Classification of Han Steles
According to the calligraphic characteristics and style tendencies of Han Steles, Han Steles can be broadly divided into the following three categories:
Square, clumsy, simple and majestic, and Jun Expressing sharpness
Such Han steles include "Zhang Qian Stele", "Xianyu Huang Stele", "Remaining Stele in the Sixth Year of Jian'an", "Hengfang Stele", "Zhang Shou Stele", "Geng Xun Stele" ”, “Liu Xiong Monument”, etc. This style of Han steles still maintains the simple and broad atmosphere and natural meaning of the early Han Dynasty steles in terms of graphics. It is the work that best reflects the majesty of the Han steles. It has a decorative meaning, and the brushwork is clumsy and simple, especially the meaning of a knife. Judging from the origins of the official transformation, this type of stele inscriptions has very little influence from bamboo slips and silk calligraphy, but directly evolved from the stone inscriptions of the Western Han Dynasty. The difference is that the stone inscriptions of the Western Han Dynasty did not lose the seal meaning and pursued round and thick lines, while this type of stone inscriptions The work uses a knife to cover the pen, showing a square, clumsy and stern attitude. This type of inscription is represented by the "Zhang Qian Stele". Due to the huge contrast between his writing skills and those of the Han Dynasty monuments of the same period, later generations often slandered his writing skills: "His calligraphy is quite precise, but he cares about copying and lacks craftsmanship. He has no writing skills at all, and is particularly unbearable." (Qing Wan Jing Yu) The so-called "complete lack of brushwork" means that the "Zhang Qian Stele" does not conform to the purpose of the Han stele of silkworm head and wild goose tail, left and right. In fact, the writing style of "Zhang Qian Stele" appeared in the late Eastern Han Dynasty when the Li change was coming to an end, and it already has the significance of the Kaili change. Its use of writing opened up the Wei and Jin Dynasties and was the origin of Kaihua. Kang Youwei believes: "The strokes of "Ode to Zhang Qian Biao" can be placed in modern regular script." Therefore, the square-style Han steles represented by "Zhang Qian Stele" not only have style and type value in the history of calligraphy, but also It has profound significance for the transformation of calligraphy style.
Elegant and neat, with strict laws and regulations
This type of Han steles can be divided into two categories according to the writing style: A: solemn and inner strength: representative Han steles include "Ritual Vessels", "Shi Chen", "Yi Ying", "Huashan Temple Stele", "Lou Shou Stele", "Zhang Jing Stele", "Jianning Broken Stele", "Chaohou Xiaozi Broken Stele", "Li Mengchu Divine Stele", etc. This kind of works are all typical temple formal styles. Therefore, they are exquisitely carved, eight-quarter-length and highly decorative. Because this type of works is generally shrouded in Confucian neutral aesthetics, its aesthetic paradigm largely eliminates the tendency to follow the common people trend of the early Han Dynasty and effectively transforms the "easy brushstrokes" of bamboo slips and silk calligraphy. Limit, and make it present an aesthetic style that blends emotion and reason, and is gentle and gentle. In terms of brushwork, this type of stele inscription fully absorbs the elegance and flexibility of Han's simple brushwork and integrates it with the knife technique, so that the lines show the unique strong, solemn, restrained and elegant appearance of the combination of knife and brush; B : Smart and elegant: This type of inscriptions include "Kong Zhou Stele", "Yin Zhou Stele", "Han Ren Ming", "Cangjie Temple Stele", "Kong Biao Stele" and "Cao Quan Stele". This type of inscriptions are free and flowing. , The brush strokes are open, running left and right, giving full play to their power. "Although the rules are short and neat, and the strokes are meticulous, the charm is overflowing. This type of Chinese stele evolved directly from bamboo slips and silk calligraphy, and fully absorbed the Chinese calligraphy in terms of brushwork. The clever charm of the Jane, the sword does not hide the pen, and the emphasis on conveying the meaning of writing is the biggest difference between the "Kong Zhou Stele" and "Cangjie Temple" steles, and the "Ritual Stele" and "Shi Chen Stele". For the main body, one is classic and solemn, while the other is elegant and agile. This is largely due to the different emphasis on the knife and pen of the second type of inscriptions.
It is ancient, simple, strange and changeable
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This type of steles include "Xia Cheng Stele", "Li Sangong Mountain Stele" and "Lu Jun Stele". This style of Han steles has a high ancient style, with the meaning of seal script, and the degree of official changes is not high. It has a strong retro style. It is very different from the general Han Dynasty stele in terms of calligraphy and writing style. Sun Chengze's "Gengzi Xia Xia Ji" commented on "Xia Cheng Stele": "The characters are in Suzhong and Bafen. Hong Cheng looked strange, really strange. There are those who doubt that it is fake, but there is a heroic spirit in the writing that will never be matched by future generations. Kang Youwei's "Guangyizhou Shuangji" commented on his book as "highly clear" and said: "It has the power of Zhiying and Longfeng, so it can be regarded as Zhonglang's calligraphy. I say that "Xia Cheng" is naturally a different style. If it is as recent as this winter Heart, Banqiao and the like. According to "The Analects of Confucius", "Zhongfei Zhonglang·Shu Ye" In terms of brushwork, this kind of inscriptions advocate round pens, which express the most powerful meanings, "Fan Le pen, Zeng pen, Zhao pen, The "Lu Jun Monument" is particularly prominent in this regard. Yang Shoujing's "Ping Stele Notes" says: "It is plump and majestic. Emperor Minghuang of the Tang Dynasty and Shu Jihai also came from this time. However, it is too plump and does not have such aura." This type of stele has an obvious retro tendency because it pursues the meaning of seal script. Among Han steles, they are in a non-mainstream position, with very little influence and not many surviving ones.
However, such inscriptions had a great influence on the official script of the Tang Dynasty and the Moya Sutra style calligraphy of the middle and late Northern Dynasties. The Han stele evolved from the early Han Dynasty official script that was adapted to the common people. Therefore, although the Han stele, which is the main body of the temple, has to be schematized for the purpose of cultural function, it has to schematize the early Han official script from which it originated - Jianbo and Nieya calligraphy. However, it cannot completely eliminate the strong sense of life, overall power and momentum of early Han Dynasty calligraphy. Therefore, the original power of life based on aesthetic freedom in bamboo slips and silk calligraphy and cliff calligraphy still dominates to a large extent. It affects the formation of the style of Han stele, which is also an important historical reason for the various styles and styles of Han stele. Entry albumMore albums