First, the motivation of Jian Zhen's crazy eastward crossing Jian Zhen's eastward crossing is crazy. After six times, lasting 12 years, countless disciples died and finally landed in Japan for the sixth time.
According to official records, at the age of 55, Jian Zhen went to Japan to preach at the invitation of Zuo Rong and Pu Zhao, monks of the Tang Dynasty in Japan.
(such as Jian Zhen)
In 742, when Jian was really preparing to cross the sea for the first time, North Korean monks told him that Jian Zhen and his party were colluding with pirates and preparing to go to sea. So the voyage was not completed, and all the materials were confiscated by the government and died.
In February 65438+743, dry food, Buddhist scriptures, Buddha statues, classics, spices and medicines were prepared for the second time. At that time, 85 craftsmen were brought, such as jade artisans, painters, Buddha statues, carving, writing, embroidery, writing, inscriptions and so on. I didn't expect the fleet to be hit by a hurricane just after leaving the Yangtze River estuary. The ship was damaged by strong winds and needed to rest.
Jian Zhen Du Dong oil painting)
In 744, he repaired the ship for the third time and was ready to set off. He hit the rocks near Zhoushan, so he had to go back to rest. During the break, some Buddhists told the government that Jian Zhen was induced to go abroad to cross the sea, so the government arrested Rong Chui, a Japanese monk studying abroad. It failed again.
The fourth time was in 744, when Jian Zhen and more than 30 people tried to set off from Fuzhou secretly without telling the government. Who knows Jian Zhen's disciple Ling You told the court that Jian Zhen was recovered and sent back to Yangzhou.
On June 27th, 748, released Zuo Rong and Pu Zhao encouraged Jian Zhen to go to sea for the fifth time. This time, they cheated the government, drifted at sea for three months and met with a hurricane. In the hurricane, their fleet was blown 14 days and drifted to Yaxian County (now Sanya City) on Hainan Island.
This time, the loss is huge. The monk Rong Chui, who was studying abroad at that time, was swept away by the hurricane. At the same time, Jian Zhen's favorite disciple Xiang Yan was swept away, and Jian Zhen himself was blind.
In 753 AD, 66-year-old Jian Zhen was persuaded by Abe Zhongma, an official of the Tang Dynasty. June 65438+10/October 65438+September, crossing to Japan for the sixth time. On February 20th, 65438, Jian Zhen finally got his wish and set foot on Akimokpo in Kagoshima.
Jian Zhen was so crazy that he crossed the East China Sea six times regardless of his life and death. What is he doing? Pass laws? Only ghosts will believe that it is the motivation to preach Buddhism. However, China people could not find out why Jian Zhen had to go to Japan except to preach the law, because what he brought to Japan was the essence of Tang Wenhua, which directly promoted Japan's rapid progress from a slave society to a feudal society.
But please note that Jian Zhen Du Dong, for us in China, is of no benefit or significance. Cross-sea activities are only of great benefit to the Japanese.
Even his disciple Xiang Yan complained deeply: "The country is too far away, life is hard to protect, the sea is vast, and people are rare. China is puzzled. He is not ready for further study, and Tao hasn't arrived yet. It is because all monks are silent. " -Yamato Crusade is a passage in which Jian Zhen asked his disciples who would like to go to Japan with him. All his disciples silently did not answer, only his favorite disciple Xiang Yan used the above answer. Stills of Jian Zhen and his disciples)
Xiang Yan's answer is simply translated as: Japan is so far away, the fate of the sea is unpredictable, and everyone is afraid of death. Go to the master yourself.
To put it mildly, it is to spread China culture. In fact, others don't need you to spread it in Jian Zhen at all. Because of the advanced nature of China culture, South Korea, Japan and other small countries in China cultural circle have already sent waves of overseas students to greedily absorb China culture. ?
Second, the theory of espionage and escape was born. In fact, Jian Zhen's motivation for crossing the sea not only puzzles us in China, but also puzzles me in recent days, because Jian Zhen's six crossings were really crazy, abnormal and crazy, regardless of life and death, countless disciples died and even went blind.
In order to study the reason of Jian Zhen's eastward crossing, Japanese academic circles put forward five hypotheses.
1, invited by Japanese monks studying abroad, said
According to official records, Jian Zhen was invited by Japanese monks Zuo Rong and Pu Zhao to give lectures in Japan.
2. I was moved by Shoto Kutaishi's devotion to Buddhism.
This Shoto Kutaishi wants to turn Japan into a country where politics and religion are integrated, so she wants to invite Jian Zhen, a Buddhist expert from Datang, to help design it. The reason is that Rong Chui and Jian Zhen had a conversation about Shoto Kutaishi in The Western Regions of Datang: "After 200 years, the holy religion flourished in Japan."
(stills)
3. Buddhism.
Japanese is a blank place of Buddhist legalism, and Jian Zhen, who inherited legalism, urgently needs to spread legalism. So, regardless of life and death, he crossed the East China Sea.
4. Escape theory
Some scholars, led by Japanese Xiao Ye, pointed out that at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the politics, culture, economy and religion of the whole society would undergo drastic changes-the Anshi Rebellion. This change was detected by Jian Zhen in advance, and desperate Jian Zhen rushed to Japan, a place equivalent to "heaven".
However, according to the research of China scholar Wang Yong, Jian Zhen's unique temperament in the prosperous Tang Dynasty can be seen everywhere in Jian Zhen's biography in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, this desperate escape is ridiculous.
Jian Zhen's tone in the Tang Dynasty: "Nowadays, the national customs of the Tang Dynasty are always prosperous." -"The Biography of Datang Jian Zhen" Volume 5, the spy said.
Japanese scholar Ji wrote a book "Baijiang Village", which contains 15 chapters, all of which are discussing a point: Datang wants to subvert Japan. Through speculation, invention and imagination, the book describes that Jian Zhen is a Japanese spy sent by the Tang Dynasty.
He guessed that the reason why Datang sent Jian Zhen to Japan was to control Japanese monasteries and monks, and to constantly provide information to Datang in order to subvert Japan. It was only later that this plan was disrupted by the "An Shi Rebellion".
The author of this book is absurd and uninhibited, with a source.
Originally, after Jian Zhen arrived in Japan, he was directly appointed by Emperor Shengwu as a monk class to manage the whole of Japan. The original chaotic old and new religious interest groups directly have leaders.
The forces of the old cult are naturally unwilling. They slandered and slandered Jian Zhen many times, which led Jian Zhen to resign and become a monk after Emperor Shengwu's death. The author speculates that this Suzuki rule is to use these slanderers for artistic modification and write the book "Baijiang Village".
"Hou Zhen and Shang () moved to the Tang Temple and were slandered."-Three Zangs. What did Jian Zhen bring to Japan for the sixth time? The list of things he brought is as follows:
Personnel: Jian Zhen, accompanying disciples: Xiang Yan, Fajin, Tanjing, Situo, Yijing, Fazai, Facheng, etc. 14 people. There are 3 nuns in Tongshan Temple in tengxian, and 24 believers in Yangzhou, such as Pan Xiantong, Hu Bao, mana of Kunlun Guoren Army, Zhan Poren (now Yue Guo) and so on.
Article: 1. Xiu Xiang, a statue of Buddha and Bodhisattva, including Amitabha, Avalokitesvara with a thousand hands, Avalokitesvara with a thousand hands, a bitter medicine, a pharmacist, Maitreya and Gongde embroidery, and 3,000 pieces of Tathagata relics.
Second, Buddhist scriptures, including eighty volumes of Huayan Sutra translated by Siksananda in the Tang Dynasty, sixteen volumes of Buddhist scriptures, one volume of Dapin Prajna Sutra in gold, one volume of Daji Sutra in gold, and forty volumes of Nirvana Sutra in southern China. Third, there are Four Points Law and its single-line Buddhism, 60 volumes of Buddhist precepts, one volume of On Law and Twenty-two on Law. Fourth, the notes of the three legalists, most of which are the works of Nanshan legalists. Fifthly, Tiantai Sect's works include ten volumes of Zhi Zhi's View of Maha, ten volumes of Fahua Xuanyi, ten volumes of Fahuawen Ju and twelve volumes of Tang Xuanzang's Records of the Western Regions. Sixth, precious cultural relics and handicrafts, including the authentic running script of Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty 1 book, three authentic running scripts of Wang Xianzhi, Buddha's wares made of crystal and gold and silver, and the first area of Ashoka Tower, etc. According to the items prepared by Du Dong in the past, it is speculated that there must be spices and medicines this time. (Wang Xizhi's original calligraphy)
Other non-major items are not detailed in the sixth crossing, but you can refer to the material details in the second crossing:
65,438+000 stones of reduced-fat red and green rice, 300 stones of sweet black beans (the ancestor of Japanese natto), 65,438+080 Jin of beef, 50 stones of wheat, 2 cars of dried Hu cakes, 65,438+0 cars of dry steamed cakes, 65,438+00,000 dry pancakes, and twisted heads. Seats 1000 sets, 4 large copper pots, 30 bamboo leaf pots, 20 large copper plates, 44 small copper plates, 80 one-foot copper stacks, 300 small copper stacks, 0/6 white-collar workers/kloc-0, 6 five-color copper collars and musk. Bibo, terminalia chebula, pepper, Ferula, honey (rock sugar), sucrose, etc. , more than 500 kg, honey ten hooves, 80 bundles of sugarcane, green money 10000, regular money 10000, purple money 5000, radish head 2000, 30 pairs of hemp boots, 3 seats.
(The Japanese Tangti Temple where Jian Zhen once lived)
It can be said that what Jian Zhen brought made the Japanese society at that time earth-shaking, from slave society to feudal society, and made Japan inherit the style of the Tang Dynasty in the fields of calligraphy, architecture, art, diet, Buddhism, medicine and sculpture.
Jian Zhen was criticized by later generations because his trip to the East was meaningless to our country, even an act of "funding the enemy" by spreading advanced culture and technology. There are even originals of Wang Xizhi's father and son, which makes people angry.
However, it was good for the Japanese people. He turned the tables directly, but he was also slandered for violating the interests of the old cult. So that some Japanese descendants wrote the book "Baijiang Village" to satirize him.
Alas, the story of the farmer and the snake has been staged over and over again, but there are always countless people who don't have long memories.