In the second year of Emperor Wendi (582), Emperor Wendi issued a new order to continue to divide fields. And issued a new order, the system: five people to protect, keep long; Bao Bao five for the land, four for the family, all positive; The proportion outside the capital is positive, and the party leader is more positive than the clan, so as to check and balance each other. Men and women are yellow under three years old, young under ten years old, middle under seventeen years old and over eighteen years old, all in class one; Sixty is old, but it's free. As for the princes below the kings, they all gave Yongyetian different things, ranging from 100 hectares to 40 acres (the general code is 30 hectares). Their male and female always exposed their fields, all following the post-Qi system (that is, one wife received 80 mu of exposed fields, one woman received 40 mu, and the handmaiden received the same number of fields as her lover). The number of handmaiden recipients is limited to 300, and the number is decreasing according to the product. The number of people under eight categories in Shu Ren is limited to 60. Niu Ding, that is, a strong cow, takes 60 mu of land, and the number of cows shall not exceed 4. And plant 20 mu of mulberry or hemp in every Ding Shouyong field. Qi system handmaiden from nagata), and the class tree in Sang Yu and jujube. Three people in the garden give an acre, and the handmaiden gives five people an acre. Kyou-kan also distributed the post station to the fields, with five acres of abel tamata for the first grade, three acres for the fifth grade, fifty acres for the sixth grade, fifty acres for the inferior grade and one hectare for the ninth grade. Foreign officials also have their own positions and fields. And give it to the public for public use. "
Farmers' territory, with one husband and one woman in total 140 mu. Among them, if the fields are opened and the rations are planted, they will still be collected. If you have a fixed number of years and a class, you will receive it. If you are old and have no body, return it to the field. Handmaiden and cow will receive whatever they have. Yongye field, which is distributed to men to plant trees in Sang Ma, can be passed on to future generations as a legacy, which is equivalent to mulberry fields in the Northern Wei Dynasty and mulberry fields or hemp fields in the Northern Qi Dynasty. According to the surplus and deficiency of Sangtian trading in Northern Wei Dynasty. Yongyetian can buy and sell within a certain limit. Of course, the amount of land resumed by farmers stipulated by law is only the highest amount, and the actual amount of land resumed is insufficient.
In addition to Yongyetian and its handmaiden fields, Guantian is also called "vocational field", and its land rent income is a part of official salary. There is also Gongtian, which began in the 14th year of Emperor Kai (594). At that time, "Taiwan Province, provinces, prefectures, temples, and states all set up public money, which was given at interest". Su Xiaoci, Minister of Industry, thinks that it is not the way of Xinghua for officials and people to compete for profits, so please give up. "Letters to provinces, prefectures, states and counties were given to Tian. Can't cure diseases and save people, and compete with others. " It is planned to use the land rent collected from the commons as office expenses, rather than public money to lend money to disturb the people. Divided farmland and public land are only used as wages and office expenses when they are on the job, and should be paid on their behalf, and transactions are not allowed.
According to the above regulations, officials in the Sui Dynasty got the most farmland, such as the Prince, with a total of Yongtian 100 hectares and 5 hectares of vocational farmland. The 300 handmaiden assumed that men and women could share 180 hectares of farmland equally, totaling 285 hectares, which was equivalent to 200 times that of an ordinary peasant couple 140 mu of farmland. In addition, the emperor often distributed a large number of farmland houses to bureaucrats and nobles, and then plundered farmers' cultivated land. For example, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Yin and Chen Yougong "worshipped the (Yang) Su Sixuan Award as an instrument and gave 40 Jin of gold ... 100 hectares of public land and a residential area. ..... (the last year of the emperor's reign), he gave (Su Yang) 30 hectares of land and 10,000 silk houses in ..................................................................................................................................... and Beijing. Everything was gorgeous, but it was ruined at night, and there was no business. So there are thousands of places in the metropolis, and the shops are all water and land. It is precisely because bureaucratic landlords occupy too much land and constantly plunder farmers' cultivated land, while the feudal government's reclamation and reclamation occupy a lot of land, and not all the wasteland of official land is used for equal distribution of land, so the situation of farmers' lack of land is becoming more and more serious. In the 12th year of Emperor Kai's reign (592), due to the increasing number of registered permanent residence in the world, there are fewer and fewer people in Guanzhong, Hedong, Henan and Hebei, and they have no worries about food and clothing. The implementation of land equalization system is not thorough, but it limits the development of land merger and aristocratic forces to some extent. For example, dignitaries and Yuwen Shu plundered private land, and Li "sentenced" the word "land returned to the people". Most of the farmland houses in Suo Yang are located in Huayin, and the left and right are unrestrained and lawless. Shi Rong Pi, the governor of China, said, "Act according to law, without leniency in lending.". For farmers, dividing fields in narrow townships, though few, is better than nothing. During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, economic prosperity was attributed to the equal distribution of land. In the fifth year of the Great Cause (609), Emperor Yang Di wrote a letter to all fields in the world. There is no historical record of the situation of all fields, so this letter may be a dead letter.
At the beginning of the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, after the chaos at the end of Sui Dynasty, the land was barren, the population dropped sharply, famine was everywhere, and agriculture withered. In the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), Wei Zhi said ... After the chaos at the end of Sui Dynasty, the household registration has not been restored, the granary is still empty, ... and your majesty has closed the meditation, then all countries are far away from salt and all are servants; Today, from Ito and Romania to Shanghai and Dai, fireworks are still promising and very eye-catching. This is to attract Rong Di into his stomach and show weakness. Even in the second year of Emperor Gaozong (657), Xuzhou (now Xuchang, Henan Province) and Ruzhou (now Linru, Henan Province) were still "sparsely populated". In order to prepare for exile, re-bind farmers to the land, restore and develop agricultural production, and consolidate feudal rule, in April of the seventh year of Wude (624), the equal land system of Wei, Qi, Zhou and Sui was followed, revised and promulgated. At the beginning of Kaiyuan, Tian Jun Ling was revised and re-promulgated. The main contents of the land equalization system in Tang Dynasty are as follows:
"Men and women are born yellow, four years old is small, sixteen years old is middle, twenty years old is one, and sixty years old is old. Make an account every year and a household registration every three years. Counties and counties become States by virtue of their affiliation, and States become provinces, with the head of the household department. " (When Li registered his household registration, he was instructing the householder to show the "real evidence" and fill in the number of households, age and mu of land to ensure no leakage. Accounting is based on household registration. And report to Shangshu Province on the household registration of counties and classes to be collected in the coming year; The amount of tax to be levied must be "written at the county gate, village square and made public". -citation)
In the ancient war, "Ding Nan and Zhong Nan each gave a hectare to those who were sent by abel tamata (original note:/kloc-those over 0/8 years old were also given by Ding Nan); The old man is sick for 40 mu, and the widowed wife is 30 mu. If it is a household, it will be reduced by half. Every field is divided into two categories, one is eternal industry and the other is mouth. Ding Zhitian's second career is eternal, and the eighth is oral division. Abel tamata, a Taoist priest, accounts for 30 mu, and the female crown accounts for 20 mu, and so do monks and nuns. Every official household (according to the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty, all six officials are officials, and the staff are lang tiao: whoever sits opposite each other, no one is an official servant. One is to avoid being a fan household, also known as an official household, and then classified as a miscellaneous household, and the other is to avoid being a lover household. -Note) Calculated by field, the population will be reduced by half. Everyone in the world gives a garden house, three or more people with good mouths give an acre, three people with good mouths add an acre, five people with low mouths give an acre, and five people add an acre. The division of labor has nothing to do with occupation. All fields that should be granted are from 10 month to 12 month. If you teach Tian, there will be no classes after class, and you will be poor before you get rich, and you will have nothing before you get less. The well-informed people in the fields within the boundaries of Zhou Fan County are wide townships, and the well-informed people are narrow townships. "
"Every officer person by Yong Yetian. There are 100 hectares of princes, 60 hectares of officials, 50 hectares of county kings, 40 hectares of officials, 35 hectares of officials, 25 hectares of officials, 20 hectares of officials, 14 hectares of officials, 11 hectares of officials (general code), 30 hectares of column countries, 25 hectares of column countries and 20 hectares of imperial troops. Escort 15 hectares, arrive without pomp 10 hectares, arrive without pomp 7 hectares, ride a horse 6 hectares, ride a horse 4 hectares, 80 mu each in Xiao Qi and Qi Fei, 60 mu each in Yun Qi and Wuqi. His scattered officers were awarded more than five titles in the same position (original note: his land was awarded in Kuanxiang, and he was invited to shoot at the commander-in-chief every other day. They are all descendants of Xu Chuan, and they are more than that. If a person dies without permission, his descendants will not be invited. If ancestors and fathers didn't claim land, their descendants would be reduced by half. According to "Tongdian", there is also a kind of "permanent business under six grades, that is, those who listen to their hometown to recover the commons, and those who are willing to take it from their hometown also listen to it". At this time, officials under six grades know that there is a permanent business field). In addition, central and local officials also have their positions divided into fields, and their land rent supplements their wages. Twelve hectares for one official, ten hectares for two officials, nine hectares for three officials, seven hectares for four officials, six hectares for five senses, four hectares for six officials, fifty acres for seven officials, two hectares for eight officials and two hectares for nine officials. Governments at all levels also have public farmland, and their land rent is used as office expenses. The Central Government Offices have a maximum of 26 hectares and a minimum of 2 hectares; The local government office has a maximum of forty hectares and a minimum of one hectare. " It should be given to Guangxiang and counted. If narrow towns and villages are affected, the width of towns and villages will be reduced by half. Kubenden, The Yi Tian Times.
"Industry and commerce are the industry, Yongye and Kubanden will give each other half, but the people in the narrow countryside will not give it."
"("Order of the 25th year of Tang Kaiyuan ") Zhu Yongye's fields were passed on to future generations, and were not granted, that is, those descendants who were removed from the list would not pursue their land again. Plant more than 50 mulberry trees and 10 jujube trees per mu, and plant them in three years. If the country is not suitable, let it be planted with trees. "
"In Shu Ren, there are people who die poor and are buried, and they listen to the sale of Yongyetian, that is, immigrants are also like this; Willing to move to a wider country and listen to what Kubenden sells. Land buyers are not allowed to go through this system. Although I live in a narrow town, I also listen to a lenient system. The seller, not more please ".
"It sold the fields, and it was not forbidden. If it is more than five products, if Xun Guan rushes to the fields, he will also listen to it. "
Compared with the previous generation, the important changes of the equal land system in Tang Dynasty are as follows:
First, the recipients are different. Ordinary women except widowed concubines, ordinary handmaids and official outdoor cows no longer accept farmland, but they have added new recipients such as monks and nuns, Taoist priests, female crowns and businessmen. These changes are due to the farmer's clothing at the end of Sui Dynasty, which reduced the number of silks to two zhangs. In the tenth year of Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty (590), "If there is nothing at home, it is beneficial to be tolerant. If people reach the age of 50, they will stop defending. " The above is the main content of the rent-to-service system in Sui Dynasty before Yang Di invaded the class service law.
At the beginning of Tang Dynasty, it inherited the rent adjustment system of Sui Dynasty and developed into rent adjustment law. "Six Classics of Tang Dynasty" Volume III "Shangshu Hubu" said: "There are four systems of tribute: one is rent, the other is tune, the third is service, and the fourth is miscellaneous. Banhu rents millet stones per ding. The adjustment shall be based on the local silk, and each piece shall be 20 feet (according to No.2 of Tang Law and No.22 of Luji, silk or silk is lost at 20 feet), and one fifth shall be added (according to No.22 of Tang Law and No.22 of Luji, one quarter shall be added, which shall be printed from the latter). Those who lose silk and silk are three taels, and those who lose cloth are three catties. Anyone who has served for 20 years (original note: two days in leap year) will receive nothing and earn three feet a day (original note: one fifth of Jabu). According to the sixth volume of Tongdian, "cloth is three feet seven inches and five points. "it should also be a quarter of Buga). If you have to work overtime, you will be exempted for five days in ten days and rent-free for thirty days (original note: 50 days are not allowed to be on official business). "
"Floods, droughts, insects and frost are places of disaster, and there are many. Ten loses more than four, six loses more than six, and seven loses all. If Sang Ma loses, it will be exempted from adjustment, and if it has already surrendered, it will be exempted from the next year. Where Ding Xin attaches an account, supplementary supplies in spring are combined with class service, supplementary supplies in summer are exempted from class service, and supplementary supplies in autumn are exempted from class service. " "Every Ding household has a system of reinstatement of excellent officials (original note: the ancestral home of the emperor is in charge of the father, father, brother, descendants and all kinds of people above the fifth grade). If the dutiful son, the obedient son, the righteous husband and the virtuous wife are old-timers in rural areas, all counties and counties should apply to the province for hearing and speaking, indicate their surnames, and be exempted from class service with the nation. "
In the Tang Dynasty, Lu Zhi said: "There is land and rent, home and tune, and body and mediocrity." So it's called the rent-and-rent method. The fourth miscellaneous clothing, also known as color clothing, has many names, such as grave keeper, grave keeper, anti-combination similar to modern professional clothing, white and so on. This was not an important service link in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the four items, there are miscellaneous levies, such as household tax levied by household level. During the Wude period, households were divided into three classes according to the amount of assets, and soon they were changed to nine classes, and taxes were paid by households. After that, taxes will continue to increase. In four years, (769) the number of households was 4,000, the number of households was reduced by 500, and the number of households was 500. In addition, there are local taxes levied by Mu. At the beginning of Zhenguan, Dai Zhou suggested that according to the method of Sui Yicang, the following governors should pay two liters of tax per mu, which should be reserved for famine years and should not be used for miscellaneous purposes. Later, the country didn't need it, so it borrowed it from him.
"people-oriented", that is, taking Ding as the collection unit. Starting from the land equalization system, every ding is given a hectare of land, and only the ding body is asked, not the property. It is stipulated that every ding must pay the land rent, the household reconciliation and the service agent. /kloc-Middle-aged men over 0/8 years old are employed and transferred to military service, and serve in military service as adults.
In the Sui Dynasty, "exemption from service" or "transporting agents to stop prevention" was limited to 50 to 60 years old, but in the Tang Dynasty, "transporting agents instead of agents" was institutionalized and applied to general forced labor. If the silk is six feet or the cloth is seven feet and five feet, it can replace the hard work of 20 days all the year round, and with the round-trip service time, it will be used to manage their own cultivated land, which will inevitably improve the enthusiasm of farmers for production. It is of objective positive significance for the relative stability of agricultural labor force and the development of productivity to change from corvee recruitment to physical collection to avoid the separation of labor force and land.