Kumarajiva organized the first official translation workshop in the history of China in Chang 'an. Kumarajiva and disciple * * * translated 74 Buddhist scriptures with a total of 584 volumes. Kumarajiva's translation is mainly free translation, with emphasis on rhetoric. His translations are fluent and literary, mainly including Maha Prajna Sutra, Lotus Peanut Sutra, Vimalakīrti Sutra, Diamond Sutra, Amitabha Sutra, Zhonglun, Twelve People's Lun, Theory of Great Wisdom, Theory of Achievement and so on. Zhenyi (AD 499-569), a right-handed Buddhist in India, was proficient in Mahayana Buddhism. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when Zhen Zhen was in Liang Wudi, he took a large number of Sanskrit classics to Jiankang, Du Liang by boat. When she was ready to start translating classics, the "Hou Jing Rebellion" happened, so Zhen Zhen moved to Fuchun and began to translate classics. Since then, the true meaning has spread around many times, and in the war years, it has always insisted on translating classics.
Zhenyi and his disciple * * * translated 49 Buddhist scriptures, with a volume of 142, among which the most famous ones are Supreme Classic, Theory of Seventeen Places, Theory of Taking Mahayana, and Theory of Giving Up Everything. A famous Buddhist monk who translated scriptures in the 5th and 6th centuries. The Vatican's name is Parama^rtha, transliterated as Boromota and Boromota. Also known as Van ·kulana^tha. Van ·ujjaini^, a brahmin from northwest India, his surname is Brahma Lata. Smart and easy to remember, eloquent. Travel to other countries less, learn from teachers, study the theory of four guards and six guards, study the five parts of Sanzang, and understand the mystery of Mahayana. In the first year of Datong in Nanliang (546), he came to Nanhai, China with scriptures. In the second year of Taiqing (548), he joined Jianye (Nanjing) as Emperor Wu, which coincided with the Hou Jing Rebellion. He then dived to the south and traveled to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangzhou and other places, where he constantly translated classics and wrote down sparse classical explanations every time. Chen Taijian died in the first year and lived at the age of 71. From the last years of Liang Wudi to the first year of Chen Taijian, * * * translated 64 classic biographies of Confucianism, with 278 volumes, and only 30 volumes exist, most of which are important classics in Buddhist studies. Kumarajiva, Xuanzang and Yijing are called the four great translators. His translation methods and knowledge are masters in the history of Buddhist translation in China. The main translated works are Guang Jin Ming Jing, Photography Mahayana Theory, Interpretation of Mahayana Theory, Interpretation of Twenty-two Laws, Respect for the Middle Side, Comments on Seventeen Places (this book is different from the Yoga Master's Land Theory), Interpretation of Everything and Comments on Mahayana Belief. Among them, Mahayana Theory and Mahayana Theory have the greatest influence, and the main theoretical basis and essence of Asa Nonami Mahayana School are also respected as the ancestor of Mahayana School. Xuanzang (600~ 664 AD) was born in Luozhou, China (now Yanshi, Luoyang, Henan). Xuanzang/kloc-became a monk at the age of 0/2 and read Buddhist scriptures all over. Xuanzang decided to go to India to learn Buddhist scriptures because he felt that there were many discrepancies and confusion at that time. In the first year of Zhenguan, Xuanzang set out from Chang 'an and went through hardships to reach Nalanduo Temple, the center of Indian Buddhism. Xuanzang worshipped the sage as a teacher, and was later promoted to deputy lecturer of the temple. Xuanzang returned to Chang 'an in the 19th year of Zhenguan, bringing back 150 relics, 7 Buddha statues and 657 classics. Later, with the support of Emperor Taizong, Xuanzang set up a translation field in Dajiju, Chang 'an to concentrate on translating Buddhist scriptures and disciples brought back.
Xuanzang and his disciples translated 75 Buddhist scriptures, with volume 1355. Xuanzang's translated works include Mahayana Sutra, Heart Sutra, Shen Jiemi Sutra, Yoga Teacher's Land Theory and Cheng Weizhi's Theory.
Monk in Tang Dynasty, founder of Faxiangzong, Buddhist scripture translator and traveler. Xuanzang became a monk when he was young, and his parents died early. At the age of 20, I gave him an anklet in Chengdu. I have traveled everywhere and visited famous teachers. He has successively studied Confucian classics such as Mahayana, Za 'a Dharma Mind, Theory of Achievement, Theory of Abandoning Everything and Nirvana Sutra from Hui Xiu, Shen Dao, Daoyue, Chang Fa, Monk Debate and Xuan Hui, with more and more achievements. Seeking the dharma by going west has been talked about everywhere for many years, and he deeply feels that there are different opinions and no solutions. Especially at that time, the two schools of thought, photography theory and land theory, had different theories about law, so they came up with the idea of going to India to consult yoga theory and land to understand everything. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Xuanzang married a couple. Please allow him to go west to seek dharma. However, it was not approved by Emperor Taizong. However, Xuanzang has made up his mind to "venture beyond the appointment and go to Tianzhu privately", starting from Chang' an Shenyi and ending at Wangshe New Town, trekking more than 50,000 miles. In the second year of Zhenguan, Xuanzang arrived in Gaochang Wangcheng (now Turpan County, Xinjiang) and was treated with courtesy by Gaochang Wangqu. After that, it passed through Qu Zhi (now Kuqa, Xinjiang), Lingshan (Yemusuer Ridge), Suyecheng, Gaby experimental country, Chijianguo (now Tashkent, Soviet Union), Sassuojianguo (now east of Samarkand), jungle and iron gate. Arrive at the former site of Luoguo (now west of Guling and south of Wuhu). To the south, it passes through Binhe country (now Balkh in northern Afghanistan), Jiezhi country (now Ghazi in Afghanistan), Daxue Mountain, Fanyangna country (now Bamiyan in Afghanistan), Yushiro country (now Peshawar in Pakistan and its adjacent eastern Afghanistan) and Uwona country (Swat in Pakistan) and reaches Kashmiro country. Here, learn the name of a monk, the theory of harmony and justice, and the theory of reason. , and compared the lay man of Pixutuo (pure teacher), the monk Sukhumidoro (a friend who came here), Doro of West Su Mi (a family friend), Sulitibo (one day) and Chennaluoduo (the best), and then went to Raja (now Punjab, Pakistan) to learn from an old Brahman, Bai Jinglun and Bai Guanglun; Go to Nadi (now Parr, Felloze, North India) and learn "On Law" and "On Xian Zong" from Pinidobulapo (dimming); He went to Rhoda (now Jalandhar, northern India) and got the "Bodhisattva of Everything" from Dalavat Mo (Moon). Go to Chenluqin that country (now north of Rotak in northern India), learn the classic Prabhivasha from Jonado, and go to Buluo Kingdom (now D'Arvor, northern India), and accept the theory of debating truth and sharing wisdom with me from Mydosina; Go to Qunnv Town (now Lucky City on the west bank of Ganges River in India) and learn from the Prajna Paramita Sutra of Buddha and the Prajna Paramita Sutra of Sun. After five years of Zhenguan, he went to Nalanduo Temple in Mojeto to study morality. Xuanzang stayed in Nalanduo Temple for five years and was chosen as one of the ten virtues of knowing three zang. Before and after listening to Jie Xian's talk about the yoga master's theory of land, obedience, worship of saints, dharma, concentration, China, hundred views, explanation and so on. At the same time, learn all kinds of brahmin books. Xuanzang left Nalanduo Temple ten years after his trip to the Five Kings of Zhenguan, and went to Ilan Potava (now Mongir in northern India), Salo, Andaro, Tuonajediga (now the mouth of Krishna River on the east coast of India), Dharavi Tea (now south of Madras in India), Wolff Roger (now east of Moclan in Hexi, India) and Potava (now he has stayed in many countries for two years). Soon after, he went to Xialuozejia Temple and discussed with Prajna Paramita that Sanzang has various therapies, as well as Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism. At this time, Xie Xian instructed Xuanzang to give lectures and take photos for the monks in Nalanduo Temple. As it happens, Shi Ziguang, the master of the middle school, is also there, talking about "On the Middle Way" and "On a Hundred Schools of Thought", and opposing the law only knows the theory. So Xuanzang wrote 3,000 poems on Huizong to reconcile the theories of Mahayana and yoga. At the same time, he participated in the debate with Prajna paramita, a scholar of the Ministry of Positive Quantities, and wrote 1600 praises for the theory of controlling evil. He also gave a speech at the invitation of Kumoro, king of molybdenum industry in East India (now Assam, India), and wrote Three-body Theory. Then he met the King of the Sun and was treated with great courtesy. King Jerzy decided to hold a Buddhist debate with Xuanzang as the main topic in Qunnvcheng, 18 kings, 3,000 Mahayana Buddhist scholars and 2,000 heretics attended in Wuyin. At that time, Xuanzang said that it was hard for anyone to ask, but no one could question it. At that time, it was famous for its five seals, and was honored as "Mahayana paradise" by Mahayana and "liberation paradise" by Mahayana. King Jerzy insisted that Xuanzang attend the 75-day nude convention held every five years. Return home after the meeting. On the 25th day of the first month of the 19th year of Zhenguan, Xuanzang returned to Chang 'an. At that time, Shi Zi said, "The Taoist custom is urgent, so let's go to the city." Soon, Emperor Taizong received him and advised him to be a secular official, but Xuanzang declined politely. Later, he stayed in Hongfu Temple in Chang 'an to translate the scriptures. The scriptures were provided by the imperial court, and more than 20 famous monks from all over the country were called to assist in the translation. They were assigned to posts such as proving righteousness, posting, orthography and proving Brahma, forming a complete translation field. In May of the same year, he created and translated 20 volumes of the Great Bodhisattva's Tibetan Scriptures, which was completed in September. In the first month of the twentieth year of Zhenguan, Xuanzang translated twenty volumes of The Theory of Youwei Shengjiao. And dictated the "Datang Western Regions" written by the debating machine. In the same year, Jie Shen's Secret Classic and Ming Wu Shuo were translated, which promoted the development of Ming Wu in China. Heirs were also asked to translate the theories of Lao Zi and Mahayana belief into Sanskrit and spread them in India. In May, 2002, he translated 100 Volume "On the Land of Yoga Teachers" and asked Taizong to make a preface. In October, I translated the Broken King Kong Prajna Paramita Sutra. Soon, the Hall of the Great Heroes was completed, and Xuanzang was appointed as the seat of honor, devoted to the translation of Buddhist scriptures. In the third year of Yonghui (652), he invited to build a tower to house Buddhist scriptures. After high praise, the Wild Goose Pagoda was built in the west courtyard of Jean Temple. Xuanzang "carried bricks and stones for two weeks (years) and finished his work". In 658, in the third year of Xianqing, he moved to Ximing Temple. Often disturbed by trivial matters, he moved to Yuhua Temple to concentrate on translating the scriptures. Celebrating five years, the Great Prajna was translated. This sutra is 200,000 praises from the Vatican, and it is voluminous. Every time the disciple asked for abridgement, Xuanzang was very cautious and didn't delete a word. In three years (663), Long Shuo finally translated this masterpiece with as many as 600 volumes. After that, Xuanzang's body and mind were greatly weakened. In the first year of Linde (664), he translated 1 Volume Five Mantras and became a masterpiece. He died in February of the same year. According to records, there are 75 translated classics before and after Xuanzang, with a total volume of 1335. The translated classics were later called new versions. Main theories ① Five kinds of surnames theory. It further develops India's five-caste theory, that is, all beings are divided into vocal caste, marginal caste, Tathagata caste, indefinite caste and no caste. It is believed that the result of monasticism can be determined according to people's innate quality. Xuanzang referred to the theories of various schools in India here and systematically expounded the five-level theory. (2) epistemology. Xuanzang and his school believe that everything in the world (including human self) does not exist independently, but is realized by human consciousness, that is, the stomach can only be changed by knowledge. The most fundamental consciousness, called "Aryan knowledge", is all the "seeds" of various things and phenomena in the world and the origin of the universe. 3 because of Ming. Inming is very developed in Indian Yoga Department. After this close relationship, with the development of Dignā ga and his protector, the theory of only knowing was closely combined. Xuanzang made new progress on this basis. In India, he put forward "only true knowledge". After returning to China, he not only translated Yin Ming's main works, but also gave full play to Yin Ming's nature of argument, deepened Yin Ming's method of establishing quantity, and made a good analysis of the ground-breaking theory. Xuanzang devoted himself to Buddhism all his life, and his deeds were mostly found in The biography of Master Sanzang and Xuanzang's biography. Besides Cheng Wei's On Wisdom, there are three important works on the study of Xuanzang School, namely, Kui Ji's Notes on Cheng Weizhi, Huinuma's On Cheng Weizhi's First Class and the well-known On the Secrets of Cheng Weizhi. Disciple Xuanzang is knowledgeable. At that time, Shuo Yan gathered at the door. Shen Yun, Jia Shang, Pu Guang and Kui Ji, known as the four philosophers of Lumen, are all masters of Buddhism. Puguang, Magic Weapon and Shentai are collectively called the three great masters; Kui Ji, Shen Tai and Jing Shun were also masters of the Ming Dynasty. Silla monk round measurement, for Xuanzang god foot, Silla Yuan Xiao, for Hua Yan everyone; The western regions involve interests and are famous dharma-protecting monks; Nanshan Dao proclaimed his righteousness and became a master of law; Xuan Ying, a famous ethicist; Huai Su, East Tower, the Lord of the new sparse. Not empty (AD 705~ 774), the lion country (now Sri Lanka) people. He came to China in the Tang Dynasty and was one of the "Three Masters of Kaiyuan", which had an important influence on the formation of China Tantric Sect. He followed his teacher, King Kong, to Luoyang and then to Chang 'an. Later, Bukong set up a Dojo in Daxing Temple in Chang 'an, translated Tantric classics and appointed monks, which greatly increased the influence of Tantric Buddhism in China.
Bukong and his disciple * * * translated more than 100 Buddhist scriptures, mainly including King Kong Ding Jing, Prajna, Hua Yan and Daji. One of the founders of tantric school. Full name is not empty. Lion country (now Sri Lanka) people. And the three masters of Kaiyuan, known as Xu Bodhi and King Kong. /Kloc-When he was 0/4 years old, he came to China with King Kong Zhi in Gaopo country (now Java Island). In the eighth year of Tang Kaiyuan (720), he went to Luoyang. Speaking of westerners, when they were young, they all went to the mainland with their uncles. At the age of 65,438+00, I traveled to Wuwei and Taiyuan, and at the age of 65,438+05, I met King Kong's ambition. In the 12th year of Kaiyuan, a monk from Guangfu Temple in Luoyang became a monk. Later, he studied the theory of Han Shu and Sanskrit and translated it with King Kong Zhi. After the death of King Kong Zhi, he was ordered to master the secret method in Longzhi, Tianzhu. Liu Julin, the new ambassador to Guangzhou, asked to stay and publicize the law. In the 29th year of Kaiyuan (Tianbao Year 2), he sent credentials by imperial edict, and led 37 disciples, including Pu Xian, to be initiated and learn the secret method for 3 years. Later, he traveled around India, and Tang Tianbao returned to Chang 'an in the fifth year (746). Bring back the Brahma Sutra 100, including 1200, as well as the credentials of disciple King Romika, the maharaja sutra clip and the square objects. Tianbao fifteen years, was ordered to live in Chang 'an Daxing Temple. After An Lushan captured Chang 'an, he secretly sent someone to inform Su Zong. In the second year of Zhide (757), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty returned to Beijing and was well received by Su Zong. In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), Su Zong ordered temples in Chang 'an and Luoyang, and temples and houses in various counties and villages to concentrate all Brahma fragments brought by Xuanzang, Yijing, Bodhi Six Fingers, Xumituo Buddha and Baosheng in Daxing Shan Temple, which could not be translated. Translated from Tantric Code *** 1 10, 143. After his death, Dai Zhong put forward "nothing", thinking that Guang Zhi was not empty with Sanzang and Shang. There are tens of thousands of disciples, and 2000 disciples are monks. Famous ones are Han Guang, Hui Chao (Silla people), Guo Hui, Hui Lang, Jiao Yuan and Jue Chao, who are called the Six Philosophers. Huiguo later spread to Japanese monk Konghai. When Konghai returned to China, he founded the Pravda School, which was later called Dongmi.