1. Xiang Yu's classical Chinese
Xiang Ji is a person from the lower class, with the courtesy name Yu.
When he started to rebel against Qin, he was twenty-four years old. His younger uncle was Xiang Liang, and Xiang Liang's father was Xiang Yan, the general of Chu State, who was killed by Qin general Wang Jian.
The Xiang family served as a general of the Chu State for several lifetimes and was granted the title of Xiang Di (originally a small vassal state in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and later the city of Chu), so the surname was Xiang. When Xiang Ji was a boy, he gave up learning to read and write without completing it; he also learned fencing and other martial arts, but he also failed.
Xiang Liang was very angry with him. But Xiang Ji said: "Writing can be used to remember names.
Swordsmanship can be resisted by one person, so it is not worth learning. You need to learn the skill (that is, the art of war) that can be resisted by thousands of people. ”
So Xiang Liang taught Xiang Ji military science. Xiang Ji was very happy and roughly understood the meaning of the art of war, but he refused to complete his studies.
...Xiang Liang killed someone and ran to Wudi with Xiang Yu to avoid his enemies. He and Xiang Yu fled to Wuzhong County together. The talented upper class people in Wuzhong County are all exposed below Xiang Liang.
Whenever there was large-scale corvee work (labor that ancient rulers forced people to bear, such as civil engineering, etc.) and funeral matters in Wuzhong County, Xiang Liang often took charge of the arrangements for them, secretly using military arrangements to restrain guests and guests. Young people in Wuzhong understand their abilities based on this. When Qin Shihuang visited Kuaiji County and crossed Zhejiang Province, Xiang Liang and Xiang Ji went to watch it together.
Xiang Ji said, "I can replace that man!" Xiang Liang covered his mouth and said, "Don't talk nonsense, (otherwise) you will be exterminated!" Xiang Liang therefore thought that Xiang Ji was different Commonplace. Xiang Ji was more than eight feet tall, strong enough to lift a tripod, and his talent and courage were beyond ordinary people. Even the local young people in Wuzhong were afraid of him. 2. Xiang Yu, Classical Chinese
Xiang Yu's "Gaixia Song"
The strength of the mountain is overwhelming, and the world is unparalleled.
The time is not good, but the glory will not fade away.
What can you do if your glory is not gone?
What can you do if you are worried!
Xiang Yu (232 BC - 202 BC), named Yu, was born in Xixian (now Suqian, Jiangsu Province). The grandson of Xiang Yan, the famous general of Chu State. After the fall of Chu, he fled to Wuzhong (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) with his uncle Xiang Liang. When he was young, he failed to learn calligraphy. He also failed to learn swordsmanship. Determined to learn how to "defend ten thousand people" (the ability to withstand ten thousand people), he learned the art of war from his uncle. But he only "knew a little about its meaning, but refused to learn it." Xiang Yu was eight feet tall, capable of carrying a cauldron, and had great ambitions when he was young. Once when Qin Shihuang was on a patrol crossing Zhejiang (today's Qiantang River), Xiang Yu saw the majesty of his chariots and horses, and blurted out: "He can be replaced by him." In the first year of Qin II (209 BC), Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were in Daze Township He raised his arms and raised his pole. Xiang Yu followed Xiang Liang and raised his troops in Wuzhong to respond. The 24-year-old Xiang Yu was pushed onto the stage of history by the violent storm of the people's uprising. 3. Translation of classical Chinese Xiang Yu
(Xiang Yu leads the army) is about to seize and pacify the Qin mainland.
There are soldiers guarding the pass and you cannot enter. He also heard that Pei Gong had captured Xianyang. Xiang Yu was very angry and sent Dangyang Lord and others to attack Hangu Pass.
In this way, Xiang Yu entered the pass and reached the west of the water. Peigong (Liu Bang) garrisoned Ba Shang (name of place) and was unable to meet Xiang Yu.
His Zuo Sima (the military attaché in charge of military law during the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties) Cao Wushang sent someone to tell Xiang Yu: "Pei Gong plans to be the king of Guanzhong and appoints Ziying as the prime minister. All the treasures have been taken." When Xiang Yu heard this, he was furious and said, "Tomorrow morning I will reward my soldiers to attack Pei Gong's army!" At this time, Xiang Yu's army numbered 400,000 and was stationed at Hongmen, Xinfeng County; Liu Bang's army numbered 100,000 and was stationed at Overlord.
Fan Zeng persuaded Xiang Yu: "When Pei Gong was in Shandong (Shandong: east of Mount Wei, generally referring to the six countries except Qin), he was greedy for money and liked beautiful women; now that he has entered the pass, he will not take any money or treasures. , women are also not favored, which shows that his (Pei Gong) ambition is not small.
I sent people to observe his clouds. They were all in the shape of dragons and tigers, turning into colorful colors. This is the appearance of the emperor.
Attack him quickly, don’t miss the opportunity! ". 4. The content and viewpoint of Xiang Yu's classical Chinese article about committing suicide
Original text So King Xiang wanted to cross the Wujiang River eastward.
A long boat was waiting at the Wujiang Pavilion, and he said to King Xiang: "Jiangdong Although it is small, the area is thousands of miles away, and there are hundreds of thousands of people, it is enough to be a king. May the king cross quickly.
Now I only have a boat, and when the Han army arrives, there is no way to cross. King Xiang laughed and said, "How can I survive if Heaven destroys me?" He crossed the river to the west with eight thousand people from Jiangdong, but none of them have returned.
Zongjiangdong, my father and brother took pity on me and lorded over me. How can I see them with my own eyes? Even if he doesn't say anything, is Ji alone worthy of his heart? "Nai said to the chief of the pavilion: "I know the elder.
I have been riding this horse for five years. It is said to be invincible. It has traveled thousands of miles in one day. I cannot bear to kill it and give it to the Duke. "He ordered all the cavalry to dismount and walk, and engage in combat with short soldiers.
Duji killed hundreds of Han soldiers, and King Xiang was also wounded more than ten times. When he saw the Han cavalry commander, Lü Matong said: "What if he's not my old friend? The horse boy looked at him, pointed at Wang Yi and said, "This is the king."
"King Xiang Nai said: "I heard that the Han Dynasty bought me a thousand pieces of gold and ten thousand households in the city. I am a virtuous man. "He committed suicide and died.
...... Shi Gong said: I heard Zhou Sheng said, "Shun's eyes were covered with heavy pupils", and I also heard that Xiang Yu also had heavy pupils. How could Yu be the descendant of a descendant? Why did he do it? The Qin Dynasty lost its power, and Chen She was in trouble. The heroes came out to fight with each other, and they were countless. In the world, princes were granted the title of "overlord" by Yu.
Although his position was not final, it was rare in modern times for Yu Bei to care about Chu and banish the Yi Emperor to establish himself. It is difficult to blame the prince for betraying him.
He was self-reliant on his merits, pursued his own wisdom, and did not learn from the ancients. He was called the overlord, and he wanted to conquer the world with his strength. He died in his country in five years and died in Dongcheng without realizing it. , it's too much to blame yourself. It's not a mistake to quote "Heaven will kill me, not because of the use of troops"! So Xiang Yu wanted to cross the Wujiang River eastward (Wujiangpu on the west bank of the Yangtze River). p>
The chief of the Wujiang Pavilion docked the boat on the shore to wait for Xiang Yu, and said to Xiang Yu: "Although Jiangdong is small, with a land of thousands of miles and hundreds of thousands of people, it is enough to be king." I hope the king will cross the river quickly.
Now I am the only one with a boat. Even if the Han army catches up here, there will be no way to cross the river. Xiang Yu said with a smile: "Since God wants to destroy me, why should I cross the river?" Moreover, I, Xiang Yu, led eight thousand of Jiangdong’s disciples to cross the Wu River and advance westward, but now not a single one of them has survived.
Even if the fathers and brothers of Jiangdong love me and support me as their king, what shame would I have to see them? Even if they don't say anything, don't I feel ashamed in my heart? "So he said to the chief of the pavilion: "I know that you are an old and virtuous man. I have been riding this horse for five years, and I have never met any rival. I have traveled thousands of miles, and I cannot bear to kill it, so I will give it to you! "So he ordered the cavalry to dismount and walk, holding short and light weapons to fight.
Xiang Ji alone killed hundreds of Han soldiers, and King Xiang himself suffered more than a dozen wounds. Looking back, he saw the Han cavalry Sima Lu Matong (formerly a general under Xiang Yu, who had returned to Han from Chu) said: "Aren't you my old friend? Lu Matong faced Xiang Yu and instructed Wang Yi, "This is Xiang Yu."
"Xiang Yu said: "I heard that the king of Han offered a reward of one thousand taels of gold and ten thousand households for my head. I will give you some benefits. "He committed suicide.
... Tai Shigong (self-proclaimed) said: I heard from Zhou Sheng that "Yu Shun probably had two pupils in his eyes." I also heard that Xiang Yu also had two pupils. .
Is Xiang Yu a descendant of Shun? Why did he rise so suddenly? Fighting for supremacy together, there are too many to count.
However, Xiang Yu did not have any foundation (including land and power). Instead, he took advantage of the chaos in the world to start a rebellion among the people. In three years, he led the five princes (the anti-Qin armed forces of the five countries outside Chu) to destroy Qin and divide the world. Xiang Yu was granted the title of prince, and all government orders were promulgated by Xiang Yu, who was known as the overlord.
Although the overlord's power could not be maintained to the end, his outstanding achievements were unprecedented in modern times. When Xiang Yu abandoned Guanzhong, missed Chu and returned eastward, banished the Righteous Emperor, and proclaimed himself king. He did all these unwise and unpopular things, but blamed the princes for betraying him. It would be very difficult for him to achieve hegemony in this way.
They boasted about their merits and showed off their talents, but did not follow the example of the ancients. They thought that they had become kings and wanted to conquer and govern the world by force. After five years of war, they finally destroyed their country and died. In Dongcheng, if you still don't realize it, let alone blame yourself, that would be wrong. Isn't it ridiculous to say that "God wants to destroy me, it's not my fault for using the army"? Fold and edit other information in this paragraph Xiang Yu, the overlord of Western Chu, committed suicide in Wujiang River after his defeat. This is a well-known historical story.
However, the historian Mr. Ji Zhengshan questioned this in an article published in Guangming Daily in 1985. After more than 20 years of research, Mr. Ji recently successfully published a new book "The Mystery of Xiang Yu's Death" "This book uses a large number of field investigations and historical evidence to deny "Xiang Yu committed suicide in Wujiang River", which gives people a refreshing feeling. The book "The Mystery of Xiang Yu's Death" points out that Xiang Yu actually died in battle in Dongcheng of the Qin Dynasty, which is today's Nanerlong Township, Dingyuan County, Chuzhou City, Anhui Province.
Of course, we believe there will still be some debate about the death of the Overlord; however, what is gratifying is that after reading "The Mystery of Xiang Yu's Death", those of us who have also studied "Historical Records" , you will have a kind of shocking thinking; you will feel that Mr. Ji's method of reading history is very unique, and his perspective of exploring historical figures and events is very novel. After reading "The Mystery of Xiang Yu's Death", you will suddenly become enlightened; you will understand that history can be interpreted in this way.
The ancient and solemn "Historical Records" is read with a strong human touch. Historical figures and events seem to have happened yesterday, very close to us, so close that we can communicate with them with our hearts. and communication. "The Mystery of Xiang Yu's Death" not only has a unique perspective, but also has a novel perspective.
The analysis and argumentation of many historical figures and events in the book are unprecedented. Here are a few examples for everyone to share: 1. Xiang Yu Gaixia was surrounded and besieged on all sides - this is recorded in "Historical Records" and is also known by others** *Known anecdotes. However, no one in history has ever raised questions about the inside story. For example: Did Xiang Yu not consider the Chu army's way out when he was trapped in Gaixia? Or call it a strategic choice? Xiang Yu later took those tactical actions, which enabled the main force of the Chu army to successfully break out of the encirclement in the middle of the night and "rush southward" amidst the "ambush from all sides"; and "the Han army was aware of it during the day" - until dawn Only then did the Han army realize that King Xiang had escaped.
2. Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu led 8,000 of their sons to fight against the Qin army. 5. Translate a short classical Chinese passage from Xiang Yu's Notes
At this time, Peng Yue traveled back and forth to Liang several times, cutting off the Chu army's food supply. King Xiang was deeply worried about this. He made a high-leg chopping board, placed the Taigong, the father of the King of Han, on it, and declared to the King of Han: "Now if you don't surrender quickly, I will boil the Taigong to death." The King of Han said, "Xiang Yu and I accept this as our ministers. King Huai's order once said, "Let's make an appointment to become brothers." In this way, my father is also your father. If you must cook your father, I hope you can share a cup of broth with me. "Xiang The king was furious and wanted to kill the prince. Xiang Bo said: "We still don't know how things are going in the world. Besides, those who want to take over the world don't care about their families. Even if we kill him, there will be no benefit. It will only increase the disaster." King Xiang listened to Xiang Bo's words. .
(I hope this is what you want) 6. Xiang Yu's extraordinary personality in classical Chinese
When Xiang Ji was young, he couldn't learn to read, so he went away; he couldn't learn to sword, either. Xiang Liang was angry. Ji said: "Books are enough to record names and surnames. One person can be defeated with a sword, but learning is not enough. Learning to defeat ten thousand people is not enough." So Xiang Liang taught Ji the art of war. Ji was overjoyed and knew a little about what it meant, but he refused to learn it.
The seventh volume of "Historical Records" written by Sima Qian
Xiang Yu (232 BC - 202 BC), named Yu, was born in the Chu Kingdom at the end of the Warring States Period Xiang Xiang (now Suqian, Jiangsu Province) is the grandson of Xiang Yan, the famous general of Chu State. He is a representative of the "military situation" of Chinese military thought (the four forces of military strategists: military situation, military strategy, military yin and yang, and military skills). He is one of the most important figures in Chinese history. One of the strongest generals, Li Wanfang commented that he was "unparalleled in his bravery throughout history". 7. Classical Chinese Xiang Yu rarely has great ambitions Translation
Xiang Ji is a person named Xia Xiang, whose courtesy name is Yu.
He was twenty-four years old when the rebellion began. Xiang Ji's uncle is Xiang Liang, and Xiang Liang's father is Xiang Yan, the Chu general who was killed by Qin general Wang Jian.
The Xiang family has been a general of the Chu State for generations, and was granted the title of Xiang Di, hence the surname Xiang. When Xiang Ji was a child, he learned how to write and read, but he stopped learning. He also learned swordsmanship, but he also failed.
Xiang Liang was very angry with him. But Xiang Ji said: "Writing can only be used to remember names; swordsmanship can only defeat one person, so it is not worth learning.
I want to learn how to defeat ten thousand people." So Xiang Liang asked him to teach him. Xiang Ji was very happy about Xiang Ji's art of war, but he had just understood a little bit of the art of war and was unwilling to learn it to the end.
Xiang Liang was once implicated in a crime and was arrested and imprisoned by Yue (yuè, Yueyang) County. He asked Cao Jiu (yuàn, Yuan), the jailer of Qi (qí, Qi) County, to write a letter After writing a letter of love to Sima Xin, the governor of Yueyang, the matter was settled. Later, Xiang Liang killed another person. In order to avoid his enemies, he and Xiang Ji fled to Wuzhong County together.
None of the talented scholar-bureaucrats in Wuzhong County can compare with Xiang Liang. Whenever there was a large-scale corvee or a major funeral event in Wuzhong County, Xiang Liang often acted as the host, and secretly used military arrangements to organize guests and young people to understand their talents.
When Qin Shihuang visited Kuaiji County and crossed Zhejiang Province, Xiang Liang and Xiang Ji went to watch it together. Xiang Ji said, "That man, I can replace him!" Xiang Liang hurriedly covered his mouth and said, "Don't talk nonsense, I will kill everyone!" But Xiang Liang felt that Xiang Ji was unusual.
Xiang Ji is more than eight feet tall, strong enough to lift a cauldron, and talented beyond ordinary people. Even the local young people in Wuzhong are afraid of him. In July of the first year of Qin II (209 BC), Chen She and others revolted in Daze Township.
In September of that year, Yin Tong, the governor of Kuaiji County, said to Xiang Liang: "Everyone west of the river has rebelled. This is also the time when God is going to destroy the Qin Dynasty. I heard that you can control things by taking the first step. Others will be controlled if they fall behind.
I plan to raise an army against Qin and let you and Huan Chu lead the army. " At that time, Huan Chu was fleeing in the grass.
Xiang Liang said: "Huan Chu is on the run. No one else knows where he is. Only Xiang Ji knows." So Xiang Liang went out and asked Xiang Yu to wait outside with his sword, and then came in to talk to the county guard. Yin Tong sat down together and said, "Please let me call Xiang Yu in and ask him to summon Huan Chu."
The county guard said, "Okay!" Xiang Liang called Xiang Yu Came in. After staying for a short while, Xiang Liang winked at Xiang Yu and said, "It's time to take action!" So Xiang Yu pulled out his sword and cut off the head of the county guard.
Xiang Liang held the head of the county governor in his hand and wore the official seal of the county governor on his body. The county guard's subordinates were in great panic and chaos. Xiang Yu killed more than a hundred people in a row.
The entire county fell to the ground in fear, and no one dared to get up. Xiang Liang summoned the powerful officials he was familiar with and explained to them the reason for the uprising against Qin, so he mobilized the troops of Wuzhong to start the uprising.
Xiang Liang sent people to take over the counties under Wuzhong County, and got 8,000 elite soldiers. He also deployed the heroes in the county and appointed them as captains, marquises, and Sima respectively.
One of them was not appointed and came to Xiang Liang to complain. Xiang Liang said: "A few days ago, there was a funeral in a certain family. I asked you to do something, but you couldn't do it, so you can't do it." Let me use you." Everyone was in awe after hearing this.
So Xiang Liang became the governor of Kuaiji County, and Xiang Ji became the deputy general, patrolling and occupying the subordinate counties.
At this time, Zhao Ping from Guangling went to patrol and occupy Guangling for King Chen, but Guangling did not surrender.
When Zhaoping heard that King Chen was defeated and retreated, and that the Qin army was about to arrive, he crossed the Yangtze River and pretended to ask King Chen to order him to worship Xiang Liang as the king of Chu's Shangzhu Kingdom. Zhao Ping said: "The land east of the Yangtze River has been pacified. Hurry up and lead your troops to the west to attack Qin."
Xiang Liang led eight thousand people across the Yangtze River and marched westward. Hearing that Chen Ying had occupied Dongyang, Xiang Liang sent an envoy to Dongyang, hoping to join forces with Chen Ying to march westward.
Chen Ying was originally the magistrate of Dongyang County. He was always honest and prudent in the county, and people praised him as a loyal and honest person. The young people in Dongyang County killed the county magistrate and gathered thousands of people to elect a leader. However, when no suitable candidate was found, they came to invite Chen Ying.
Chen Ying refused and said that he had no ability, so they forced Chen Ying to become the leader, with 20,000 followers in the county. Those young people wanted to simply make Chen Ying king. To distinguish themselves from other armies, they wrapped their heads in green scarves to show that they were a newly rising rebel army.
Chen Ying’s mother said to Chen Ying: “Since I became the daughter-in-law of your Chen family, I have never heard of anyone from your Chen family’s ancestors being a distinguished person. Now you suddenly have such a great reputation. , I'm afraid it's not a good sign. In my opinion, it's better to belong to someone. If the uprising succeeds, you can still be granted a title, but if the uprising fails, it will be easy to escape, because then you will not be a famous person in the world."
Chen Ying listened to his mother's words and did not dare to become king. He said to the military officials: "The Xiang family has been a general for generations and is a famous family in Chu State.
Now if we want to make the uprising a big event, we must have people from the Xiang family. We rely on the famous family. , the destruction of the Qin Dynasty is certain."
So the army obeyed his words and assigned the army to Xiang Liang. Xiang Liang crossed the Huaihe River and marched north. Generals Yingbu and Pu also led their troops to join Xiang Liang.
In this way, General Xiang Liang had 60,000 to 70,000 troops stationed in Xiapi (pī, batch). At this time, Qin Jia had already made Jingju the King of Chu and stationed himself east of Pengcheng, hoping to stop Xiang Liang from advancing westward.
Xiang Liang said to the soldiers: "King Chen was the first to revolt, and the battle did not go well. I don't know where he is now. Now Qin Jia has betrayed King Chen and made Jingju the king of Chu. This is Treason."
So he marched to attack Qin Jia. Qin Jia's army was defeated and fled. Xiang Liang led his troops to pursue them all the way to Hu Ling.
Qin Jia turned around and fought with Xiang Liang for a day. Qin Jia died in the battle and his troops surrendered. Jingju fled to Liangdi and died there.
Xiang Liang took over Qin Jia's troops and stationed them in Huling, preparing to lead his army to the west to attack Qin. Qin general Zhang Han led his army to Li County, and Xiang Liang sent generals Zhujishi and Yu Fanjun to fight against Zhang Han.
As a result, Yu Fanjun died in the battle, Zhujishi was defeated and fled back to Huling. Xiang Liang then led his troops into Xue County and killed Zhujishi.
Prior to this, Xiang Liang had sent Xiang Yu to attack Xiangcheng separately, but Xiangcheng held on and refused to surrender. After Xiang Ji captured Xiangcheng, he buried all the soldiers and civilians there alive, and then came back to report to Xiang Liang.
When Xiang Liang heard that King Chen was indeed dead, he called all the people from all walks of life to gather in Xue County to discuss major issues. At this time, Peigong also raised troops in Peixian County, and *** went to Xue County to attend the party.
Juhuan (cháo, nest.