Author: Du Munian: Tang genre: four unique categories: landscape
Jiangnan, the sound of green and red flowers, the waterside village in the foothills.
More than 480 ancient temples were left in the Southern Dynasties, and countless pagodas were shrouded in wind and rain.
[Note] (1) Mountain Country: Mountain City. Wine flag: A cover hung outside an ancient hotel.
Thousands of miles south of the Yangtze River, birds singing and dancing everywhere, pink and green, a scene full of spring. In villages near the water and battlements surrounded by mountains, there are wine flags fluttering in the wind everywhere. There are temples full of cigarettes, and pavilions stand in the misty rain.
This song "Jiangnan Spring" has enjoyed a high reputation for thousands of years. These four poems not only describe the richness of spring scenery in Jiangnan, but also describe its vastness, profundity and confusion.
"Thousands of miles of warblers sing green and reflect red, and the water town is full of wine flags." The beginning of the poem, like a fast-moving focal plane, swept across the southern land: the vast south of the Yangtze River, orioles singing, green trees reflecting clusters of red flowers; Villages by the water, battlements by the mountain, and wine flags fluttering in the wind are all in sight. Charming Jiangnan, moved by the poet's brilliant pen, is even more exciting. In addition to the richness of the scenery, I am afraid it is different from some garden attractions, confined to a corner, but because it is spread over a large area of land. Therefore, if there is no word "a thousand miles" at the beginning, these two sentences will be weak. However, Yang Shen in Ming Dynasty said in Poems of Sheng 'an Temple: "Who can listen thousands of miles away? "Thousands of miles of green, who can see? If you travel ten miles, you will see green and red scenery, village Guo, balcony, monk temple and wine flag. " For this kind of opinion, He Huan Wen once refuted it in Textual Research on Poems of Past Dynasties: "Even if you make ten miles, you may not be able to hear it. The title cloud "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River" shows that Wan Li in the south of the Yangtze River is vast, and among the Wan Li, birds are singing and reflecting the green. There are no wine flags everywhere in Shuicun Mountain, and most of the towers of the 480 Hall are in the misty rain. This poem is wide, so it is not allowed to refer to one place, so it is called "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River" ... "He's statement is right, which is for the needs of typical generalization of literature and art, and the last two sentences are the same. "Four hundred and eighty halls in the southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy." From the first two sentences, it should be a sunny scene with singing and dancing, red and green setting each other off and wine flags fluttering, but these two sentences are clearly written in the misty rain. What's going on here? This is because within a thousand miles, rain or shine is uncertain everywhere, which is completely understandable. But what needs to be seen is that the poet grasped the characteristics of Jiangnan scenery with typical techniques. Jiangnan is characterized by beautiful mountains and rivers, bright flowers, intricate colors, rich levels and strong three-dimensional sense. While reducing thousands of miles to a scale, the poet focused on the colorful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River in spring. The first two sentences of the poem are red and green, mountains and rivers, villages and battlements, movements and sounds. But these are not rich enough, and they only depict the bright side of Jiangnan in spring. So the poet added a wonderful stroke: "Four hundred and eighty halls in the southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy." The resplendent and heavily built Buddhist temple has always given people a deep feeling, but now the poet deliberately lets it linger in the misty rain, adding a hazy and blurred color. This kind of picture and color are in harmony with the beautiful scenery of "thousands of miles of warblers singing green and reflecting red, and the wind of national wine flags in water towns and mountains", which makes this picture of Jiangnan Spring more colorful. The word "Southern Dynasties" adds a distant historical color to this picture. "480" is a saying that the Tang people emphasize quantity. The poet first emphasized that there was more than one magnificent Buddhist temple, and then sang with the sigh that "misty rain is coming", which is particularly reverie.
This poem shows the poet's praise and yearning for the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River. However, some researchers put forward the "satire theory", arguing that the emperors of the Southern Dynasties were famous for Buddhism in the history of China, and that the Buddhism in Du Mu's era was also a vicious development, while Du Mu had anti-Buddhism thoughts, so the last two sentences were ironic. In fact, the interpretation of poetry should first start from the artistic image, and should not make abstract inferences. Du Mu's opposition to Buddhism does not mean that he must hate the Buddhist temple architecture left over from history. In Xuanzhou, he often goes to Kaiyuan Temple and other places to play. I have also been to some temples in Chizhou and made friends with monks. Famous phrases such as "Clouds on Jiuhuashan Road, Liu Fuqiao on Qingyi River" and "Autumn Mountain and Spring Rain Wandering All over Jiangnan Temple Building" all show that he still appreciates the balcony of the Buddhist temple. Of course, while enjoying it, it is also possible to drift a little historical emotion occasionally.
Du Mu
(A.D. 803-853), a poet of the Tang Dynasty, was named Mu Zhi, a native of Jingzhao Wannian (now Xi, Shaanxi) and the grandson of Prime Minister Du You. Yamato was a scholar in the second year and was awarded the title of school librarian of the museum. Later, I went to Jiangxi to observe the envoys, turned to Huainan to observe the envoys, and then entered the envoys. Edited by the History Museum, catering department, Bibi department and Si Xun were appointed as foreign ministers, while Huangzhou, Chizhou and Zhou Mu were appointed as secretariat. Finally, the official came to Zhongshu Sheren. An outstanding poet in the late Tang Dynasty, especially famous for his seven-character quatrains. He is good at prose, and his "Epanggong Fu" is read by later generations. He paid close attention to military affairs, wrote many military papers and annotated the Art of War by Sun Tzu. The Collected Works of Fan Chuan handed down from ancient times has twenty volumes, including four volumes of poetry, edited by his nephew Pei. There is also a volume of "Fan Chuan Waiji" and "Fan Chuan Bieji" supplemented by Song people. The Complete Tang Poetry contains eight volumes of Du Mu's poems. The poems in the late Tang Dynasty were so gentle that Mu Zhi made a precipitous correction. The seven dragons have far-reaching charm, and the factions in the late Tang Dynasty were independent.
People call it "Xiao Du" to distinguish it from Du Fu. Also known as "Little Du Li" with Li Shangyin. Mu Zhi is ambitious and eloquent, boasting about his ability to help the world. ICBC's cursive script "Xuanhe Shupu" says: "The grass is vigorous and powerful, which is consistent with its article." Dong Qichang's "Rong Tai Collection" said: "After I met Yan and Liu, if it weren't for Qing, (Du) was also famous." It is said that his book "has the charm of the Six Dynasties". The ink handed down from ancient times has Zhang Shihua. His works are very rich, including Collected Works of Fan Chuan, Old Tang Book (147) and New Tang Book (166). Zhang Shi Cao Shu Ink was written by Du Mu Taihe in the eighth year (834), at the age of 32. The post is a piece of hemp paper, 28.2 cm long and 162 cm wide, with 46 lines and 322 words in total. As can be seen from the whole poem volume, his calligraphy won the charm of the Six Dynasties. The original is now in the Palace Museum. This calligraphy work is magnificent and smooth. Because it is a manuscript of poetry, it is even more unpretentious. There are inscriptions, inscriptions and seals of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties at the beginning and end of the volume. He has been awarded by Song Dynasty, Jia Sidao, Ming Xiangzi, Xiao Si, Qing Biao, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Neifu and Collection. There are records in Xuanhe Pu Shu, Rong Tai Collection, Splendid Life and Grand View Record. Du Mu is famous for his poems, so his title is covered by the title of his poems. This book was carved in Fa Tie, a monk. Photocopying can be done in Yan Guang Room and Showa Fa Tie Series.
Du Mu lived in South Fan Chuan Villa in Chang 'an in his later years, so he was later called "Du Fanchuan".
Du Mu's literary creation has many achievements, including poetry, prose and ancient prose. He advocated that all works should be based on meaning, supplemented by qi, defended by words and sentences, and had a correct understanding of the relationship between content and form of works. And it can absorb and melt the strengths of predecessors and form its own special style. In poetry creation, Du Mu is as famous as Li Shangyin, another outstanding poet in the late Tang Dynasty, and is called "Little Du Li". Influenced by Du Fu and Han Yu, his classical poems have a wide range of themes and bold brushwork. His modern poems are famous for their beautiful words and ups and downs. The seven-law "Early Wild Goose" expresses the nostalgia for the people in the northern frontier displaced by the Uighur invasion, and it has a graceful and lingering taste. "Ascending the Mountain in Nine Days" writes his broad-minded mind in a bold style, but it also contains deep sadness. The general trend of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty is gorgeous and dense, and Du Mu is influenced by the atmosphere of the times and also pays attention to the use of words. This tendency of rhetoric is combined with his personal characteristics of "heroic and heroic", which is elegant, magnificent and exquisite.
Du Mu's Poems
Gardens in the Golden Valley
The bustling past is gone with the fragrance of dust; The water is ruthless, and weeds are green every year until spring.
The birds groaned, and night came with the sound of the east wind; Falling flowers are as beautiful as green beads falling from upstairs.
Give a gift to a friend
Affectionate is always ruthless, and you feel proud when you can't laugh.
The candle on the table lit the heart, and it also saw the parting; You see, it shed tears for us and flowed to the morning.
Before going to Five Stars, I climbed the Leyou Tomb.
In the Qing dynasty, the taste was incompetent, and he loved lonely clouds in leisure and monks in peace.
I want to send the crowd to the rivers and seas, and I want to look up at Zhaoling in Leyuan Scenic Area.
red wall
If I don't sell the broken halberd, I'll wash it and recognize the former dynasty.
If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai.
A berth on the Qinhuai River
Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant.
Businessmen don't know how to hate their country, but they still sing "backyard flowers" across the river.
Letter to Han Chuo, Yangzhou Magistrate
Castle peak is vaguely green water thousands of miles away, and the vegetation in the south of the Yangtze River has not withered in autumn.
The bright moonlight on the 24 th Bridge is a clear night. Where do you teach blowjobs?
relieve one's feelings
Down and out, rivers and lakes carry restaurants, and Chu has a thin waist and a light palm.
Yangzhou's ten years, like a dream, wake up, but in the brothel women this is a fickle reputation.
Chusek
In the autumn night, candlelight reflected the screen, and Fan slapped the fireflies with his hand.
Day and night are as cool as water. Sit and watch the morning glory and Vega.
Give a gift to a friend
Thirteen years have passed, cardamom in early February.
In Yangzhou, the spring breeze blows all over Sanli Long Street. With beaded curtains, no one can match her beauty.
Jiangnanchun
Jiangnan, the sound of green and red flowers, the waterside village in the foothills.
More than 480 ancient temples were left in the Southern Dynasties, and countless pagodas were shrouded in wind and rain.
lodge
There are no good traveling companions in the hotel; The sad heart seems to have solidified. Recalling the cold light and returning to my hometown to recall the past; Like a flock of lost geese.
The road to my hometown is too far away. I will come back at dawn, and the letter from home will not be sent to this place until next year. The Cangjiang River in the moonlight, the scenery is so beautiful, and the fishing boat is in front of my house.
Mid-Autumn Festival
The twilight clouds are cold, and the silver-haired people silently turn to the tracts.
If you don't meet a good night in this life, where will you see the bright moon next year?
Qingming Festival
A drizzling rain falls like tears on the Mourning Day; The mourner's heart is going to break on his way.
Excuse me, where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village.
Three quatrains from China's Qing Palace (I)
Looking back at Chang 'an, Mount Li is like a pile of splendid scenery, and the gates of Huaqing Palace on the top of the mountain are opened in turn.
As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south.
Three quatrains from China's Qing Palace (Part Two)
Xinfeng green trees have yellow dust, and I have ridden Yuyang several times to explore the messenger.
They lied about their military situation, and Tang Gaozong and Yang Guifei still indulged in singing and dancing until the Anshi Rebellion arose and the Central Plains was broken.
Three quatrains from China's Qing Palace (Part Two)
The whole country is immersed in the tranquility of music, and the Lishan Palace in the moonlight is particularly clear.
An Lushan dragged his fat body and danced "Pure Land Dancing", which caused Yang's laughter to fly over the peaks.
Wu Wu Jiang ting
The victory or defeat of a strategist is unexpected, and Bao is a person with shame.
There are many talented children in Jiangdong. Whether they will make a comeback is still unknown.
Letter to Han Chuo, Yangzhou Magistrate
Castle peak is vaguely green water thousands of miles away, and the vegetation in the south of the Yangtze River has not withered in autumn.
Where does the Jade Man teach oral sex at Bridge 24 on a moonlit night?
Purple osmanthus
Autumn dew in Xiao Ying is a new branch, which does not occupy most of the spring in the garden.
What happened to peaches and plums? They laugh at sunny people in the wind.
Travel in the mountains
In the distance, there are cold mountains, oblique stone paths and people in the depths of white clouds.
Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers.
Du Mu's Romantic History in Huzhou
When Du Mu was a secretary in Xuanzhou, he heard that Huzhou was full of beautiful women and went to Huzhou to play. Cui, the secretariat of Huzhou, knew the name of Du Mu's poem and warmly entertained him. He called all the famous prostitutes in the state for Du to choose from. A boat race was held specially for this purpose, which attracted ladies from all over the city to watch. Du Mu didn't meet a beautiful woman. Later, he met a teenage girl brought by an old woman and thought that she would become a stunning beauty in the future. So, I gave the old woman some money to hire, and agreed that he would come to Huzhou as a secretariat within ten years before getting married. After ten years, a girl can remarry.
It was only 14 years ago that Du Mu really became the secretariat of Huzhou. After Du Mu arrived, he found the girl, only to know that she had got married three years ago and had two children. I stood you up, but I feel helpless So, as the melancholy poem says:
Naturally, it is late to find spring, so there is no need to be disappointed and resentful.
The vicissitudes of nature make flowers wither, spring has passed, green leaves are lush, fruits are heavy, and it is almost the harvest season.
Du Mu's Life
According to Biography of Talented Scholars in Tang Dynasty, "Future generations comment on pastoral poetry, such as a copper pill walking on a stool and a horse falling on a slope, which is called round and fast and struggling." Liu Xizai also called his poems "heroic" in "Introduction to Art". Read Du Mu carefully, people are like his poems, and his personality is flamboyant, like a crane dancing in the sky, delicate and elegant.
Du Mu was born in a family of poets and calligraphers. Although he didn't live like Zhong Ming, he was never poor. Grandfather Du You is not only the official to the prime minister, but also a learned scholar, who has written 200 volumes of General Code. This makes Du Mu, who has been eager to learn since childhood, have a deep foundation in family studies. As early as when he took part in the imperial examination, he was told that there was an article called Gong Fangfu among the scribes. Wu Wuling, a doctor from imperial academy, gave him a high five and even went directly to the examiner's door to recommend him.
Du Mu is really talented, and his political talent is outstanding. He specializes in Sun Tzu's Art of War, wrote thirteen notes on Sun Tzu's Art of War, and wrote many policy speeches. Especially on one occasion, it was adopted by Prime Minister Li Deyu, and it was a great success.
It's a pity that Du Mu was born in the declining late Tang Dynasty and was born at an untimely time. The prosperity of the Tang dynasty is gone forever, the emperor is incompetent, the eunuch is authoritarian, and the party struggles constantly. A series of internal and external troubles, such as the bursting of the ant nest, caused the ships of the Tang Dynasty to leak out. A few years after Du Mu's death, the peasant uprising was like a storm, and after another 50 years, the country changed hands. "Please tell me a few things, who will listen to me?" Du Mu's talent was lost in the vast sea of people.
After reading the history books and seeing through the current situation, Du Mu could not turn the tide, so he had to hand over his grief and indignation to the restaurant. For Du Mu, drinking has become a pleasure to heal and relieve pain.
"An expert is busy drinking", "but he will get drunk on holidays" and "half drunk and half awake for three days" ... Du Mu likes wine, even though it is drizzling on the way to worship his ancestors in Qingming, he does not forget to ask the shepherd boy about the restaurant. In Du Mu's poems, drinking sentences abound, and he even prefers to "get drunk for ten thousand days in his life". It's just "begging for wine to solve my worries", but I didn't expect it to be "getting drunk". The wine is soaked in the liver and intestines, and the sorrow is lingering in my heart. Alas, it is not drunk or awake. Du Mu also talks in a dream, "The meaning of drunkenness is more peaceful, and the benevolent emperor is boundless." Then, I will give this body, this drunkenness, together with my rich experience, to the beauty of the brothel, to the confidante, eat, drink and have fun in time, and have a Spring Festival.
Du Mu's romantic style is unique, and his romantic style is well known. In the bustling Yangzhou, Du Mu has traveled all over the brothel, and he has a hangover. Even when we were in Huainan, we made monks and nuns uneasy and secretly sent people to protect them. One day, when Du Mu was transferred back to Beijing, Niu Monk and Ru advised him not to be "amorous" and took out a basket full of peace posts sent back by the ranks. Du Mu felt ashamed and ashamed of this. It is "a dream of Yangzhou in ten years, winning or losing a brothel is poor", and between words, it is full of eroticism. Du Mu's romantic anecdotes, like his talent, are spread all over the world.
Du Mu's most popular poems are about epic poems and the Seven Wonders. Du Mu's epic poems are full of humor and ridicule, and full of the meaning of making the past serve the present. Traveling around Chibi, saying that if Zhou doesn't borrow the east wind, it's "bronze finches lock Er Qiao deep", which is a kind of abnormal thinking and gives people a brand-new perspective. When I passed Huaqing Palace, I remembered the scene that Yang Guifei loved litchi. Du Mu lamented that "riding a princess in the world of mortals, no one knows it is litchi". Although there is no Tang word, it points out the reasons for the Anshi Rebellion. Sleeping at Qinhuai, singing and dancing, Du Mu heard it. What kind of song is it? It is clearly the voice of national subjugation. In this way, the national subjugation of the Tang Dynasty is just around the corner. Du Mu's recitation of history is expression and irony is essence.
On his deathbed, Du Mu knew that his time was coming and wrote his own epitaph, but this essay was unremarkable and did not show the author's handwriting at all. According to the epitaph written in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Du Mu built a car behind closed doors at home and collected articles before his death, leaving only 23 out of 10 for the fire. Perhaps, in the eyes of outsiders, Du Mu is handsome and healthy all his life, but he doesn't want to show his efforts to smile and enjoy the sadness behind the wine, does he? !
Du muchuan
Du Mu (803-853) was born in Mu Zhi in Jingzhao Wannian (now Xi, Shaanxi). He is the grandson of Prime Minister Du You. At the age of twenty-six, Ju Jinshi was excluded by others because of his integrity. He worked as a consultant in embassies in Jiangxi, Xuanhua and Huainan for ten years, and was "bound by books, banquets and tours". His life is very unsatisfactory. At the age of 36, he moved to Beijing as an official. Later, he was excluded by the Prime Minister Li Deyu, and was appointed as the secretariat in Huangzhou and Chizhou. Li Deyu lost power and influence and was transferred to Si Xun as foreign minister. Finally, the official wrote a book.
Du Mu saw all kinds of internal and external troubles of the Tang Empire and wanted to make a difference in politics. He pays attention to "the trace of the rise and fall of chaos, the matter of wealth, the danger of terrain, and the gains and losses of the ancients" (Li Zhongcheng's Book). He is good at discussing soldiers, and he has written May 16th Guards, Crime Words, On War, Defense Theory and Sun Tzu's Art of War. When he was a local official, he also did some good things for the people.
Some of his works show patriotism and concern for people's thoughts and feelings. In the first year of Wenzong, the court sent troops to suppress the disobedient buffer region of Cangzhou. He wrote "Poems of Feeling for the Heart", lamenting that the people's livelihood was haggard because of the separatist regime in the buffer region since the Anshi Rebellion, and wanted to do something for the country. The poem "Duyin County" directly expresses his ideal and ambition: "For his wife, don't go to the mountains to hide?" All my life, I am willing to mend clothes. Xiange teaches Zhao Yan, and Lan Zhi bathes in Hehuang. When the fishy smell is swept away, it is fierce. Live but sleep, and live a rich life. "Another example is the poem Hehuang:
Yuan Zai's "xianggong" used to borrow money, and Tang Xianzong was also careful. I went to the east market when I saw the clothes, but suddenly I left my bow and arrow to inspect the west market. Although the shepherd drives the horse, he is willing to serve and do his best. Only Liangzhou song and dance are popular with idle people.
Through the irrecoverable incident of Hehuang, the poet expressed his infinite grief and indignation at the chaos of state affairs and the decline of national strength. At this time, no one in the court even thought about recovering Hehuang like Yuan Zai. Although the people of Hehuang are still under military uniform with the heart of caring for the motherland, the people of the whole country are listening to the songs and dances from Liangzhou in Hehuang with an insensitive and drunken attitude. His poem "Huaqing Palace": "The rain and dew are in the golden hole, and Gan Kun is drunk in his hometown" also has the same sad mood as the last two sentences of this poem. The poem "Early Wild Goose" uses the technique of comparison and the wild goose as a symbol of the frontier people;
In August, Uighur soldiers drew bows and arrows, geese flew in the wild and began to howl. On the moonlit night, the geese swept over the dew, and the mournful sound reached the dark palace of the palace. You know, legal cigarettes in the north can no longer go home with spring breeze. Please don't abandon a few people in Xiaoxiang. The moss in the water can avoid hunger and cold.
The scattered grief symbolizes the border people who fled back to the motherland under the ravages of Uighur aggression. This poem not only shows sympathy for the refugees, but also implies that the rulers are indifferent to them. The Palm of God and Nagato are not ordinary embellishments, and Do you pursue the spring breeze is not just a natural phenomenon of Hongyan's spring return to Qiu Lai. The ideological content and realistic background of these two poems are similar to those of Bai Juyi's Binrongman and Xiliang Geisha, but they are more concise.
His epic is also famous. Some poems satirize the rulers' arrogance and extravagance through historical themes. For example, there are two poems in Crossing the Qing Palace:
Looking back at Chang 'an, Mount Li is like a pile of splendid scenery, and the gates of Huaqing Palace on the top of the mountain are opened in turn. As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south.
Xinfeng green trees have yellow dust, and I have ridden Yuyang several times to explore the messenger. They lied about their military situation, and Tang Gaozong and Yang Guifei still indulged in singing and dancing until the Anshi Rebellion arose and the Central Plains was broken.
This poem implicitly and powerfully satirizes the dissolute enjoyment of the late Tang emperor through the well-known story of the Tang emperor Yang Guifei. His creative intention is completely consistent with his dissatisfaction with Epanggong Fu. Some of his other historical works have obvious historical characteristics. For example, the poem "Red Cliff" says: "The east wind is not convenient for Zhou Lang, and the bronze sparrow terrace locks Er Qiao in spring." "Wujiang Pavilion" poem: "man of great talent, the son of Jiangdong, has made a comeback." They are all original comments on the key issues of success or failure in history. His historical quatrains were later imitated by many scholars.
Du Mu's seven-character quatrains in lyrical scenery writing have made great artistic achievements. For example:
Jiangnan, the sound of green and red flowers, the waterside village in the foothills. More than 480 ancient temples were left in the Southern Dynasties, and countless pagodas were shrouded in wind and rain.
-"Jiangnan Spring"
Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant. Strong women in business don't know how to hate their country, but they still sing backyard flowers across the river.
-"Bo Qinhuai"
In the distance, there are cold mountains, oblique stone paths and people in the depths of white clouds. Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers.
-"Hiking"
These poems are beautiful, vivid and melodious, which shows that he is brilliant and full of vitality. The first two songs also reveal sadness about current events in the landscape. However, there are also some works with unhealthy thoughts and feelings in his poems, some of which are full of personal sadness and lack of ideal brilliance. Poems such as Farewell, Farewell and Sighing Flowers are all devoted to describing the decadent life of prostitutes. Drinking for sex is a popular trend among scholars in the Tang Dynasty, and Du Mu's poems are praised by later scholars who do nothing. These works are undoubtedly the dross in his poems.
Du Mu's poems pay more attention to ideology. He believes that the article should be "based on meaning, supplemented by qi, and defended by words" (a reply to Zhuang Chongshu). He spoke highly of Du Li, saying that "Du Li is vast" and "Du's works are full of gloomy clouds, like tickling". On the one hand, his Preface to Li's Poems affirms that Li's poems are "descendants of Sao", and at the same time, he points out that he lacks the thinking of Li Sao, that is, "talk things over with the monarch and ministers" and "urge people to desire". He said that his creation is "dedicated to poetry, striving for perfection, not surprising, not vulgar, not for the present, not for the past, but for the middle" ("Dedicating Poetry"). From these words, we can see his ideas in poetry theory and his active pursuit in creation. However, in his creative practice, his poems written in flowery words obviously contradict his idea of "nothing strange but common".