? I often see art exhibitions, where many exquisite Chinese paintings are on display. Whether it is landscapes or flowers and birds, the culture embedded in our bones always makes us fall in love with Chinese paintings. Especially when we have free time, we always want to draw a few strokes. I used to be envious of students who studied art, but now the Internet is very convenient, and face-to-face classes and online classes all have videos. How to get started, there is only one step to get started. Self-study does require more energy. I would like to thank my teacher Lei Changhong for being rigorous and conscientious. Enough chatter and get to the point.
? Gongbi painting is a Chinese painting expression that uses precise and delicate brushwork to depict scenes. Bian Luan, an outstanding representative of flower-and-bird painting in the Tang Dynasty, was able to paint the active state of birds and the fragrant colors of flowers. The "Peony Picture" is full of brilliant light and color, and is full of subtlety. If you look carefully, you can be sure that the painting is of peonies at noon. It turns out that the cat's eyes in the painting have "vertical lines" visible. Another example is the painting of flowers and feathers by Huang Quan, a painter of the Five Dynasties, who was regarded as real by goshawks because of their meticulous workmanship and vividness. This can be seen in "Comments on Famous Paintings of the Holy Dynasty": "In Guangzheng Zhongchang, Mingquan and his son lived in the Bagua Hall. He was extremely well-prepared for painting landscapes, birds, and flowers of the four seasons. During the winter of that year, he was about to go hunting. He was trying to catch an eagle, but he couldn't control it. ."
? Meticulous painting became popular in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the reason for achieving outstanding artistic achievements is that on the one hand, painting techniques have become increasingly mature, and on the other hand, it also depends on the improvement of painting materials. Gongbi paintings must be painted on silk or rice paper that has been processed with vitriol. In the early Tang Dynasty, the improvement of silk materials played a certain role in promoting the development of gongbi painting. According to Mi Fu's "History of Painting": "In the early Tang Dynasty, ancient paintings were all made of silk. They are all half-cooked in hot soup, mixed with powder and beaten like a silver plate, pretending to be characters, and wonderfully drawn into the brushwork." ? Gongbi painting generally requires a complete draft, and a complete draft needs to be revised repeatedly. Only when the final draft is completed can it be covered with rice paper or silk covered with alum, first sketched with a small pen, and then colored according to the type, and rendered layer by layer, so as to achieve an artistic effect that is both physical and spiritual. Such as Chen Zhifo's beautiful autumn pictures.
China's meticulous painting has a long history. From the Warring States Period to the Song Dynasty, the creation of meticulous painting has evolved from childishness to maturity. Gongbi painting uses the method of "exerting its subtleties" to obtain the perfect unity of expression and form by "getting the spirit to get the form, using the lines to establish the form, and using the form to express the meaning". In gongbi painting, whether it is figure painting or flower-and-bird painting, all strive for shape resemblance, and "shape" occupies an important position in gongbi painting. Different from freehand ink painting, meticulous painting pays more attention to "details" and realism. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhou Fang's "Lady with Hairpin Flower" and "Lady Waving Fan", Zhang Xuan's "Pounding Practice" and "Guo Guo Lady's Spring Outing" 》 all depict real life. These works are not only highly descriptive, but also full of poetry. After the late Ming Dynasty, with the introduction of Western painting techniques into China, Chinese and Western paintings began to learn from each other, making the creation of gongbi paintings more accurate in shape while maintaining the natural flow of lines and the poetic and picturesque content.
1. What kind of pigments are used in Chinese paintings?
The pigments used in Chinese paintings include plant pigments (water color), natural mineral pigments (stone color), and chemically synthesized pigments. Plant pigments include cyanine, rouge, garcinia, etc. Mineral pigments include ocher, cinnabar, cinnabar, azurite, stone green, stone yellow, etc. Most Chinese painting pigments packaged in zinc tubes are chemically synthesized pigments. These are collectively called Chinese painting pigments.
Aqua (plant pigment) is a transparent color that can be mixed with each other. It has no covering power, is unstable in color quality, and fades easily. Stone color (mineral pigment) is an opaque color that cannot be used in harmony with each other. It has strong covering power, stable color quality, and is not easy to fade. Stone color and water color cannot be used in harmony with each other.
1. This paint is relatively cheap, so it is not recommended to use it, because even if you are a beginner, all your hard work will be in vain because the paint is not good.
2. I have been using this one. I bought it for 49 yuan a box very early, but there is no phthalocyanine blue. I have to buy a single phthalocyanine blue. One box lasts about a year.
3. Now, Li Xiaoming has launched paint this year and has ordered two boxes and is waiting for delivery.
The URL of the Meticulous Painting Forum/s/_sJy6zHdIcsid96tpieHtw
This is to advertise Li Xiaoming (there is no publicity fee to collect)
This is to receive the paint The color is okay, the summer red color still has some sediment, is relatively fine, and is a bit darker.
It can only be said that it is a domestic pigment, a new product, and innovative, but it feels too watery when used.
4. I also bought small boxes of paint.
5. Jiang Sixu Tang’s paints
6 Japanese paints
2. What is the method of writing Chinese paintings?
Beginners must first know how to hold a pen so that their posture can be correct and they can use the pen and ink freely. They should pay attention to the following points:
(1) A straight pen: A straight pen means a straight edge. The bone method is based on the center.
(2) Fingers should be firm: The fingers should be firm and strong when holding the pen, but also flexible and not rigid.
(3) Palm deficiency: When holding the pen with your fingers, do not hold it tightly. The fingers should leave the palm and the palm should be empty so that you can move the pen freely.
(4) Hanging the wrist and hanging elbow: This means that when writing in a large area, you need to hang the wrist or the elbow, so that you can write freely and cover the overall situation.
To put it simply, the shoulders and elbows must move in a coordinated manner, and you may end up using your wrists accidentally (it is wrong to use your wrists because the painting range of your wrists is limited).
3. What kind of ink is used in Chinese painting?
Ink has a unique status in Chinese painting. There are two types of ink: solid ink and liquid ink. The traditional ink used in Chinese painting is solid ink. Due to the different raw materials used, it is divided into three types: oil smoke ink, lacquer smoke ink and pine smoke ink. Oil fume ink is made by burning tung oil and other oils into smoke. Its black color is warmer and is used for painting. It blends well with other transparent colors. Pine smoke ink - made from the smoke of burned pine branches. Its black color is cooler and is mostly used in calligraphy. Lacquer smoke ink - made from burning traditional lacquer, its black color is smooth and shiny, and it is also suitable for painting. When choosing, it is better to have a delicate texture, moist color and blue-purple color. The grades of ink are divided into "ding, shang, tribute and selection". Liquid ink maintains the characteristics of oil smoke ink and is now very popular due to its ease of use, but it is better used for freehand paintings. Among them, "Tianjin calligraphy and painting ink, Yun Touyan" and Beijing "Yidege ink" are the best.
4. What kind of paper is used for gongbi painting?
Meticulous brushwork uses cooked rice paper or silk, which is made by brushing raw rice paper or raw silk with a certain proportion of glue alum water. Its performance is impermeable to water. There are currently many varieties of cooked rice paper, such as clear water calligraphy and painting paper, ice and snow paper, calligraphy and painting paper, cicada wing paper, mica paper, etc. The cooked rice paper above can be either thin or thick, and the alum water can be thick or light. Generally speaking, thin ones are suitable for painting light colors, and thick ones are suitable for painting heavy colors. Cicada wings are the thinnest, while ice and snow are the thickest. There are also gold-sprinkled paper and various dyed papers that can be used to draw gongbi silk into pure silk products, which are divided into round silk and flat silk. Round silk silk, also known as "original silk silk", is commonly used in ancient paintings. Nowadays, flat silk is commonly used. After the silk is woven, it is beaten to make the silk flat, so as to reduce the gaps between the silk and make it less likely to leak alum after the silk is brushed with alum water. This kind of silk comes in white and distressed colors.
Be sure not to be cheap and buy cooked propaganda for one yuan a piece. The color will leak as soon as you use it, and it is difficult to use it as waste paper. The ones I use are basically about 10 yuan each. Basically I bought it on the Taobao official website of the Meticulous Painting Forum. fine.
Other items: small plates, I have about 20 of them. Large plates are also good. Use a brush to paint the base color. Large plates require more color adjustment. Enough for dipping.
None of the following things are necessary and can be prepared or not.
Pen curtain:
It is convenient to carry the brush, but I personally feel it is not necessary, but I still bought it at first, and I bought everything.
The pen holder is good for holding brushes
The paper is pasted on it, and the paintings drawn are very smooth
like? this:
No Paintings on boards can easily become wrinkled.
If there is a board, you need to use traditional glue to glue it on. The glue will melt when exposed to water and fall off as soon as it is peeled off.
A very cheap bottle
Protect paintings and easy to carry
5. What kind of pens are used for gongbi paintings?
(1) Outlining pen? In gongbi painting, the center pen is often used to outline thin and even lines. Generally, thin and pointed pens such as wolf hair are used.
Commonly used pens include clothing pattern pen, leaf tendon pen, big red hair, small red hair, crab claw, langgui, zigui and so on. I bought high-quality rat whiskers and mouse whiskers, big red hair and small red hair.
I am not a professional with this hooking pen, I can only say it depends on personal preference. Some training class teachers recommend using white cloud pens to draw lines, which are thick and thick. Some training teachers recommend using rat whisker pens to draw lines. The former teacher believes that rat whiskers are only suitable for drawing eyebrows. For me, as an amateur, it’s just fun. I don’t want to become a famous artist, and I don’t want to do in-depth research, so I don’t take it seriously. I just pick up a pen and use it.
(2) Dyeing pens? Commonly used dyeing pens include: large white cloud, medium white cloud, small white cloud and other soft brushes. Pure wool pens are too soft and generally not easy to use. Baiyun pens are better because their outer layer is wool and the middle part is hard and stiff hair, so they can contain moisture and are elastic.
(3) Board brushes
? Meticulous painting often requires base coloring, or large-area flat painting and rendering, so it is necessary to prepare wool board brushes or row brushes of various widths. Pen. Ha, I have two large brushes and I like the soft bristles very much
This is the Taobao store where I bought pens online. It is not an advertisement. You have to try the pens to know whether they are suitable for you. claws. /item.htm?_u=ai974aa0dd9&id=45202982999
6. What are the main dyeing methods for gongbi painting?
1. Separation and dyeing: the most important dyeing technique in gongbi painting. Dip one pen into color and another pen into water to spread the color, creating a gradient effect from dark to light.
2. Unified dyeing: In the process of drawing fine brushwork, according to the needs of light and dark processing of the picture, it is often necessary to render several leaves and petals in a unified manner to emphasize the overall relationship between light, shade and color, which is called unified dyeing. .
3. Overlay dyeing: Apply a layer of color to the already colored picture and partially render it.
4. Lift dyeing: When the dyeing is nearing completion, a small area of ??a certain color is used to partially brighten or deepen the picture, which is called lift dyeing.
5. Dyeing: A light rendering background color is used around the depicted object to set off or hide the object.
6. Dot dyeing: Using a brushwork approach that is close to freehand brushwork, one stroke is dipped in different shades of colors to connect dots on the picture to create a sense of agility. This method is often used when dealing with backgrounds or small flowers.
7. Dyeing: Dye a piece of color around. This method is used when painting the blush on the cheeks of a lady, and it is also used in the painting of gongbi peonies.
8. Refreshing dyeing: Use a light dark color to re-dye the picture that is slightly dull after overcoating to bring out the background color and make the picture eye-catching again.
7. What are the characteristics of the "boneless" and "hook-and-fill" painting methods?
"Boneless" flower-and-bird painting does not use ink to outline lines, but directly uses ink or color. It depicts the image of an object, so it is called a meticulous painting without a backbone. ? In addition to not outlining the outline, lines in other parts, such as leaf tendons, flower veins, bird feathers, etc., must still be outlined with colored thread after dyeing, and the thread and color must be integrated, or the thread must be dyed directly. The feeling comes. ? Boneless has a delicate, rich, harmonious, bright, bright and handsome effect.
Hook coloring is a form of filling in the outline of the object without drawing the outline of the object. It is also called "double outline filling". Hook and fill coloring is the earliest and most basic coloring method in Chinese national painting. It is also the most commonly used form of expression in meticulous flower-and-bird painting from ancient times to the present. It has formed a style. In the form of hooking and filling, due to the difference in color quality and the difference between traditional and simple dyeing methods, it is divided into two types: heavy color method and light color method.
"Chongcai" is also called heavy coloring, which is mostly dyed with mineral pigments such as cinnabar, azurite, stone green and other colors. The dyeing steps are relatively complicated. After multiple overlapping dyeings, the color is deep, rich, magnificent, delicate and neat, and full of decorative effect.
"Light color" mainly uses relatively transparent plant-based colors (also called water colors) for dyeing. The basic method of dyeing light colors is the same as that of heavy colors, but it is simpler than dyeing heavy colors. Therefore, light colors have clear lines, bright colors, fresh, elegant and hazy effects.
8. How to use brushes in gongbi painting?
When drawing lines in fine brushwork, don’t draw too fast, but in a rhythm.
When drawing short lines, hold the pen with your wrist and elbow on the table, and focus on the movement of your fingers; when drawing a longer line, you should hang your wrist with your elbow on the table, and focus on the movement of your wrist. Hold the pen firmly with your fingers to make your wrist move flexibly; For longer threads, the wrist should be on the table and the elbow should be hanging up. The thread should move with the wrist (not with the movement of the fingers). No matter what kind of line you draw, you must hold your breath during the drawing process, don't go too fast, and complete it in one go. In short, no matter which method of writing, the lines should be kept round and smooth.
For example: The white outline outline is not to use thin lines to "draw" along the outline, but to use the pen to "write" the image in calligraphy. Gongbi line drawing not only pays attention to the workmanship, but more importantly, pursues the strength and beauty of the lines. The so-called "workmanship and attention to detail" is opposed to slender and weak lines.
At the beginning of hooking, practice using the center forward and avoid flankers. The center brush is full and elastic, and the lines are round and thick, strong and powerful; when you start to practice hooking, it is easy to have side strokes, especially where the lines turn, because the brush is conical, and you must lift the pen when turning. Gently turn the pen barrel to reverse the direction and make the pen tip parallel and circular to maintain the center. The key to creating a sense of force in lines lies in the friction between the tip of the pen and the paper. Some people do not dare to use force when drawing lines because they want to draw thin lines. The drawn lines float on the paper and do not meet the requirements. When drawing a line, you need to press the pen down so that the tip of the pen exerts pressure on the paper. At the same time, you need to hold the brush so that there is a lifting force upward. When the two forces are balanced, use a dragging force to draw. Just pressing without lifting is "wiping", and it is easy to cause side mistakes; lifting without pressing is "floating", and the line is slippery and weak. Do not "tick", "pick" or "slip" when using the line. Therefore, every time you draw a line, there should be three actions: starting the pen, extending the pen, and closing the pen.
(1) Starting the pen and hiding the front: If you start the pen and want to move to the right, first hold the pen to the left and then move to the right. This is called left first if you want to go right, otherwise, you want left first right. The same goes for writing up and down. If you want to go down, go up first, and if you want to go up, go down first. This will cause friction between the pen and the paper.
(2) Writing: The writing should be steady, the speed should be slow, and the pressure on the paper should be even. There are various changes in the strokes. Turning and stopping in the middle is called "pause", and turning back is called "setback". When the stroke is setback, the direction of the pen tip must be adjusted to avoid a side edge. The center forward's round turn is called "turn" with a pen, and the side forward's square turn is called "zhe".
(3) Retract the pen and retract it: Every time you retract the pen, you must retract it in the direction it came from. The so-called "the sky never goes back" and "neither hangs nor shrinks" makes the end of the line implicit and powerful.
Also pay attention to the various pen and ink changes of practice lines, such as center and side forward, straight forward and reverse forward, as well as frustration, turning, thickness, continuity, square and circle, quickness, light hair, virtual and solid Wait for changes in the pen used, plus changes in ink color such as shade, dryness and wetness, to meet the formal aesthetic requirements of line drawing.
9. What are the pens used by center and wing forwards?
When using the pen in the center, the pen should be held straightly, with the tip of the pen in the middle of the ink line, the force of the pen should be even, and the tip of the pen should be perpendicular to the paper surface, so that the effect is round and steady. Xiangfeng holds the pen sideways, with the tip of the pen at the edge of the ink line, and the tip of the pen forming a certain angle with the paper surface. The force is uneven, sometimes fast, sometimes slow, sometimes light, sometimes heavy, and the effect is rich in hairiness and astringency.
10. How to make antique paper and antique silk?
(1) You can use ocher, cyan, ink and other colors in traditional Chinese painting (preferably transparent colors) to mix in a larger container, and use a brush or brush to dip the upper color water ( Filter out the coarse pigments in the lower layer) and brush it evenly on paper or silk. If it doesn't work, you can brush it twice to dye it into the color of antique paintings.
(2) Add an appropriate amount of black tea to water and boil it on the fire. When the tea water is boiled to reddish brown, add other colors or inks according to the color tone, and then it is ready to be painted.
(3) Potassium permanganate is a commonly used disinfectant in the form of small particles. When dissolved in water, it turns purple and turns brown when applied on paper. It should be noted that this solution should not be too thick, which will make the paper texture brittle.
11. How to draft and mount paper for gongbi painting?
Because cooked paper or silk is not easy to change, when painting gongbi, you usually first draw a sketch on the drawing paper, and then copy it to cooked rice paper or silk to draw the final draft. The steps are:
(1) Select paper or silk and cut it one to two centimeters larger than the surrounding area of ??the sketch. Prepare to apply glue or paste when mounting the paper.
(2) Place the sketch under cooked paper or silk, and use an HB pencil to lightly trace the sketch. The outline should be clearly traced, and the pen marks should not be too heavy to avoid inking the ink lines in the future. Don't forget the pencil lines left by copying.
(3) Find a piece of ordinary white paper and cut it to the same size as the sketch to use as backing paper. Because cooked paper or silk is generally thin and translucent, with white paper underneath, it is easy to see the effect of the painting clearly. Wet the backing paper and let it expand completely before sticking it to the drawing board with paste or glue.
(4) After the backing paper is dry, put the copied original manuscript on it and use a nozzle or spray bottle to spray the paper to wet it. When the paper is completely opened, apply one to two coats of paint on the back of the drawing paper around the edges while it is still wet. Centimeter glue or paste sticks firmly, and you can paint after it dries.
12. Mounting paper for Gongbi painting
Mounting paper is an important step for Gongbi painting. If you are not careful, it will cause alum leakage, which will bring trouble to future work. Inconvenient.
The following points should be paid attention to during the whole process:
(1) The paper used for the original draft must be one to two centimeters larger than the four sides of the sketch draft for applying glue or paste , otherwise the screen will become smaller.
(2) Place the drawing board flat on the table. Spray an appropriate amount of water on the paper or silk. Too much water will wash away the glue on the surface of the drawing paper and cause the paper to swell and crack. If you spray too little water, the paper or silk will not expand completely, and the paper surface will be uneven when painting. The water sprayed from the watering can or nozzle is preferably in the form of mist, so that it is more uniform. It is best to spray a thin layer of water on the paper, let the water seep into the paper, and then stick it to the drawing board with glue or paste.
(3) When there is water on the drawing paper, do not touch it with your hands, let alone wipe it with a cloth or absorb it with absorbent paper, as this may cause alum leakage.
13. What is “alum leakage” in the process of painting?
Since cooked paper or silk is made by brushing with alum water many times, during the painting process, with multiple renderings or too much water, the alum will get lost and cause alum leakage. . After the vitriol leaks, water will seep out, and the color will be uneven. One part is darker and the other is lighter, which affects the picture effect. The ancient saying of "three alums and nine dyes" is very reasonable. You must learn to prepare the alum water yourself. Apply the alum water every few times to fix the color and prevent leakage of alum.
Gongbi is the use of neat, meticulous and meticulous techniques to depict objects. Gongbi is divided into two categories: Gongbi white drawing and Gongbi heavy color. Gongbi white drawing is to depict objects entirely with ink lines without any color. Line drawing was originally used to make drafts. Song Dynasty painter Li Gonglin developed it into an independent type of painting. His line drawings are like flowing clouds and flowing water, infinitely varied and highly expressive. In the "Five Horses" he painted, both humans and horses are outlined with single lines, with accurate proportions, clear musculoskeletal structures, and even the luster of the horse's coat color. The dynamics are extremely vivid, and it is the first-class painting in ancient times. Line drawing works. Meticulous brushwork and heavy colors refer to Chinese paintings that are neat and detailed and lay out heavy colors. In the early days of Chinese painting, meticulous brushwork and heavy color played an important role. The silk paintings found in the Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan are all authentic meticulous and heavy-color paintings, especially the T-shaped "Fei Yi" in the tomb of Concubine Biao. The composition is ingenious, the line drawing is fine, and the colors are gorgeous, showing that the fine brushwork and heavy colors reached a high level at that time. Achievement. Ancient paintings generally used heavy-color pigments such as cinnabar and green, so the painting was called "Danqing". This shows the important position of fine brushwork and heavy-color pigments in ancient paintings.
Application of alum water in gongbi painting
Glue and alum are often used in gongbi traditional Chinese painting. Glue and alum are mainly used to fix the color of the picture, especially for pictures with a stone-colored background, glue and alum are even more essential. Even for parts that are dyed with water color, generally after dyeing 4 or 5 times, they should be fixed with vitriol water so that the background color will not turn up when dyeing continues. The glue you can usually buy is gelatin. Although Japanese deer glue has higher transparency and is easier to use, it is not easy to buy and is a bit expensive. Alum is commonly used to purify water. Like glue, it can be purchased in general chemical supply stores. It should be noted that when preparing the gum water, it should not be too thick. The rice paper brushed with too thick gum water will be very brittle and lose color, which will make it difficult to perform subsequent renderings, and the color will also change when brushed. A layer of white frost affects the picture effect.
The role of alum in painting cannot be ignored. It can make the colors adhere to the painting without peeling off. Due to the effect of the alum water, the colors after covering or dyeing are not confused. .Otherwise, the picture will be dull. This is the origin of three alum and nine dyes. The ratio of glue and alum is generally two ounces of glue, one tael of alum, and two and a half pounds of water. In winter, less glue can be used. In spring and summer, due to the weather, the glue The proportion can be increased. In summer, there are six glues and four alums. In winter, there are eight glues, two alumns, and in autumn, three glues and seven alums. The description is more specific, but the mixture should be flexibly controlled.
The glue should be Guangdong glue produced in Guangdong Province. And deer glue. Its glue is soft and not violent. It has no odor and is tender and transparent. Cantonese glue is also called yellow gelatin. Add hydration. The upper layer can be used to adjust the color and the lower layer can be used to adjust the alum water. There are also donkey hide gelatin products. It is also called Chuanzhi glue from Ajing, Yanggu County, Shandong. It is thin, transparent and light yellow and can be used for color mixing. The black one is used as medicine. Deer glue is slightly yellow in color. The best one is produced in Shanxi. Deer glue is also called alum because it is difficult to find now. Alum. Taste and color.
The best translucent ones are produced in Lujiang, Anhui Province. When using, grind the alum into fine flour, soak it in warm water, and then mix it into the glue. Pay attention to the proportion of alum water when mixing it. The glue is large The brush is slippery. It is difficult to color and the alum will stagnate and damage the paper. The drawing paper is fragile and the brush will be astringent. My experience is that when mixing the alum, try it with the tip of your tongue first. The glue will be sticky and the alum will astringe the tongue. It is suitable to be sweet and slightly astringent. When dyeing, use a hair brush dipped in alum water and move the brush in a straight line. The brush strokes are connected and cannot be repeated. Gelatin cannot be used for alum silk because it will damage the silk. Purple glue is the best choice. Good. In spring or autumn, soak the glue in warm water and seal it.
The next day, boil it with boiling water. Do not cook it with fire. After boiling with fire, the silk glue released by the alum will float on the surface. In summer, there is no need to separate the dumplings. In winter, they should be separated. Zhao Qian's glue alum water should be slightly warm and yellow like light honey water. In summer, the glue is poor. It needs to be filtered with thin silk before use. Now there is a kind of oil silk silk and For medicated powdered silk, you need to brush it with hot soap locust water before gluing it with alum. You must find a sunny day when gluing the alum silk. The silk after brushing must be dried in the shade. The alum water should be brushed on the back of the silk. For example, if you use gold paper, before painting I used a thin coat of light alum water before painting to make the ink fall off during painting. After painting, I applied a thin coat of light alum water and mounted it, so the gold paper would not be cracked or stained.