How to identify the authenticity of calligraphy and painting

Ancient calligraphy and painting, painting style, brushwork and inscription should all be considered. The identification of ancient calligraphy and painting can be based on the following methods: chronological characteristics and personal style. Calligraphy and painting are works, which will inevitably leave chronological characteristics, and the characteristics of calligraphy and painting in different eras are different. I'm afraid it's hard to believe the landscape paintings before the Tang Dynasty, and no one will believe them if they pretend to be Western Han calligraphy with regular script. As long as you have a general understanding of the age, style and style of calligraphy and painting, you can distinguish the obvious counterfeit deception. For famous works, it is necessary to understand the life, artistic style and creative theme scale of famous works, and to understand their calligraphy techniques. Famous artists' artistic expression techniques are formed after a long period of practice, and it is inevitable that most people will fail to imitate them. If they grasp or study the characteristics of brushwork deeply, they will simply identify the forgeries. The identification of paper and silk calligraphy and painting is made on paper and silk. The life of silk is generally about a hundred years, and the life of paper is about a thousand years. Of course, the paper and silk in unearthed cultural relics may still exceed a thousand years because of the different underground burial environment. For example, before the Jin and Tang Dynasties, silk was woven with single silk, and it was not until the Song Dynasty that it was discovered that silk woven with double silk was finer than that in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The age of calligraphy and painting can be judged by the quality category of silk. Paper also has traces of time. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the paper was made of hemp, which made the fiber look cheap and the paper was not clean enough. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, bark was used to make paper, and its paper quality was more precise than before. After the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the raw materials of papermaking were diversified, and the paper quality was also diversified. In fact, the calligraphy and painting collected by the people are only common in the next period of Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is because it is difficult for paper and silk to be preserved for hundreds of years. Coupled with the confusion of forgers, some people think that the proper part of ancient calligraphy and painting is a mixture of fish eyes and pearls. Dressing has its own characteristics to distinguish between different eras. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty, the palace paintings were mounted by a special person, and Dade "took the ancient jade ivory as the axis, and the magpie wood and brocade as the core" for four years. In the Ming Dynasty, calligraphy and painting added a preface to the calligraphy and painting volume, and some of them were written with words. The vertical axis was divided into wide and narrow sides, and some of them added a poetry hall. The materials and skills of palace paintings and calligraphy in Qing dynasty are better than those in Ming dynasty, which is more elegant. Seal Distinguish Many calligraphy and painting works in Song Dynasty are not stamped with seals, and some of them are stamped with bronze seals and jade seals. The seal materials of mudra and Shuiying Yuan Dynasty are wood, ivory, copper, jade, etc., and the seal colors are mimeographed and Shuiying Yuan Dynasty stone seals that have been used since Wang Mian. Stone seals were common in the Ming Dynasty, and the seal carving method was "hammerhead". Most of the seals used in the Qing Dynasty were oil cherry, with various shapes, fonts and glyphs, and the printing color was oily. Distinguishing the clothes of figures from the daily utensils in paintings; The crown clothes of different ages are often different, and the daily utensils are also different, which can be used as a basis for distinguishing. The identification of inscriptions and postscripts can be divided into three categories: the author's inscriptions and postscripts, the contemporaries' inscriptions and postscripts, and the descendants' inscriptions and postscripts. Inscription is to increase the value of calligraphy and painting. However, it is common that there are real paintings with fake inscriptions or fake paintings with real inscriptions, so we should carefully distinguish them. In particular, it is easier for famous artists to inscribe on fake calligraphy and painting, which makes them fascinated.