Appreciation of North Calligraphy Works Appreciation Pictures of North Calligraphy Works 1
North Calligraphy Appreciation Figure 2
North Calligraphy Appreciation Figure 3
North Calligraphy Appreciation Figure 4
North Calligraphy Appreciation Figure 5
Song Li talks about calligraphy and Weibei's copying creation.
China's calligraphy art is the most particular about using a pen. Zhao Ziang of Yuan Dynasty said that? It's not easy to use a pen through the ages? It means that it is not easy to use the rules of brushwork throughout the ages, which is a high emphasis on the importance of brushwork.
We understand this rule: write high-quality, aesthetic and expressive stippling with a brush. This is an indisputable law of calligraphy art.
In calligraphy methods and techniques, brushwork is the first. Without brushwork, calligraphy, composition and pen and ink are out of the question. Therefore, the study of brushwork is particularly important. Calligraphers and calligraphers of all ages have made deep research on brushwork, leaving us with extremely rich and wonderful expositions. Especially among them? Qi Li? 、? Come back through the paper 、? Leak marks? 、? Tapered sand? 、? Folding hairpin? And so on, it is still an important guide to guide us to learn calligraphy. It can be said that in the study of calligraphy techniques, the study of brushwork should be a long-term topic.
In view of this, we use today's perspective to study and discuss the problems in brushwork.
First of all, about the power of using a pen and? Positive changes?
When the brush runs on paper, it will leave traces, which is the stippling of Chinese characters. The same brush, different people write the same word, and the result is one person. The reason is that everyone's writing method is different. When writing, because of the force of the arm, the bristles will change in various ways, so it's just? Only soft and strange? Statement. When the brush is not in use, its shape is conical. Once the ink is soaked, the front of the brush will change and change with your writing. When writing, the brush strokes are always in a changing state, which requires the writer to control and adjust the front in writing and write in the process of controlling and adjusting the front.
What do we call this dramatic change in the writing process? Positive changes? .
No matter what font, the stippling in the book is actually when writing. Positive changes? Result. Learning brushwork is actually focusing on how to control it. Positive changes? At this critical point.
As we know, any transaction is completed by three technical links: entry, line and connection (click, and connect as soon as you enter). Enter, which mainly completes the modeling of stroke front end; The line is the shape that completes the middle part of the stroke; Receiving is to complete the modeling of stroke tail. All kinds of power and mutation skills are concentrated in these three small links. In these three links, each link will directly affect the shape of strokes. Therefore, it is the most basic skill link in using a pen, and the study of brushwork must focus on these three specific skill links.
It is the key to control and adjust the front with the strength of hand, wrist and arm, complete these three links with the change of front, and depict stippling. What is the most classic achievement of the ancients in studying brushwork? Eight methods of eternal words? Although it is still an incomplete theory (such as heart hook, goose hook, paddling, etc. ), these extremely important strokes are only one? Never? If it can't be included, it is still an incomplete theory. ), but its practical guiding significance is really significant. Shall we analyze it carefully? Hint, strangle, crossbow, chisel, side, prey, peck, lick? The eight characters actually talk about a pen control problem.
Because of the different ways of exerting force, the frontogenesis is also different, and the shape of stippling is also different because of frontogenesis. So it was formed? Regular script writing? 、? Seal script brushwork? 、? Official script brushwork? , calligraphy style? 、? Cursive script? Classification of five strokes.
Each of the five fonts has its main brushwork characteristics. What is seal script? Wire Hosta? , official script? Silkworm head and goose tail? , regular script? Eight methods of eternal words? , cursive script? Continuous twisting? Equality is both. The same font, no matter how its style changes, has very obvious * * * characteristics and personality characteristics, whether in the description of stippling or in the method of exerting force and mutation. Compared with Zhang Qianbei and Cao Quanbei, what is * * *? Bo Wei? And then what? Silkworm head and goose tail? The difference is that one side is round, the other side is rigid and the other side is soft. Compared with Yan Kai, Liu Kai is * * *? Hide your head and protect your tail? With what? Eight methods? The difference is that one bone and one tendon, one stern and one simple.
The formation of these differences is undoubtedly the result of mutation. It can be inferred that the formation of personality style is largely due to personalized writing methods and personalized changes. People call it Miffy? Brush? Dongpo's Painting? , valley? Describe it? It is the most typical and appropriate description of their personality mutation skills. It is precisely because of their unique mutation that they formed their own style of writing and formed the Song Dynasty? Shangyi? The style of the book.
Such examples can be seen everywhere.
The magnitude of the mutation is directly related to the method of applying force. When the force is exerted again, the abrupt change is large and the strokes are thick. The force is light, the amplitude of front change is small, and the strokes are slender; Cool and energetic, and the brush strokes are quite soft; Slow and hard, strong and simple strokes, using the change of flank, stroke Jun Fang; Turn strokes into circles before use.
In any case, the purpose of exerting force and mutation must be to portray accurate and high-quality stippling lines. If you want the accuracy of point-and-draw line modeling, the first is the accuracy of force and abrupt change. Different stippling, different fonts and different styles require different methods of exertion and mutation skills.
Second,? Linear? question
So-called? Linear? It is the unique mutation skill and certain regularity and unity of line characteristics and characteristics of pointing and drawing lines.
In ancient times, almost every calligraphy post was a concrete embodiment of the personalized characteristics of the pen. As far as a specific law post is concerned, the sudden change of its personality skills will be distinctive and unique? Linear? Features. For example, Zhu Da's works are typical. He uses the method of average force in his brushstrokes, rarely pressing lightly and lifting lightly, and suddenly changing in a small range or even drawing lines, so his lines have their own unique and distinctive characteristics? Linear? Features. You don't have to read the whole work, just read one word, and you can pass it? Linear? This character is attributed to Zhu Da. We can also do an experiment in which all the books of Wang Duo, Zheng Xie, Zhang Ruitu, He, Kang Youwei and Zhao are torn into pieces, mixed and then separated. It won't be difficult to screen, because the lines they write are very personalized, and this kind of personalized linear information is stored on a piece of paper, so it is very easy to distinguish. Er Wang, Ou Chu, Huang Mi, Dong Zhao, etc. So it can be proved. Linear? It is a concentrated expression of personal brushwork style characteristics.
? Linear? It consists of five parts:
1, linear
Linearity is the specific shape of pointing painting. It is the concrete embodiment of brushwork.
No matter what calligraphy style and font, every point and every painting has an exact shape. ? Silkworm head and goose tail? 、? Iron post hanging needle? Equality is both. Some are more vivid and can be compared with things, others, or a lot of stippling, which is difficult to match things, but each stippling has an exact shape. This kind of modeling refers to aesthetic modeling, not those? Meat pie? 、? Dead snake? The failure of the class
2. Linearity
Linearity refers to the texture and texture of the painting. It is the expressive force of brushwork.
The stippling lines in calligraphy should be very expressive. This expressive force is reflected in the texture and texture of the dotted line. It is a unique formal skill language of calligraphy. Some are more flexible, such as? Wire? ; Some are vigorous, such as? Long live the dead vine? ; Some expressions are elegant, such as? Ribbon? ; Some show masculinity, such as? Iron painted silver hook? Wait a minute. It has aesthetic characteristics and is used to express the style of works. Not that kind? Dead snakes hang trees? 、? Cooking noodles? A sense of failure like this.
3. Line color
Line color refers to the ink color and level of the line. It is the beauty of brushwork.
Calligraphy stippling is not only a kind of ink color, but also differences and changes in shade, dryness and depth. ? As heavy as a cloud and as light as a cicada? Both. It is an important content of stippling lines. So-called? Bright ink? That is to say, in terms of specific line colors, the changes of rich ink levels of lines will further expand the rich expressive power of lines. Not that kind? Ink pig? 、? Blood loss? A pen without ink like this.
4. Line direction
The direction of straight line refers to the direction of strokes and stippling. It is the dynamic of brushwork.
In the process of writing, if the trend of stippling has certain regularity, it will form a trend. This trend will play a great role in style. Horizontal and vertical display stability and harmony, horizontal and vertical tilt display danger. If used well, it will make the work more expressive. If it is not used well, it will become a habit.
5. Line position
The position of the line is the position of the pointing picture. It is also the dynamic of brushwork.
Each stroke of a word has a relatively fixed position, which is the regulation and restriction of Chinese characters themselves. Different fonts have different rules and regulations. Seal script, official script and capital font are relatively strict and symmetrical, and the movable range of stippling position is very small. The stippling position of lines and grass changes greatly, which is very plastic and random. The positions of lines and sketches can be moved left and right, up and down. The interlacing and shifting of stippling will produce dynamic effects such as gathering, spreading, opening and closing. Will directly affect the overall shape of the word, so that the word potential has a strange change, so that the expressive force of the work is more vivid. No? What pen is the body and ink is the shape? The kind that slanders and ravages Chinese characters at will.
Among the five aspects of linearity, linearity, linearity and linear color are the core contents, among which linearity is the first, because the rest can only be expressed by linearity.
Third, center and winger, round pen and Fang Bi.
When writing, the direction and mutation of the pen are always changing, and the handwriting always forms the repeated conversion of short lines, long lines, straight lines and arcs. The strokes are often changed from the center to the flank, and then from the flank to the center, and so on. The purpose of exerting force is to adjust the leading edge to complete this transformation and depict stippling. People have always attached great importance to the study of center winger.
In the past, people's judgments about the center were relatively consistent. Let the pen heart walk in the painting? It is the core skill of central painting. Our understanding is that the front refers to the main brush, adjusting the main brush to the center, and depicting stippling with the front of the main brush, which is a typical central brushwork. However, there is no consensus on the judgment of side attack. In our opinion, side stroke refers to the secondary stroke of the brush, which controls the secondary stroke to depict stippling, and at the same time, it also includes using the pen tip to depict stippling, which is the skill of side stroke.
In view of this, our judgment on the center and winger is:
Is the refill of the center pen right? Master? And then what? Positive wind? Techniques to control the front and the front changes.
Side-attack refill, right? Deputy? And then what? Sharp? Techniques to control the front and the front changes.
Some theorists are biased against side attack, and their symptoms lie in the difference and judgment between side attack and side attack. The essential difference between the winger and the winger is that the winger, like the center, is also excellent in writing, while the winger is a failure. The shape and texture of the side lines are rich in shape and expressive force, and have diverse aesthetic characteristics, which can fully express and contrast the style and atmosphere of the works. On the other hand, the mutation of oblique front has a typical shape of diseased pen. The front tip and the auxiliary hairline (pen belly) run on one side, and the line shape must be smooth on one side and serrated on the other. The alignment and line quality are poor. Side attack and side attack cannot be confused.
Through research, we find that the authors of the circle are mainly portrayed by the center; The author of each side is mainly portrayed in profile.
The square and circle of a stroke are mainly reflected in the turning point between the two ends of the stroke and the middle of the stroke. In addition, the sharp change of round pen is mainly reflected in the thickness, length and straightness of stippling; Fang Bi's sudden change is mainly reflected in the sharp edges and corners of stippling.
The key of Fang Bi's sudden change skill is the control of dots and front points, and the edges and corners of stippling are described by dots and front points. In Wei Bei's brushwork skills, the winger's pen occupies a large proportion. Be recognized as? Fang Bi's extremes? In the stone statue, the technique of lateral mutation must be used.
Take the horizontal as an example: the pen enters the side to cut the front, then turns the front to the right, and collects the pen to cut the front for recycling. Sharpening is to describe the Fang Bi shape at the first end of a stroke with a pen tip and a pen belly, while turning is to change from the side to the center, and closing and sharpening is to describe the edges and corners at the end with a pen belly. The square and circle of the folding point depend on the degree of folding. The straight folding pen is Fang Bi, and the arc folding pen is round.
There is no doubt that the central pen is dominant in brushwork skills. In practice, we find that it is difficult for anyone to write the pen absolutely as the center, and the edges are mutual. That's why. Adventure? 、? With a face? Said. In classical calligraphy, any font has Fiona Fang's pen. Typical examples are: seal script "Monument to God", official script "Zhang Qianbei" and regular script "Stone Statue". Zhao's running script has obvious colors. Cursive script is mainly round pen, and occasionally a small amount of Fang Bi exists. There are many typical examples of round pens, and almost all of them belong to round pen series. In Fiona Fang, most of them have official script, regular script and running script.
Fourth, use a pen? A little harder? question
Among the problems of mutation and force mentioned above, there is another very important problem. A little harder? What's the problem? A little harder? It refers to the place where the arm exerts the greatest force and the front changes the most in the process of pen transport.
The changes of calligraphy techniques are extremely complicated, especially cursive script, which is difficult to analyze quantitatively. Are you online? A little harder? The change on this issue is very complicated. We found that in the traditional classic calligraphy posts, the ancients were? A little harder? The use of skills is very skillful and the means are very diverse. Our analysis can be divided into three types: conventional (or classic), balanced and variant? A little harder? Skills.
Ordinary? A little harder? Mainly at the two ends of the stroke and the straight fold, which one? A little harder? Relatively fixed. For example, Han Li and Tang Kai are typical. No matter how different their styles are, they are very fixed in the position of various forces. Fan Lishu? Silkworm head? And then what? Wei Yan? Parts must be? A little harder? ; Where is the regular script? Hide? 、? Harvest? 、? Fold the pen? And then what? Hook root? Parts must be? A little harder? The location of. Wang Xizhi, Dong Qichang and Zhao Ziang in the cursive script are all typical, especially Zhao Ziang, who tends to be classic. A little harder? Almost completely abide by the rules of the law. Its style is neat, smooth and exquisite.
Balance? A little harder? In fact, there is no clear point of force. The first series of Xiao Zhuan is very typical, especially the iron wire. The cursive scripts of Zhu Da and Huai Su are also obviously balanced? A little harder? The characteristics of.
Mutant? A little harder? It may fall anywhere in the stippling. Quite a few regular scripts in Weibei have this distinctive feature. With regular classics? A little harder? By comparison, we find that some of them are conventional? A little harder? Is it more unconventional? A little harder? Force. Take skimming, for example. Routine? A little harder? Is it extremely rare at the beginning of the pen? A little harder? Move down to other places, and the North Monument will be left? A little harder? Can be located in any part of this pen. This kind? A little harder? Changes will directly lead to changes in line shape and differences in style. Therefore, the phenomenon of one stone, one grid, one stone and one appearance has been formed in the North Monument. In the running script system, in? A little harder? Mi Fei, Zheng Xie, Wang Duo and Zhang Ruitu are the most obvious places in the world. Miffy, Zheng Xie and Wang Duo are all conventional and classical? A little harder? Skills and transformation are ahead, but what about Zhang Ruitu? A little harder? The previous change turned into another change.
When the strokes are balanced, the front becomes smaller, and the stippling shows more differences in length than in light and heavy, so its rhythm is not clear and distinct; When the strokes are unbalanced, the front becomes undulating, the linear change of stippling is bound to be rich, and the sense of rhythm is naturally clear and strong.
When evaluating the quality of brushwork, judge? A little harder? Is it accurate? A little harder? Whether variations are subtle and ingenious should be a standard that can not be ignored. Because it can directly reflect the writer's skills and accomplishments.
Five, the concept of the main pen
In terms of brushwork skills, it is very necessary to emphasize the concept of main pen, especially seal script, official script and regular script, and the main pen is very important.
It's called. Lead writer? Because it plays the most important role in one word. The main pen has three main characteristics:
1 occupies an important position and plays the role of the main support of the word.
2. The strokes are the longest and the most difficult to write.
3. The most expressive stroke.
The main strokes of seal script, official script and regular script are generally stable and have a small change. The main strokes of lines and grass are extremely unstable and vary greatly. Therefore, in the creation of seal script, official script and regular script, the main pen cannot fail. If you are a little harsh, you can't even fail a work. If the main pen can't write, the whole word will fail and the whole word will be eclipsed. When we examine a regular script work, if the main pen of a word fails, then we will find that this word is the most obvious and jumping word in the whole word, and the exposure of the failure is particularly obvious. Therefore, the creation of seal script, official script and regular script is extremely strict and critical.
The ancients also discussed the study of main writing. Liu Xizai has:? Those who draw mountains must have a main peak, and the main peak is arched by the peak; Whoever writes must have a main pen, and the main pen is arched by the remaining pen. The main pen is poor, and the rest are defeated, so the good book is fighting for this pen? .
The creation of cursive script is much more complicated and difficult than seal script, official script and regular script. The complicated reason is the emphasis on variation. The main pen can be changed into an auxiliary pen, and the main pen itself can also have various shape changes. The reason for the difficulty is that it is not only accurate but also expressive.
The cursive script is not only the variation of the main pen, but also the variation of the auxiliary pen. Sometimes the auxiliary pen can be changed into the main pen, which is more of its own variation. When the functional characteristics of the auxiliary pen and the main pen change, the mutated auxiliary pen must be treated as the main pen. Because the creation of cursive script has the characteristics of improvisation and randomness, the same word is different in appearance, and the same pen is different in shape? It is an important technical law of cursive writing. The author is also required to have a strong ability to control the front, change, adaptation, expression and shaping of fonts.
Sixth, the problem of pen speed.
Among the brushwork skills, the speed of writing is one of the skills that can never be ignored. The pen speed is not only a simple matter of speed, but also closely related to the color, font, style and rhythm of the ink to be written. The pen speed itself can not only perfectly express these aspects, but also be restricted by these aspects.
1, the relationship between pen speed and ink color
What is the core skill of using ink? Paper and ink are the same? The key skill of using ink is to apply ink. Because ink falls on paper and has the characteristic of infiltration, we should grasp the proper proportion when applying ink, otherwise it will be out of control.
The law is:? Full pen permeates quickly, thirsty pen permeates slowly? The water content of ink and the water absorption of paper can't be ignored. In order to control the ink accurately and properly, how to grasp the pen speed is the key link.
The point is: be quick when you are full and slow when you are thirsty? .
For example, in cursive writing, when a brush is dipped in ink once, it is necessary to write several words continuously, and the ink contained in the pen will have a process from more to less, and the writing speed will also have a process from fast to slow. This is a routine process. If you don't follow this rule, the ink on the paper will be in a mess. The front part is blurred, the back part is pale, and there is no Mo Yun. The ink color of cursive script pays attention to the change of shade, dryness and touch-up, so it puts forward higher requirements for pen speed. You must have high-speed and low-speed pen control skills to show the cursive Mo Yun.
In the creation of seal script, official script and official script, the writing speed is required to be uniform, and the contrast is usually small, and most of them use medium and low speed. The reason is that the ink contrast of this type of font is small, and the ink contained in the pen should not be too full or too thirsty when writing. The relationship between pen speed and ink color is mutual expression and mutual restriction.
2. The relationship between pen speed and font
Different fonts have different requirements for pen speed. The brushwork of seal script, official script and official script is independent of pen and ink, and it also emphasizes the depiction of strokes. In this way, it is difficult to speed up the use of pens in stippling writing. In addition, these fonts are basically composed of rows and columns, one character per grid, and the characters are independent, and there is no intertwined relationship between words, so it is difficult to file pens and move quickly.
The cursive brushwork has great freedom, the length and thickness of strokes are randomly variable, straight lines and arcs are arbitrarily combined, strokes can be broken and connected, single words can be Lian Bi, and several words can be lingering. All these provide favorable conditions for the acceleration of pen speed, or it can be accelerated or decelerated.
3. The relationship between pen speed and style.
Skill expression style, style restricts skills. Brushwork is a skill in brushwork, so brushwork and brushwork show and restrict each other. The style is quiet all the way, and the pen speed must be stable; Crazy all the way, the pen speed should be urgent; It's simple all the way, the pen speed should be late and astringent, and so on. In calligraphy and cursive script, the diversity of this style and the variability of writing speed are born of the existence of * * *. Cursive script is a dynamic font with great differences in style, especially in the change of pen speed. It requires that the writer must be able to control the writing speed of each document, and have strong and skillful control ability in order to grasp the style well. Wang Xizhi's works are different in writing speed and style. "Lanting" is slower, and "Moon Instrument" is faster. Examples of this kind are too numerous to mention.
Although seal script, official script and regular script are static fonts, their styles are very diverse. Take Tang Kai as an example. He is good at writing fast, Ou Yangxun is good at writing fast and Yan Zhenqing is slow. The speed of writing will directly affect the expression of style.
Therefore, the style is very strict with the pen speed, and it is necessary to measure the pen speed for the performance of the style.
4. The relationship between pen speed and rhythm
Strictly speaking, any font should be displayed rhythmically when it is created. Judging from the stippling lines, there are thick and thin, heavy and light, long and short, slow and smooth, steady and unrestrained. , is the basic element of rhythm. The stronger this contrast is, the more the rhythm jumps. A slow and steady pen must be slow, and a smooth and unrestrained pen must be fast.
The writing speed, thickness and size of lines and cursive scripts vary greatly, so the writing speed is not uniform. This is a very important brushwork skill in cursive script.
Although the rhythm of seal script, official script and regular script is not much different from that of cursive script, there are also problems in grasping the rhythm. Whether a word is dignified or elegant, it should change according to the rhythm of qi, and the grasp of pen speed should also change accordingly.
There is a contradiction between quick brushwork and subtle description. The faster the stroke speed, the greater the chance of losing control of force and front. The so-called practice is to solve this contradiction, that is, to practice quickly and accurately, and to practice is to control the strokes of each file to write exquisite stippling lines and wonderful Chinese character modeling.
Seven, the pre-control problem of continuous writing.
Different fonts have different pre-control skills when writing. The process of adjusting the front of seal script, official script and regular script in writing can be relatively free, that is to say, when the front becomes out of control or unsatisfactory, it can and is allowed to stop at any time, and the front can be straightened on the inkstone cover. Because the strokes of this static font are independent, once written, the brush should leave the paper and write another stroke, with a small pause between each stroke, so there is a chance to stop writing halfway. What do we call this method of conditioning hair? Paper outside the front? .
The style of running script is quite different from cursive script, seal script, official script and regular script, because it has the problems of the connection of brushwork and the continuation of charm. Because of this restriction on the meaning and rhyme requirements, we can't pause at will in the writing process, otherwise the circulation of qi will be blocked. When writing lines and grass, write continuously. In this way, it is required to adjust the front side while writing, and the process of adjusting the front side must be completed at the moment of writing. What do we call this method of adjusting the positive? Write it on paper? .
Cursive script and cursive script linking techniques are often intertwined with other techniques. First of all, it has something to do with pen speed. Without pen speed, continuous writing is impossible. Secondly, it is related to the skill of grasping linearity. The linear changes of lines and cursive scripts are very complicated. It is necessary to write continuously, adjust the front of the paper instantly and write high-quality dots and lines. Third, it is related to the method of writing and composition. Pay attention to the combination of glyphs, the coherence of qi, the harmony of composition, and so on. Fourthly, it is closely related to the techniques of ink painting. Running script pays attention to the level of ink, and pays attention to the dip point between running qi. Only when the pen is dipped in ink is it intermittent and neat. Frequent stopping and dipping in ink will inevitably disrupt the rhythm of continuous writing. Fifth, it is closely related to style and style.
In addition, the skill of linking is often intertwined with other non-technical factors. For example, the content and size of words, the width of several squares when writing, the movement of paper and so on. It can be seen that the difficulty of continuous writing skills can not be ignored.
Muzhai, Jinghua, June 2003