shijingshan in the 20th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (1592). No.2 bluestone letter, slightly smaller than the previous letter; There is a 36-word inscription on the cover of the letter, "Bing Zi, a 12-year-old son of the Great Sui Dynasty, was born on April 10th, and Jia Zi bought three relics in this letter to rob the original abbot forever". This shows that the Buddha relic has been treasured here for 1300 years. There is a wedge-shaped drawer cover on No.3 Pahan Yuhan, which reads "Buddha relic" and * * *. Gold-plated Yinzi No.4 is engraved with four patterns of Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku and Xuanwu, and covered with floral patterns, including wood painting Zhu Xiang 1 piece and pearls1/piece. White jade letter No.5 is very delicate, with length and width 12cm and height 17cm. There are two Buddha relics the size of Redmi, with two pearls.
With regard to the origin of these Buddhist relics, it is recorded that Emperor Wendi of Sui got Buddhist relics from an Indian monk, and gave them to China states three times in the first year of Renshou (60 1), the second year of Renshou (602) and the fourth year of Renshou (604). Hongye Temple and Zhiquan Temple in Youzhou are fortunate to get them. Both temples are not far from Yunju Temple. At the same time, Master Jingwan, the founder of Yunju Temple, was originally a monk of Zhiquan Temple and a disciple of Huisi, a Buddhist Tiantai Sect. It seems very likely that the emperor also gave the relic to Yunju Temple. It is recorded in The Sleepwalking Collection of Hanshan Master and A Brief Introduction to Jingdi Scenery that three relics were found in Lei Yin Cave and Yunju Temple in Shijingshan in the next twenty years. At that time, the mother of Emperor Wanli believed in Buddhism, so she went to the palace for three days and then put it in Lei Yin Cave. However, only two of the three relics are recorded. According to experts' inference, one of them may have been accidentally lost or left by the mother of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty when she welcomed guests into the palace. At present, these two relics and related cultural relics are kept by the Chinese Buddhist Association. Once Yunju Temple is restored, they will be sent back to Yunju Temple for resettlement for people from all walks of life to pay tribute to.
Yunju Temple is surrounded by six stone pagodas of Tang and Liao Dynasties and brick pagodas of Liao Dynasty, which protect each other and form a special Buddhist cultural landscape of Yunju Temple. Among them, the square stone pagoda built in the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) was carved from the famous white marble in Fangshan Grottoes. There are two kinds of towers: single-story tower and dense-eaves tower. The plane is square, the front is pointed, and the inner side is engraved with the armored King Kong warrior, which is vivid and realistic. Among them, the image of a provider with cloudy eyes and high nose carved on the inner wall of a stone tower built in the 15th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (727) reflects the prosperity of national unity in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. These stone pagodas are the earliest existing ancient pagodas in Beijing, and they have become valuable physical materials for studying the cultural history and Buddhist history of Youzhou area in Tang Dynasty. 1949, the people's government excavated and sorted out the stone scriptures hidden in Yunju Temple. Up to now, there are 14278 stone classics that are well preserved, which are hidden in nine caves on the opposite stone classics mountain and Yunju Temple cultural relics library. 196 1 in March, the State Council listed Yunju Temple site, two Liao pagodas, eight Tang pagodas, Tibetan Sutra Cave and Shijing as national key protected cultural relics. In order to protect these precious cultural relics, the North Tower of Liao Dynasty has been strengthened and repaired, lightning protection facilities have been installed, and the Shijing Library has been built to protect the Shijing board, so that these ancient precious cultural relics with thousands of years of history can be passed down from generation to generation. Beijing Municipal People's Government decided to restore Yunju Temple in April 1, 1935. The first phase of the project, the Heavenly King Hall and the Pilu Hall have been completed and opened. The grand image of the white marble gate, a thousand-year-old relic of Yunju Temple, has also been restored. In order to better protect the stone classics and avoid weathering and denudation, it is decided to re-seal all the underground stone classics at 9: 09: 09 on September 9, 1999. This move will surely become a major event in the history of Buddhism.
Yunju Temple is known as "Dunhuang in Beijing" because of its collection of15,000 pieces of stone carvings and Buddhist tripitaka. Within two square kilometers around Yunju Temple, Neiyunju Temple, Shijingshan Tibetan Sutra Cave, Tang Dynasty and Liaota Group constitute the treasure house of ancient Buddhist culture in China. The Buddhist tripitaka inscribed in Yunju Temple in Fangshan started in the Sui Dynasty and has gone through the Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming dynasties for more than a thousand years. Carved in volume 1 122, 14278, it is hidden in the nine Tibetan scriptures caves in Shijingshan and the crypt of Yunju Temple. At present, more than 77,000 pieces of wood carving "Long Zang Jing" have been transported to the temple from more than 20,000 volumes in the Ming Dynasty. Stone sutra, paper sutra and wooden board are called the "three wonders" of the world. The exhibition includes "Stone Classics Exhibition".
Yunju Temple has five courtyards and six halls, bordering on the east and Juma River in the west, covering an area of more than 70,000 square meters. There are affiliated halls, palaces and monasteries on both sides, and two towers stand opposite each other. It has a long history and experienced many vicissitudes. After liberation, Yunju Temple was restored to its grandeur after two large-scale repairs. Yunju Temple, formerly known as "Sea Monument Tallinn", has more than 20 monuments and towers 10, which is its precious cultural heritage.
Shijingshan is located in East Erli of Yunju Temple, commonly known as Xiaoxitian. It is 450 meters above sea level. This is not only the origin of Fangshan Shijing, but also the place where Buddhist relics were unearthed. The 465,438+096 Sui and Tang Dynasties Stone Scriptures are national treasures, and many historical sites represented by Lei Yin Cave and Princess Jin Xian Tower are of great value.
According to textual research, the stone sutra was engraved in the 12th year of the Great cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 605). In order to maintain Buddhism, monk Jing Wan carved Buddhist scriptures on stones. The business of carving Buddhist scriptures lasted for 1039 after six dynasties: Sui, Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming. Buddhist scriptures are divided into 65,438+065,438+022 parts, 3,572 volumes, 65,438+04,278 blocks, which are hidden in nine Buddhist scriptures caves in Shijingshan and Yunju Temple crypt, with a large scale.