Su Shi (1037 ~11year), a famous writer, painter and calligrapher in the Song Dynasty, was named "Dongpo Jushi" and was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now Meizhou, Sichuan). He, his father, Su Xun, and his younger brother, Su Zhe, are both famous literary figures, and they are called "Three Sus" in the world. It is the same as "Cao San and his son" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) at the end of Han Dynasty.
His father, Su Xun, was the "Sue" mentioned in The Amethyst at the age of 27. Su Xun got angry late, but he worked hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood experience of studying with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's hard work, Su Shi would not have been able to get a good tutor since he was a child, let alone "learn the history of general classics, which belongs to thousands of words every day", let alone have a future literary master.
In the first year of Jiayou (1056), 20-year-old Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the appreciation of Ouyang Xiu, the examiner, with an article on punishment and loyalty, and became a scholar in high school.
In the sixth year of Jiayou, Su Shi took the Chinese secondary school exam, which is usually called "three-year Beijing Examination", got the third grade, and signed a book for the judge in Dali. Later, his father died in Bianjing, and Ding returned to his hometown. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed.
Su Shi has been away from Beijing for several years, and great changes have taken place in North Korea. After Zongshen ascended the throne, he appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new country Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.
On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people, so he disagreed with Prime Minister Wang Anshi and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter of opposition. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general.
Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After his term, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places.
This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, someone deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi arrived in Huzhou for less than three months, and was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law, which is known as Wutai Poetry Case.
Su Shi was in prison 103 days, almost on the verge of being beheaded. Su Shi was spared because of the national policy of not killing ministers during Mao's reign in the Northern Song Dynasty.
After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to Yong Lian of Huangzhou Regiment (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is quite humble, and at this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this prison. In his spare time, he leads his family to reclaim wasteland and farms to help make a living. The nickname "Dongpo lay man" was given to him at this moment.
In the seventh year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong, Su Shi left Huangzhou for Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away.
Zhezong ascended the throne, Wang Anshi's power declined, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as the phase. Su Shi was recalled to North Korea on 1920. After that, in a short period of one or two years, Su Shi was promoted from the governor of Dengzhou to the bachelor of Hanlin and became the minister of the highest etiquette department.
As the saying goes, "Beijing officials are not easy to be." Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor.
At this point, Su Shi could neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he asked for another transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he went to Hangzhou as a prefect again after a long absence of 16 years. Su Shi's only achievement in Hangzhou is to build a major water conservancy project and a dam beside the West Lake, which is the famous "Su Causeway".
Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But not long after, Wang Anshi came to power again and he was recalled to North Korea. But he was soon released to Yingzhou because of political disagreement. In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), the new party came to power again. He was demoted to Huizhou resettlement, and later he was demoted to another family in Danzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan Province) and Changhua Army resettlement on the charge of "ridiculing the first dynasty". Hui Zong acceded to the throne, transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, and served as deputy special envoy and Yongzhou for resettlement. In the third year (1 10 1), Fu Yuan was pardoned and restored to the classical style. On his way back to the North, he died in Changzhou, posthumous title. At the age of 66.
Su Shi's literary and artistic achievements
Su Shi's literary view comes down in one continuous line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating statutes and releasing wonderful ideas". He believes that composition should be "like running water, with no definite quality at first, but always do what you should do and always stop where you can't stop." The artistic realm of "natural arts and sciences, rich body" ("Thank the teacher's book"). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is concise and smooth, and it is unrestrained. Shi Dehong's Postscript Dongpo (Left and Right Hands) Chi Ji said: "His prose is like water, and his waves are naturally written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu, both called "Ou Su", are one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
After Su Shi was promoted wholeheartedly, Huang Tingjian and Qin Guan went out of his door.
There are about 4,000 existing Su poems, which have a wide range of contents and diverse styles, but they are mainly bold and unconstrained, with changeable brushwork and romantic color, which has opened up a new road for the development of Song poetry. Xie Tiao's "The Original Poetry" said: "The realm of Su Shi's poetry has never existed in ancient and modern times, and everything in the world has been inspired by God." Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" said: "It is a spectacular sight for a generation to take literature as poetry and go from Changli to Dongpo Yida. ..... Especially out of reach, born with a healthy pen, as cold as a sad pear. Cut together quickly, and there is a sense of secrecy that must be achieved. Therefore, after Li and Du, it is a big family, not as good as Li and Du Chu. "
There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi, which break through the narrow theme of writing about love and parting between men and women and have a wide range of social contents. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of China Ci. He extended the spirit of the poetic innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of Ci, swept away the traditional style of Ci since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and created an unconstrained Ci school that kept pace with the graceful school, expanded the theme of Ci, enriched the artistic conception of Ci, broke through the boundary between poetry and poetry, and made great contributions to the innovative development of Ci. His representative works include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, which created the first example of unconstrained ci, and was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng's Preface to Xinjiaxuan said: "The word reaches Dongpo, which is aboveboard, like poetry, prose and wonders of heaven and earth."
Su Shi is also good at regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Zeng studied under the famous artists of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and worshipped Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became a family of his own. Ziyun: "I can't have published a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and don't practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, his pen was refined, not as natural as his boss"; Another cloud said, "When I arrived in Huangzhou, my pen was very strong." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge are outstanding everywhere, and his life has been ups and downs. His calligraphy style is rich and naive. You can imagine that he is a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respect each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews, You, Mai and Guo, as well as his friends and Zhao Lingzhi studied under him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan and Zhang Zhidong also learned from him in the Qing Dynasty, which shows the great influence. Huang Tingjian said in Valley Collection: "Those who are good at books in this dynasty should take (Su) as the first."
Su Shi painted bamboo with ink in his paintings, which is more concise than literature and has the tendency of dancing. Mi Fei said that he "made ink bamboo, from the ground to the top. I asked: Why not divide it into sections? Say: When bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? " He is also good at making ancient trees and strange rocks. Mi Fei also said: Make dead branches and entangle them for no reason; The stone is hard, and it is strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in its chest. "It can be seen that his paintings are very whimsical. His theory of painting and calligraphy is outstanding and his painting theory has far-reaching influence. For example, attaching importance to the likeness of spirit, advocating the feelings beyond painting, painting should have sustenance, opposing the similarity of form and the limitation of procedure, advocating the unity of poetry and painting, artistry and freshness, and clearly putting forward the concept of "literati painting", which laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The existing books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poem, Cliff Ode, Thank the Teacher's Paper and several essays in Sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor. The surviving paintings are "Ancient Wood and Strange Stone"; The Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Scroll discovered in recent years is also his work.
In Song Dynasty, Su Shi made great achievements in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy and painting. He is a rare literary genius in the history of China.
Su Shi's chronicle
The first year of Renzong's heyday in the Northern Song Dynasty-the eighth year of Jiayou (1023- 1064)
1036 Su Shi was born
1054 Marry Wang Fu
1057 Zhongshi Stone; Mother's funeral; Filial piety (1057.4- 1059.6)
1059 family to Kyoto
106 1 Judge Ren Fengxiang
The first year of Yingzong Zhiping-four years (1064- 1068)
1064 Museum of Professional History
1065 wife's funeral
1066 father's funeral; Filial piety (1066.4-2068.7)
The first year of Zongshen Xining-the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1068- 1086)
Marry Wang Runzhi.
1069 back to Beijing; Office history museum
107 1 any supervision; As an ordinary judge in Hangzhou
1074 ren mizhou satrap
1076 was appointed as Xuzhou satrap.
1079 as Huzhou satrap; Be put in prison
1080 Exile in Huangzhou
1084 to Changzhou
1085 to Dengzhou; Ren Dengzhou satrap; To Kyoto; Ren Zhongshu Scheeren
Zhezong (1086- 1 100) was in power during the reign of Yuan You (1085- 1093).
1086 imperial edict with the knowledge of Hanlin bachelor.
1089, Governor of Hangzhou and Commander of the West Zhejiang Military Region.
109 1 is the official minister; To Kyoto; Ren Yingzhou satrap
1092 as Yangzhou satrap; Department of War History; Minister of rites
1093 wife's funeral; The queen mother died; Adjust the county magistrate; Commander of Hebei Military Region
1094 to Huizhou; Exile Huizhou
1097 to Hainan; Exile in Danzhou, Hainan
Hui Zong (110/-kloc-0/126) was the empress dowager (1 100).
1 10 1 return to the north; Go to Changzhou; stop
1 126 The Northern Song Dynasty perished.
Su Shi's three wives
Su Shi's married wife, Wang Fu, is a young and beautiful woman from Qingshen, Meizhou, Sichuan. She knows books and is polite. She/kloc-married Su Shi at the age of 0/6. She can be called Su Shi's right-hand man and has a story of "listening behind the scenes". Su Shi is broad-minded and relatively negligent in dealing with others. Wang Fu listened behind the screen and told Su Shi his suggestions. Wang Fu and Su Shi lived for eleven years and then died. According to his father Su Xun's last words, Su Shi was buried next to your mother's grave, and personally planted 30,000 pine trees on the mountain where Wang Fu was buried. Ten years later, Su Shi wrote "Jiang Chengzi Remembers Dreams", which is the first eulogy for Wang Fu: ten years of life and death are boundless. Never think, never forget. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty. When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed. Care for each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears, it is expected that heartbroken every year, on the moonlit night, short pine hills.
Su Shi's second wife, Wang Runzhi, was Wang Fu's cousin and married Su Shi in the third year after Wang Fu's death. She is eleven years younger than Su Shi. She admired Su Shi since she was a child, with a gentle nature and always relied on Su Shi. Wang Runzhi spent the most important 25 years with Su Shi. After Wutai Poetry Case and Huangzhou's relegation, he shared joys and sorrows with Su Shi in the ups and downs of his official career. Twenty-five years later, Wang Runzhi also died before Su Shi. Su Shi was heartbroken and wrote a eulogy: "I'm going home, I'm going back to Yuan Qiu. Once a little, abandoned me first. Who welcomes our doors and feeds our fields? There is nothing we can do! Tears have dried up. Traveling abroad makes me less grateful. Just the same point, or repeat this statement. Hey! " One hundred days after his wife's death, his friend and great painter Li Longmian was asked to draw ten arhats. When the monk was asked to recite the scriptures for her and live in heaven, these ten statues were dedicated to the dead soul of his wife. After Su Shi's death, Su Zhe buried him with Wang Runzhi, realizing the wish of "sharing only a little" in the memorial hall.
Su Shi's third wife, Wang Chaoyun, is his concubine, twenty-six years younger than Su Shi. When Su Shi was in the most difficult time, Wang Chaoyun always accompanied him. Wang Chaoyun is Su Shi's confidante, and Su Shi wrote the most poems to Wang Chaoyun, calling her "Vimo Goddess". Unfortunately, Chao Yun died eleven years after he was rehabilitated, that is, before Su Shi. After Chao Yun's death, Su Shi was widowed and never married again. In accordance with Chaoyun's wishes, Su Shi buried his dead wife in the pine forest under the Great Sage Tower of Qi Temple at the southern foot of Gushan Mountain in Huizhou West Lake, and built six pavilions beside the tomb as a memorial. The couplet written is "out of date, only Chaoyun can know me; A person plays the old tune and misses you every time it rains. " There is a famous allusion in this couplet: "Dongpo retired from the DPRK for one day and ate." Gu walked slowly and said to his servant, "What is the way of your generation?" A maid suddenly said,' It's all articles', but Poe disagreed. Another person said,' full of knowledge'. Porter didn't expect when it would be. When he reached the clouds, he said, "The belly of a bachelor is out of date. Poe burst out laughing. Chaoyun Tomb has now become a scenic spot in Hainan.
Su Dongpo's Jueming Poem:
My heart is like ash, and my body is like not tying a boat.
I heard that you have achieved a lot in your life, Danzhou, Huizhou and Huangzhou.
The time to write poetry was two months before his death, and he improvised it after seeing Li paint his portrait.
Su Shi's anecdotes
1, Su Shi "bullied" the teacher.
Su Shi, a scholar, wrote a big article in the Spring and Autumn Period, called "Theory of Punishment Loyalty", including the following paragraphs:
When Yao was in office, he was a scholar and killed people without blinking an eye. Hao Tao said "kill the third" and Yao said "kill the third", so the world feared the strictness of law enforcement, while Le Yao used it as a light punishment. Siyue said "guns can be used", Yao said "no, guns can command clans", and then he said "try it". He Yaozhi didn't listen to Hao Tao's murder, but used four mountains. However, the sage's intentions can also be seen.
Examiner Mei Sheng marveled at Su Shi's article, but was not sure about the above. When Su Shi visited Mei, he asked about the origin of Yao and dialogue. Su Shi smiled and answered, "Of course."
In fact, the above allusion comes from the Book of Rites, which happened to the Duke of Zhou. Su Shi wrote on Yao during the exam, but he was fooled by teacher Bel Canto, which shows that his skill is extraordinary.
2. Dongpo Meat
When Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou, there was a famous jingle in Pork Fu: "Huangzhou is a good pork, but the price is worthless. The rich refuse to eat, and the poor don't know how to cook. Slow down the fire, less water, and it will look good when the fire is full. Get up and play a bowl every day, and you are too full to care. " Here, "slow fire, less water, good-looking after enough fire" is the famous Dongpo meat cooking method. Su Dongpo was later appointed as the governor of Hangzhou, building Su Causeway and building water conservancy projects, which was deeply loved by the people. And this "Dongpo Meat" followed closely, and became famous in Hangzhou, becoming a famous local dish.
3. Su Shi checked out
Su Shi lived in Changzhou in his later years. He spent his last savings and bought a house. He is preparing to move in another day. By chance, he heard an old woman crying very sadly. He asked the old woman why she was crying. The old woman said that she had a house that had been handed down for a hundred years and was sold by unscrupulous children. She cried very sadly. Looking carefully, it turns out that the house that Su Shi bought is the ancestral home that the old woman said. So Su Shi said to her, "I sold Yi's former residence, so there is no need to feel deeply distressed. Now it's time to return the house to Yi. " Su Shi immediately burned the deed and rented a house. In July this year, he died in a rental house. (See Zhou's "Liang Manzhi")
Yang Wanli (1 127 ~ 1206) was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word ting xiu. Jizhou Jishui (now Jiangxi) people. In the twenty-fourth year of Shaoxing (1 154), he was a scholar, and was awarded the title of Ganzhou secretariat to join the army. Later, he was transferred to Lingling County, Yongzhou (now Hunan). At this time, Zhang Jun, a famous Southern Song Dynasty star, lived in Yongzhou and encouraged Yang Wanli to learn "sincerity", so he named his library "Chengzhai" and was called Mr. Chengzhai by the world.
In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), Xiaozong ascended the throne and Zhang Jun was re-employed. Yang Wanli was recommended as a professor in Lin 'an, but he was unable to go to his post because of his father's funeral. After the mourning period, I realized that Longxing Prefecture was Fengxin (now Jiangxi) county. When he was in office, it was forbidden to take bribes and won the hearts of the people. After six years on the main road (1 170), he went up to a thousand thoughts and thirty stories, stating his views on major issues such as "Jundao", "National Conditions", "Governing the Original", "Talents", "Criminal Law" and "Civil Affairs", which were highly valued by the Prime Minister and Yu, and he was recruited as a doctor. The following year, Zhang (the son of Zhang Jun), the lieutenant, was detained for opposing the appointment of Zhang Zhaofei. Yang Wanli refused to stay and wrote to urge him to uphold justice. Although Reng Zhang was demoted, Yang Wanli's words and deeds were praised by public opinion. Repeated relocation will make you a young prison. In the first year of Xichun (1 174), he was appointed as a foreign magistrate in Zhangzhou and soon changed to Changzhou. In the sixth year of Xichun, he was promoted to be the tea supervisor of Changping, Guangdong Province, and was promoted to the supervisor of the Department of Punishment in Guangdong Province. In the ninth year of Xichun, she left her job because of her mother's funeral. After serving for eleven years, he returned to Hangzhou, served as foreign minister in the official department, and was promoted to doctor. The next year, due to the earthquake, he wrote a letter to Xiaozong, urging him to "be the most urgent thing, think carefully about the strategy of preparing for the enemy", "manage the ship to seize the danger" and "enrich the country and strengthen the people". Thirteen years, moved to the Privy Council, served as Crown Prince, and recommended Zhu, Yuan Shu and other 16 talents to the Prime Minister. After moving to the secretary, there is less supervision. After the death of Emperor Gaozong, Wanli fought for Zhang Jun to enjoy the temple sacrifice, which angered Xiaozong and made him know Yunzhou (now Gao 'an, Jiangxi).
In the sixteenth year of Xichun (1 189), Guangzong acceded to the throne, and Yang Wanli was called to the DPRK as the secretary supervisor. At the end of the year, the Golden Mission sent messengers to congratulate Zheng Dan, and Wan Li was sent as a companion. There are many poems on this trip. Shao Xiyuan (1 190) sent an envoy to serve as Jiangdong transshipment assistant. At this time, Chao Yi wanted to travel to the counties in the south of the Yangtze River with iron money. He objected and refused to serve the imperial edict. Therefore, he was angered and changed to Ganzhou. Wan Li refused to go to his post and asked to return to China. Since then, he has lived in the village for 15 years. After taking the throne, Ning Zong was called to serve in the DPRK many times, but he refused to resign. Kathy died at home in the second year (1206). On his deathbed, he wrote his last words, "My head is so big, I have no choice but to be lonely and angry", which embodies the same deep feelings of worrying about the country as Lu You's poem "Xiuer".
Poetry Creation and Poetics Yang Wanli has more than 4,200 existing poems, many of which are quite substantial. Since his first book of poetry, Jianghu Collection, he has written some works that care about national security. For example, the imperial edict of reading sin advised Xiaozong to change his strategy halfway because of frustration in resisting gold; "Tao meets turtle pavilion" expresses indignation at the rise of the party and the dismissal of Zhongliang; Therefore, I deeply regret my oath and deeply regret the patriotic minister Zhang Jun. In the winter of 16 years, Xichun was ordered to meet Jin Shi and cross Jianghuai in the north. He was filled with grief and indignation, and wrote poems, among which is the famous "Four quatrains when I first entered the Huaihe River": "It is not good for people to go to the Huaihe River when the ship leaves the Hongze River. Why is Sanggan far away, and the north of the middle stream is Tianya! " "The elders in the Central Plains don't talk empty words, and they can't bear to see Wang Ren." However, he returned to Hong and could not speak. He goes to Jiangnan once a year. The Huaihe River Basin was originally the territory of the Song Dynasty. Now the Huaihe River has become the border of the Song and Jin Dynasties, and the people north of the middle reaches, that is, Tianya and the north and south, have lost the freedom of communication. Looking back on the past, the poet is full of emotions, that is, he loves the scene and the other side, and achieves the artistic realm of "poetry tastes forever" (Cheng Zhai's poetry talk). In addition, like "The First Mountain in the Southeast of Xuyi Army", "The white ditch outside the gap is old, and Xiao Shui moves before the Huaihe River today"; Poems in Snow Ji Xiao Deng Jinshan, such as "The end of the great river is the shame of others, and the end of the golden mountain is the sorrow of others", as well as "Crossing the Yangtze River Bridge, looking into the distance", "Crossing the Yangtze River" and "The rain shines at dusk", also show his patriotic feelings.
Yang Wanli also wrote some poems reflecting farmers' working life, such as "Zhuzhi Ci", and wrote seven poems of boatmen sailing on rainy nights: "Fortunately, the sun is warm all night, so why bother to send more remnants and drizzle?" I know Nong Li's shoes are leaking, so I have to drag my feet! "Express concern for the hard-working underclass. Ten Solutions to Ding Wei's Ci was written when he passed by Dangtu and saw Ding Wei building a river bank. The purpose is to "send Ding Wei a song to people who are repairing Ding Wei to help them", and the poem describes the benefits brought by water conservancy projects to the people in an appreciative tone. The song of transplanting rice seedlings describes the intense labor of farmers in the rain. For example, "Half an inch of barren hills are bare, and the abundance is never full" (A trip to Qiqiao Road in Fakong Town in the morning), "Taicang does not send new jade grains, but dares to slide the spoon first" (Mixing in the Back Road after Entering the City) and "pity for agriculture", "pity for drought", "sigh for agriculture" and "sigh for autumn rain" are all from different angles.
Yang Wanli's poems are very distinctive in artistic style and expression. His poems are beginners of Jiangxi Poetry School. The preface of Jianghu Collection says: "I have written more than a thousand poems, all of which were burned in July of the year of Renwu in Shaoxing, probably in Jiangxi style." In the preface to his second collection of poems, Jing Xi Ji, he said that he studied Jiangxi first, then Chen Shidao's Five Laws and Wang Anshi's Seven Musts, and then studied the poems of the late Tang Dynasty. It was not until he was 565,438+0 years old that he "suddenly realized". Jump out of the rut of others, find another way, and look for poetry in front of nature: "Go back to the garden, climb the ancient city, gather together, climb over the bamboo mat, and present poetry." "Gaihui refused to go, the former was not pushed, and the latter was forced." In Xu Jin's Postscript, he wrote: "I am ashamed to pass on the tradition, and the writer has his own romantic feelings." Let's rest under the hedge in Huang Chen, and Xie Tao will stand up before he leaves. Yang Wanli's poetry finally got rid of the ethos that Jiangxi poetry school was divorced from life, imitated the ancients and deliberately faked the rhythm of words, forming a unique "sincere style" that had a great influence on later generations.
The formation of Chengzhai style is related to the "living method" advocated by Yang Wanli. "Living method" was first put forward by Lv Benzhong, the author of the Sect Map of Jiangxi Poetry Society, which means "rules can be made, unpredictable and illegal" (Preface to Xia Jun's Father's Collection). Yang Wanli's "living method" also contains this meaning, but the foothold is to learn from nature. His poetry friend Zhang Yong said: "The spirit of nature is endless, and you can catch up with it immediately." How many words people know today, it is rare to live their poems first. "Yang Wanli's" living method "lies in his leaping, pursuing nature, being good at capturing fleeting and fleeting natural interests and expressing them in lively and varied languages.
Accordingly, the outstanding feature of Chengzhai style is that it is good at skillfully absorbing the characteristics and dynamics of natural scenery. For example, "Looking at the Yunshan in Axiaoxing": "Before Yoshida wants to dawn, there are always considerable peaks everywhere." However, one of the peaks suddenly grew up, and we knew it was a real mountain. "Crossing the Xinkai Lake in Baoying County": "The clouds in the sky press the water, and the waves in the lake hit the clouds back." There are no flat forest trees in the middle, so the water is too beautiful to tear. "They are all novel, lively and interesting. Not only that, the author also expresses the "vividness" of interest through the "vividness" of scenery. For example, "Passing Song Yuanchen's Paint Shop": "Mo Yan has no difficulty going down the mountain. He earned the wrong favor from pedestrians. "Just as we entered the mountains, one mountain gave up another. Most of these poems are rich in imagination, strange, vivid and interesting, and their expressions are equally vivid, with one stroke turning and one scene turning, which is dizzying.
Another feature of Chengzhai style is humor. Everything in nature, from mountains and rivers to bees and butterflies, is put into poems and written in humorous words, so that Jiang Kui has a joke that "mountains and rivers are afraid to see the king everywhere". Laugh at bees, dragonflies, children, stars and the moon, play with pens and so on. Are full of sense of humor. Some poems can also contain irony and resentment in humor, such as "Looking at Jin Huashan by the Sea of Hengshan Mountain": "The teacher only believes in boat flow and does not make a beach map." But she was so scared that she turned the stern into the bow three times. As for "mocking Huai Feng": "Don't sweep the clear sky and fog in the north, just roll the Langtou Mountain!" Look at the ant: "How much can a micro-body get?" After a chase, the car is full! " The irony is even more obvious.
The language is simple and natural, lively and lively, and the proper choice of spoken proverbs and integration into poetry is another feature of "sincere and quick style" This is obviously a bold liberation compared with the Jiangxi school's search for uncommon classics, the use of new words, the use of dangerous rhyme and the creation of strange sentences. The Preface to Zhuzhi Songs says that the boatman is a song, which means "chanting and teasing", indicating that he has also absorbed the language form of folk songs. For example, Barry wrote about playing Fengshen: "I advise you to have a glass of wine, so why play a bad drama and shock poetry!" " Can you help me? Shohliu turned and shook his hand! "Can reflect the characteristics of the house style.
Yang Wanli was as famous as Lu You and Fan Chengda at that time. He enjoyed a high reputation in the Southern Song Dynasty and was praised by some poets in the Northern Jin Dynasty (Liu Qi's Gui Qian Zhi, Volume 8). However, Yang Wanli's poems are not as good as Lu and Fan's in content: the works that care about state affairs are far less painful than Lu You's, and the works that sympathize with people's livelihood are not as profound as Fan Chengda's, and the number is much less. Yang Wanli's main achievement is to adopt the "living method" and "follow the wind month by month". Although "Chengzhai Style" is original in conception, material selection and style, its subject matter is trivial, its realm is not very broad, and sometimes it pursues interest too much, which leads to the lack of necessary artistic generalization in some poems and appears to be hasty. Language is sometimes used indiscriminately, so that later generations have the ridicule of "being smart" and "glib". His seven-character quatrains had a great influence on Jianghu poets in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty and Guo□ and others in Qing Dynasty.
Yang Wanli's poetic theory is mainly found in Cheng Zhai Shi Hua and some prefaces. He emphasized the social function of poetry, and thought that poetry was "a tool to correct the world" (poetics), and that poetry should be made for it, which played a role in promoting the good and satirizing the evil, and could not moan without illness. In the way of expression, he attaches importance to euphemism and implication, and attaches importance to "meaning" and "taste". The "taste" of his poems not only inherits the characteristics of Si Kongtu's "verve" theory, but also is influenced by the poetic theory of Jiangxi Poetry School, and pursues "taste" without departing from "form" and "law". Of course, Yang Wanli's "law" is mainly "living law". He advocates originality and opposes the stereotype of "taste-oriented" imitation. Therefore, Yang Wanli is different from other poets of Jiangxi Poetry School. He strongly advocated the poetic style of the late Tang Dynasty and pursued the "peculiar smell of the late Tang Dynasty". When commenting on predecessors, he can also break away from the prejudice of the times and praise Du Fu, Huang Tingjian and Li Bai and Su Shi. "Preface to Jiangxi School Poetry" says: "There are four schools today, Su for Li and Huang for Du. Su Li's poems are also the wind of Ziliezi. Du Fu and Huang Zhi compose poems, and everyone's spirit rides a boat and drives a jade car. He who waits for nothing is a poet. He who waits and never waits is better than a poet. " Wonderful metaphor, often quoted by later generations. Zhai Cheng's poetry talks don't specialize in poetry, but they also have some literary theories.
Ci and Cifu "Poems of Past Dynasties" quoted Xu Qingyan's language, saying that Yang Wanli "has unique talents but no special poems, that is, his ci is also strange". He wrote 15 poems. Among them, Zhao Jun's Complaint and Song Fu Shang Ou: "I heard that Sha Ou came to stay. Little son, don't make any noise, lest you frighten him! Suddenly flew away and flew nowhere. " "I have asked to retire," and reported to Sha Ou. His poetic style is lively, fresh and interesting, which is very similar to his poetic style.
Yang Wanli's ci and fu are also quite distinctive. For example, Wu Fu is based on the tablet of Zhongxing Fu, and is as famous as Fan Chengda's Gongwa Fu in terms of criticism of Su Zong's father and son's past events and father and son. It is also of practical significance to write about Song Jun's battle to defeat the nomads from the sea and ships. Like Ouyang Xiu's and Su Shi's works, this kind of fu has got rid of the emphasis on syntax and harmony in Han Fu, rhyming with scattered momentum, and the rhyme feet are mostly before the function words, so it is smooth and natural to read.
Yang Wanli is also good at Yi-ology, and has written twenty volumes of Cheng Zhai Yi-zhuan. His views on Yi are similar to those of Cheng Yi. Because he loves to cite historical events to prove the Book of Changes, he was criticized by later scholars. However, Ji Yun and others still think that the Yi Zhuan of Cheng Zhai is indelible (Catalogue of Si Ku Quan Shu).
Zhai Chengji has 133 volumes (including Jianghu Collection, Jingxi Collection and other 10 kinds of poems, as well as articles in various styles), and there is one volume of paper money in the Song Dynasty in the four major series. In addition, there are 42 volumes of Yang Wenjie's poems, which were collected and carved by Yang Yun in Ming Dynasty during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. Cheng Zhai Yi Zhuan has 20 volumes, so it is better to expose the book pavilion to the Song edition. The volume of Zhai Cheng Shi Hua is 1, which is a continuation of the poetry talks of past dynasties.