● English name: Temple and cement of confidence and the Kong family in Qufu.
● Approval time: 1994.6438+02
● Heritage type: cultural heritage
● Heritage selection criteria: Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House in Qufu were selected into the World Heritage List according to the World Cultural Heritage selection criteria C(I)(IV)(VI).
Assessment by the World Heritage Committee:
Confucius was a great philosopher, politician and educator in China during the Spring and Autumn Period from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC. Confucius Temple, Cemetery and Mansion are located in Qufu City, Shandong Province. The Confucius Temple was built in 478 BC to commemorate Confucius. It has been destroyed and built for thousands of years, and now it has developed into a building complex with more than 100 halls. Confucius' mausoleum is not only located in Kong Lin, but also more than 654.38 million of his descendants are buried here. The small Confucius House has now expanded into a huge and prominent mansion, which includes 152 halls. The unique artistic and historical features of ancient buildings in Qufu can be attributed to the strong worship of Confucius by Emperor China for more than two thousand years.
● Overview:
Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House are located in Qufu City, Shandong Province, north of China, also known as "Three Holes". The "Three Holes" is a huge architectural complex with nearly 1,000 buildings, including ancestral halls, cemeteries and mansions of Confucius and his descendants, with a total area of about 3,500 mu.
Confucius Temple, located at the south gate of Qufu City, is a temple dedicated to Confucius. Qufu Confucius Temple is the original temple dedicated to Confucius, and it is the precedent and model of more than 2,000 Confucius temples distributed in China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, the United States and other countries. It is said that the Confucius Temple was built in 478 BC. At first, there were only three temples. Later, it developed into 100 buildings and more than 460 rooms, covering an area of about 60. Confucius Temple is an ancient architectural complex in China, second only to the Forbidden City in scale, and it is a model of ancient large-scale temple architecture in China.
The overall design of Confucius Temple is very successful. Shinto is on the front, and cypress trees are planted on both sides to create a solemn atmosphere and cultivate the reverence of temple worshippers; The main body of the temple runs through a central axis, the left side is symmetrical and the layout is rigorous. Nine yards before and after, the first three yards are collar yards, and there are only a few smaller doorways. Rows of pines and cypresses grow in the courtyard, creating a refreshing and clear-headed environment, while towering pines and cypresses create a deep tunnel, which not only makes people feel the long history of Confucius Temple, but also sets off Confucius' profound philosophy ideologically. The high plaque at the entrance of the building strongly praises Confucius' achievements, giving people a strong impression and admiration. After entering the Fourth Hospital, the building is magnificent, with yellow tiles, red walls and green trees, which complement each other, showing the profoundness of Confucius' thought and the great achievements of Confucius. The length of people who worship Confucian sages in the East and the West is 166 meters respectively, which also shows the long history of Confucianism.
There are more than * * * buildings 100, with more than 460 rooms, and the ancient building area is about 16000 square meters. The main buildings are the Monument Pavilion of Jinyuan in Ming Dynasty, Kuiwen Pavilion, Xingtan, Defeng Tiandi Square, Dacheng Hall rebuilt in Qing Dynasty, Bedroom Hall, etc. There are many Song-style characteristics in the practice of Jingu Damu, such as sparse barrels, long melon seeds, slow arch of coffins, jumping off two of the six shops, and the appearance of the stigma shop is the same as that of the repair shop. There are cloisters around the main hall, which is a common closed temple in Song and Jin Dynasties and a rare example. Dacheng Hall, Sleeping Hall, Kuiwen Temple, Xingtan, Dachengmen and other buildings adopt wood-stone mixed structure, which is also a relatively rare form. The layout and details of the bucket are flexible. According to needs, the number, density and length of each leveling department are different. Even in order to make up for the visual vacancy, the compartment, Wandan and Gua are lengthened, so that the lengths of two adjacent barrels in the same building are different and the same.
Confucius Temple has preserved the inscriptions 1044 since the Han Dynasty. There are records of feudal emperors paying homage, closing Zen, offering sacrifices to Confucius and building Confucius Temple, as well as poems and inscriptions of emperors, generals and literati visiting Confucius Temple. The characters are Chinese, Mongolian, Basiba and Manchu, and the calligraphy style is a real cursive seal, which studies feudal society and politics. Precious economic, cultural and artistic historical materials, including more than 20 Han Dynasty inscriptions and Chinese characters, are the places where the largest number of Han Dynasty inscriptions are preserved in China. Monument to Ceremony, Monument to the Book of Rites, Monument to Confucius and Shi Chenbei are Han Li's representative works, while Monument to Zhang Menglong and Monument to Jia Shijun are Wei Ti's models. In addition, there are calligraphy works by Sun Normal University, Mi Fei, Dang, Zhang Qiyan, Li Dongyang, Dong Qichang, Weng Fanggang, inscriptions by Yuan Haowen and Guo, and 584 calligraphy posts of Yu Honglou, a large calligraphy collection of Kong. The inscription on the Confucius Temple is a treasure house of ancient calligraphy art in China.
The famous stone carvings in Confucius Temple include Han Dynasty stone reliefs, Ming and Qing stone pillars, and carved sacred pictures in Ming Dynasty. There are more than 90 stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty with a wide range of subjects, which are not only the records of people's social life, but also the reflection of historical stories, myths and legends. There are various carving techniques, such as line carving, relief carving, reduced ground carving, ground carving, plain land and line land; Relief is deep and shallow, smooth and rough. The style is rigorous and fine, or bold and unconstrained, with smooth lines and beautiful shapes. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were 74 stone pillars carved in pounds, including 56 flat reliefs and 18 high reliefs. Grinding and engraving are mostly small Yunlong and phoenix peony. In the seventh year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, flowers such as peony, pomegranate and lotus were engraved in Chongsheng Temple, which were relics of Hongzhi in the seventeenth year of Ming Dynasty. Exquisite stone carving is a relief dragon column; There are ten columns on the front eaves of Dacheng, each of which is six meters high and the highest. The two pillars of Chongsheng Temple are vigorous and lively, with the highest level. In addition, the characteristics of Yunlong stone in shallow relief in Shengshimen, Dachengmen and Dachengdian also have high artistic value. Since the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1592), sacred monuments have been added in the Confucius Temple based on wood carvings of Song and Jin Dynasties. It was painted by Mao Fengyi, a Confucian scholar in Qufu, and by Yang Zhi in Yangzhou. There are * * * 120 stone carvings in Suzhou, which vividly reflect the life of Confucius. It is one of the early large-scale comic books in China, with high historical and artistic value. For more than two thousand years, the Confucius Temple in Qufu has been continuously destroyed and repaired, and it has never been abandoned. Under the protection of the state, it developed from Confucius' private residence into a huge building complex similar in scale and shape to the palace. It has been delayed for a long time and the records are rich, which can be said to be an isolated case in the history of human architecture.
Konglin, also known as "sacred forest", is located at 1 km north of Qufu. It is the family cemetery of Confucius and his descendants. Used for about 2,500 years, there are10,000 graves of descendants of Confucius. Kong Lin covers an area of about 2 square kilometers, and Linmen and the North Gate are connected by a Shinto with a length of 1 266 meters. Shinto is as straight as an arrow, with pine and cypress towering on both sides, solemn and solemn. Entering the Great Gate, the tall wall will enclose a closed deep space between the Great Gate and the Second Gate, and a narrow road will be opened between the tall red walls of cypress and Wakaji, which will lead people's eyes to the towering gatehouse. Through Erlenmen, there are dense ancient trees, lush grass and flowing water. In fact, it is a natural wild interest, which is refreshing. Turn west and cross lishuiqiao; Walking along the central axis, climbing the tomb door, crossing the aisle, enjoying the hall and entering the cemetery, a generation of great men were buried in the earth. It makes people feel more cordial, and their backs are falling, and they can't bear to leave. Kong Lin covers an area of 2 million square meters, with numerous tombs, forest-like stone tablets, stone musical instruments and towering ancient trees. There are more than ten thousand tombs of descendants since Confucius. In addition to the Han tablet moved into the Confucius Temple, there are more than 4,000 tombstones from the Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing and Republic of China, and nearly 1,000 stone utensils from the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as stone men, stone horses, stone sheep, stone lions, watchtowers, altars and Shinto squares. In order to praise Confucianism and meet the needs of sacrifice, there are more than 60 buildings in Ming and Qing dynasties, such as doors, squares, temples and pavilions. Kong Lin buried the eldest grandson of Confucius to the 76th generation, and the collateral descendants to the 78th generation. From a week to now, there has been no interruption. As a family cemetery, there is no precedent in the world for its long duration, numerous tombs and good preservation. It is the product of the dominant position of Confucianism in China's long feudal society. Kong Lin's rich ground cultural relics are of great value to the study of the evolution of China's tomb system and the study of China's ancient politics, economy, culture, customs, calligraphy and art.
Confucius House, also known as "Duke's House of Feast", is located in the east of Confucius Temple at Donghuamen Street 1 in Qufu, and is the residence of Confucius' eldest grandson. Confucius House was built in the Song and Jin Dynasties (12 ~ 13 century), and was built on this site in the tenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1377 year). Confucius House is a typical feudal aristocratic landlord manor, covering an area of about 49,000 square meters, with more than 480 halls of various buildings. Confucius' house is the official position of Confucius' grandson. He always flaunts the "rules of propriety and righteousness" and abides by the ancestral teachings of poets and owners. Architecture is also restricted by Confucian etiquette, leaving the imprint of Confucian patriarchal clan system and ethical concepts. Confucius' house followed the traditional China system, with a front hall and a back room. The front hall is used for working and meeting guests, and the back room is used for family life, including an inner room, a living room and a hall. The functional divisions of the building are clear and orderly. The design of architecture follows the principles of ethics and patriarchal clan system, and arranges a series of buildings with different functions in the order of primary and secondary. The central axis of the building complex is symmetrical left and right, forming a three-dimensional layout. After the middle road was occupied by Confucius' son, the Duke of Feast, the east road was always occupied by the second son, and the middle road was respected. It embodies the noble status of sons and the difference in rank and status between sons and non-sons. There is a clear boundary between the official residence and the inner residence in the Middle Road, which shows that men and women are not close to each other in giving and receiving, but there are differences inside. On the shaft. Principal room and wing room, middle door and side door reflect the difference between master and servant. The name of the building is also marked with Confucianism, "Unity Hall", "Loyalty Hall" and "Anhuai Hall", which not only praises Confucius' thought of loyalty, honesty and shame, but also shows Confucius' determination to follow suit. "Oriental Learning" and "Western Learning" not only praised Confucius' achievements in creation and teaching, but also showed Confucius' attitude of spreading his poems and rituals in Ji Cheng Sun and attaching importance to teaching tradition.
Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest, Confucius House and other buildings have condensed the essence of the past dynasties and have great architectural beauty. At the same time, it also embodies the essence of Confucianism in the layout, planning and decoration of buildings. They are not only world-famous cultural heritages with rich connotations, but also have many valuable natural heritages. More than 17000 ancient and famous trees growing in the Three Holes not only witnessed the development history of the Three Holes, but also provided valuable information for the study of ancient phenology, climatology and ecology.
● Cultural heritage value:
Regular architecture is a treasure house of art.
The existing Confucius Temple covers an area of 327.5 mu, with 466 buildings and 9 courtyards. The longitudinal axis runs through the whole building, which is symmetrical left and right, with rigorous layout and magnificent momentum. The first three courtyards are equipped with guiding buildings, such as doors or archways. Fourth, into the courtyard, there is a three-eaves pavilion, Kuiwen Pavilion, which contains books given by emperors in previous dynasties. There is an "apricot altar" in the Seventh Hospital, which is said to be the place where Confucius gave lectures before his death. Dacheng Hall, the main hall of Confucius Temple, is 3 1.89 meters high, 54 meters wide and 34 meters deep. There are 28 gulong pillars under the porch, none of which are carved from a whole stone. The ten stone pillars under the front porch are carved into deep relief dancing Shuanglong, with clouds, stones and waves lining them. They are beautiful and lifelike, and they are rare art treasures. There are also a large number of inscriptions and portrait bricks in the Confucius Temple, which are valuable materials for studying ancient Chinese calligraphy, culture and art.
Confucius House is a model of the integration of official residence and garden residence.
On the east side of Confucius Temple is Confucius House, the hereditary residence of Confucius' eldest grandson. Founded in the Song Dynasty, it has been expanding from generation to generation, forming the present scale. It covers an area of more than 200 mu and has more than 480 houses. The combination of official residence and residence is a typical feudal aristocratic manor. The hall of the official residence is used to accept the imperial edict issued by the emperor or handle family affairs. There is a garden in the backyard of Confucius House, which is elegant, fresh and unique in layout. It is a masterpiece of gardens and a model of the combination of gardens and houses. There are a large number of historical archives, cultural relics handed down from ancient times, costumes and utensils in Confucius House, which are extremely precious.
Kong Lin is the oldest and best preserved family cemetery.
Kong Lin, also known as Zhishenglin, is located outside the north gate of Qufu City, covering an area of 3,000 mu and surrounded by a brick forest wall of 14. It is the family cemetery of Confucius and his descendants. There is a cypress passage in Kong Lin. Entering Kong Lin, you have to pass through the tomb of 1200m, and then pass through stone archways, stone bridges and tunnels to reach the tomb of Confucius. The tomb of Confucius is 6 meters high. To the east of the mausoleum are the tombs of Confucius' son Kong Li and his grandson Kong Ji. In Kong Lin, some graves still have carved China watches, stone statues and stone beasts. These were all set according to the rank of the people in the tomb who were knighted at that time. The whole Kong Lin has been used for 2500 years, and there are more than100000 graves in it. Its long duration, numerous model burials and good preservation are rare in the world.