Bai Yixiang Qing Liu Yong (987—1053) was born in Chong 'an (now Fujian). Poets in Northern Song Dynasty. Formerly known as trilateral, the word Jingzhuang. Later renamed Yong, the word Qing. Ranked seventh, also known as Liu Qi. He is a scholar in the imperial court, and the official is Yuan Wailang, so he is known as Liu Tuntian in the world. Because of his bumpy career and poor life, he turned from pursuing fame to being tired of officialdom, indulging in the charming and prosperous urban life, and looking for sustenance in "leaning on the red and leaning on the green" and "singing lightly". As the first poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, he not only developed the theme of ci, but also created a large number of slow ci, developed narrative skills, and promoted the popularization and colloquialism of ci, which had a great influence in the history of ci.
There are three types of Liu Ci:
The most famous thing to watch the tide is to describe the prosperity of the city and the lifestyle of the citizens. This is the first long and slow poem written by a scholar, which vividly depicts the beauty and prosperity of Qiantang River.
Describe the love between men and women. Some of these words show the misfortune of the lower class and the author's deep sympathy for them, such as Ding Fengbo, some describe the tragic experience of prostitutes and their resentment against frivolous men, such as Youth Travel, and some describe prostitutes' yearning for freedom and real love life, such as Charming Fairy.
Jianghu feelings is another important content of his ci.
all one's life
Liu Yong's father, uncle and brother are all Jinshi, even his son and nephew. Liu Yong's own career is also bumpy. In the first year of Jingyou (1034), he was born as a scholar, nearly half a year old. He was awarded Yuan Wailang, also known as Liu Tuntian. The lyrics are excellent and widely circulated. Only one volume of his works, The Collection of Movements, has survived to this day. Describe the hardships of travel, such as Ling and Klang Ganzhou. They sang unbearable parting and unforgettable memories with a serious attitude, which is very infectious.
Liu Yong sang in Fireworks Liuxiang all his life, and most of his words were born in songs and dances and embroidered quilts. At that time, the voice of the singers was: "I don't want to be summoned by the king, I want to be summoned by Liu Qi;" I don't want thousands of gold, I want to get Liu Qixin; I don't want to see the gods, I want to know the seven sides of the willow. " Liu Yong was poor in his later years and died penniless. It was his geisha sisters who raised money for the funeral in the camp. After death, there were no relatives to pay homage. Every year in Tomb-Sweeping Day, geisha meet to pay homage to their tombs, and they are used to each other, which is called "Hanging Willow Seven" or "Hanging Willow Meeting".
anecdote
Liu Sanbian: There is a sentence in Liu Yong's "Crane to the Sky", and Renzong criticized him in the Northern Song Dynasty: "This person likes to' light songs', so why should he' float his name'? And fill in the text. " Erase the name. Liu Yong claimed: "Write words in order."
Guizi and Shili Lotus in Sanqiu: According to legend, Yan Yanliang read Liu Yong's "Watching the Sea" and praised the beauty of Hangzhou: "The southeast is hard to harvest, and the three cities of Wu have been prosperous since ancient times ..." Sanqiu Devil, Shili Lotus ""I set out to cross the river and immediately set out to attack the Song Dynasty with 600,000 troops ". (Luo Dajing's "He Lu" Volume 1)
Anyone who has a well can sing Liu Ci: Ye Songmeng's "Xia Wu Yu" records: "Liu Yong lingered in the narrow evil and was good at singing. Every time the musicians in the teaching workshop get a new tune, they always try to resign themselves to fate and start wandering around the world, so the sound will spread for a while. Yu Shi, a Dantu, saw a Western Xia returning to the official cloud:' Anyone who has a well can sing Liu Ci.' Liu Ci can be divided into two schools: vulgar Ci and elegant Ci.
The Fall of Romantic Genius Liu Yong
Comment on Liu Yong, no matter how you look at him, you have to admit that he is the leading romantic genius in the history of China literature. Li Bai is talented, and Su Shi is also romantic. Think romantic, play romantic, with ease. I'm afraid neither Li Bai nor Su Shi can compare with Liu Yong.
Liu Yong is not only a romantic genius, but also a failed mentor, an alcoholic who often drinks and gets drunk, a prodigal son who haunts Chu Pavilion, a small official with a bumpy career, a professional poet who is ordered to write lyrics, a tourist who wanders around the Jianghu, a pretentious "girl in white", an iron elder brother of a prostitute in a singing house, a bohemian playboy, a street freelance writer and an angry emperor.
When I think of Liu Yong, I naturally think of a famous sentence that has been passed down through the ages: "Since ancient times, it is more worthy of being left out in the clear autumn! Who knows where I am when I am awake tonight? There is a breeze and a waning moon on the bank of Yangliu. ..... "As if I saw the autumn scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, the water and sky were the same under the bridge. There are 100 thousand families in the wind curtain. Sanqiu cassia seed and Shili lotus flower are reflected in the lake. Clouds and trees surround the dike sand, and there are blue boats to urge the hair. In the sunset, my heart is cold and sad. Liuyong, with a sad face, said goodbye to two or three girls who came to see me off. Looking at those tearful eyes, Liu Yong whispered a long complaint: "In the intermittent setting sun. For the evening scene, I miss the distance, and new sorrows and old hatreds come and go. Acacia people are thousands of miles apart. The two places miss each other's feelings and are separated by Qian Shan. The rain stopped, the sky was high and the clouds were light, and the twelve Qingfeng peaks could not be seen in the distance. Without words, who will rely on high intentions? There are 10 thousand kinds of things written vertically, but who will send them to the cloud? ……"
It is well written and beautifully expressed. Liu Yong's works are full of sunshine, spring rain and painters. His description of Jiangnan is vivid, affectionate and tasteful, which fascinates the talented people in Jiangnan. Liu Yong's heart is naive, gentle and affectionate. In the sound training, such as cuckoo crying blood, such as autumn rain beating ping, the lyrics are so graceful.
Perhaps it is precisely because of the rule that "poets should beware of prosperity" that Liu Yong's life is too unlucky. The first time I went to Beijing to catch the exam, I failed the list. I failed the list for the second time. Supposedly, tutoring can make a comeback. Liu Yong, who did not admit defeat, just couldn't hold his breath, so he wrote a poem "He Tianchong" that was full of complaints and shallow knowledge:
On the gold list, I lost hope. How to be a temporary legacy of the Ming Dynasty? If you don't succeed, go for it. There's no need to talk about mourning. A talented scholar and poet naturally wears white clothes.
Yanhua alley is a stranger, as Danqing barrier. Fortunately, there are people in the right place, I can look for them. And snuggled up to the red jade, had an affair, and life was smooth sailing. Youth is a soldier. Endure superficial fame and sing shallowly.
If you don't reflect on yourself, it should be said that the emperor didn't find himself and the government missed the talents. Obviously, he is a civilian, but he must be said to be a talented poet and a senior official without an official robe. In particular, what the authorities can't tolerate is the last sentence: "Endure floating names and sing shallowly." Young people are really crazy. I failed the list, I don't know how to lose face, and I have to pretend to be lofty in exchange for "shallow singing."
Liuyong, who is full of complaints, just wants to be happy for a while. He never imagined that it was the song "He" that made his life miserable. There is nothing wrong with writing a few naughty poems after failing the exam. The problem is that you are not an ordinary epigenetic, you are Liu Yong, and if you are Liu Yong, people will sing wherever there is well water. Liu Yong doesn't know that his name and lyrics have covered the streets and halls near and far; I don't know that magnetic words and fresh rhythm have conquered fans and groupies all over the world. What's more, in some dark corners, some people are peeping at his tracks, and some people are disassembling the unstable factors in his poems.
Several books about Liu Ci.
A few days later, Liu Yong's "cranes fly into the sky" arrived in Song Renzong. Renzong watched and sang repeatedly, and the more he read, the less he felt, and the more he read, the more annoying he became. In particular, the phrase "endure the floating name. Change to shallow singing. " It really hit a sore spot in Song Renzong. Three years later, Liu Yong took the exam again, and finally passed several levels, only waiting for the emperor to circle the list. Who knows, Emperor Renzong saw the word "Liu Yong" in the register, and Long Yan flew into a rage. He wished that Liu Yong's name could not be erased, and he criticized: "Why do you go to shallow wine and sing low?"
The opponent is too strong. Liu Yong, who was removed from the list, pretended to be happy with tears. He cynically wandered the rivers and lakes under the royal signboard of "deliberately writing lyrics" Go deep into the dance floor of the song building, carry out the imperial edict of Renzong angrily, and "sing low" day and night. This move is also poisonous enough. He was out of breath playing with the emperor's humiliation and embarrassment.
Liu Yong, who was ordered to write lyrics, hit the nail on the head with the "shallow singing" of the royal approval, became a famous superstar and played a famous brand effect. The most rare thing is that the bitterness of the ballroom and the wind and rain of the journey have made Liu Yong immortal and brilliant in Song poetry, laying the foundation for his unique tragic life. This is Liu Yong's great fortune, and also the great fortune of China literature.
Qin Lou Chuguan, a dancer and geisha, is a very experienced and sensitive topic. Dignitaries, gentlemen and gentlemen, relying on their power, fell in love with money and money in the Qin Lou Chu Guan, and led a drunken life in singing and dancing. Because of power, all this is legal and should be. They can turn around and go back to palaces and mansions, put on official clothes and black veil. As traditional moral guardians, they slandered and abused dancers and geisha who had been humiliated by them to show their civilization, elegance and integrity. Liu Yong is different, maybe only Liu Yong is different. With kindness and sincere sympathy, he observed the women living at the bottom. He put down the "white minister" who looked down on the powerful, exchanged his heart for hers, made friends with dancers and geisha, and warmed those cold hearts and bleeding souls with full true feelings. In this world full of sewage, Liu Yong saw the filth in the bones of the Song Dynasty and the meanness under the sublime cover. The dirtiest and meanest place is not the Qin Lou Chu Guan, but the magnificent palace.
Facing life, Liu Yong made no secret of his feelings and publicly sang his own voice. In Music Day and Night, I wrote:
Who caused loneliness? Foreword is always faint. I know it's hard to fight on the ground, but I regret not holding it. Not only honesty, but also people's hearts. If you don't think about it for a day, you will have a thousand eyebrows.
There is a saying in "Yu Jie Xing": I am like a flower, and I am still surprised when I dream. I can't sleep with my clothes on. A pillow is rummaged a thousand times. Only Hua Liang, a newcomer from Shuang Yan, was impressed.
"phoenix phoenix tree" wrote: lean on the dangerous building alone, look sad, endless. In the afterglow of grass and mountain light, there is no chance to lean on the bar, and I plan to get drunk and sing to the wine, and the strong drink is still tasteless. I don't regret that the belt is getting wider and the situation in Iraq is haggard.
……
True love, true love, truth, true man.
Dare to write, dare to sing, dare to act, dare to rebel.
Open and aboveboard, frank, sweet, rare truth, legendary story. In that society full of filth, hypocrisy, deception and cruelty, it goes without saying that Liu Yong wrote lyrics and music for dancers and singers. They embraced warmly and fell in love madly, but they were noble, clean and brilliant. If this is Liu Yong's sinking, then this sinking is so beautiful and wonderful. This is enough to eclipse those relationships in the world, especially those based on power and money.
The "gentlemen" called Liu Yong depraved because Liu Yong loved the fragrance of flowers. So "gentlemen" really haven't been to Yanhua Lane? What virtue they are and what animals they are. There are indeed gentlemen who have never been to Yanhua Lane. So, they didn't do anything outside Yanhua Lane. In other words, there is no yearning for Yanhua Lane in their souls? How many "gentlemen" dare say no.
Whether it is clear or turbid, black or white, the problem is not the matter itself, but who did it. Power is the wand of the strong. It can refer to a deer as a horse and turn decay into magic. It has a strong temptation to most men and women. With Liu Yong's wisdom and talent, he can win some power and fame for himself. Liu Yong, who was stupid, just didn't understand, but deviated from power and became close to the lower-level singer maiko.
Li Bai, a great poet who despises powerful people, wants to be an official too much in his soul. In my book with Han Jingzhou, I wrote naughtily: "I was born without Wan Huhou, but I want to know Han Jingzhou." It's really Li Bai who flatters such a delicate art. Later, he and his neighbors in Wang Yong launched an uprising, which almost killed the poet. Du Fu, a poet and saint, looks clean and wants to be an official. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty braved the bullets of the Anshi Rebellion and trudged hundreds of miles in Ma Xie, showing his loyalty and ideals. Is the arrogant Mr. Wang Wei, who lives in Nanshan, but his heart is in Chang' an, always watching the official department. Creatively walked out of a winding officialdom shortcut. It is also lofty and affordable, and there is no need to pay bribes. Niu Er poets and literati, holding glasses and waving pen and ink, are impassioned and contemptuous of powerful people, arrogant like Yun Zhonghe, showing off the mountains that the world plays, and calling them immortals and saints. I can't see the Six Immortals at all. I can't resist the temptation of power and fame, I can't break the bondage of the secular world of mortals, and I can't give up the cancer and warts that grow in the inner corner. The sonorous and lofty words hide greater official addiction and greed for power than ordinary people.
It should be admitted that Liu Yong, who has tried and tested time and again, cannot bind his yearning for official career. However, compared with the persistent efforts of Li Bai and Du Fu who are completely willing to sacrifice their lives for the officialdom, Liu Yong's instinctive "yearning" is insignificant. In the face of the touchstone of fame and fortune, first-class and widely acclaimed masters and figures such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Wei and Han Yu absolutely lost to the downfall-Liu Yong.
Those scholars who are self-righteous and try their best to squeeze into the officialdom will find it difficult to associate with officials and board their ideal boat unless they are thoroughly remoulded and become shameless and dirty. Li Bai, who wanted to be an official, was exiled to Yelang instead of being an official. It's sad enough that there is no one around to deal with the aftermath after death. Du Fu devoted all his life to the imperial court, died before he died, and finally died on the ship, which was pitiful enough and pathetic enough. Liu Yong, who was far away from officialdom, died in the heartbreaking cries of citizens and singers, although he had no children or daughters. The singers made Liu Yong's funeral very grand and gorgeous. In order to commemorate Liu Yong, every year on the anniversary of Liu Yong's death, singers will get together and hold a "hanging willow party". Liu Yong's death, although no one said that he was as heavy as Mount Tai, was a rare happiness and warmth. Romantic wit, romantic life and death.
For thousands of years, only Liu Yong dared to sink so badly, and only Liu Yong fell so wonderfully.
meng haoran
Meng Haoran (689 ~ 740) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Xiangyang Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan, Hubei) Xiangyang is known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. Because I have never been an official, I am also called Monsanto. Once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. Traveling to Chang 'an at the age of 40 should be promoted by Jinshi. He once wrote a poem named Gong Qing in imperial academy, and he wrote for it. He has a close friendship with Wang Wei. Legend has it that Wang Wei once invited himself into the office, just as Xuanzong arrived, Haoran fled to the bed. Wang Wei didn't dare to hide it. According to the facts, Xuanzong was ordered to see it. Haoran recited his poem to the sentence "I was exiled by a wise ruler because of my mistakes", but Xuanzong was not happy. He said, "You don't want to be an official, and I haven't abandoned you. Why do you falsely accuse me!" Put it back in Xiangyang. After roaming in wuyue, I was extremely poor. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), Han Chaozong invited Meng Haoran to Chang 'an to show his respect. But he didn't want to be famous, so he stood me up and got nowhere. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling became the long history of Jingzhou, which led to the shogunate. Before long, he returned to his former residence. In the 28th year of Kaiyuan, Wang Changling visited Xiangyang and Meng Haoran. They met and enjoyed each other. Haoran's disease broke out on his back, and he would be cured, and he would die because he indulged in feasting and eating fresh food.
Meng Haoran was born in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He was useful to the world in his early years, but he was politically frustrated and lived in seclusion for life. He is an honest and clean man, and he doesn't like to please others. His Geng Jie disobedient character and naive and noble sentiment are admired by contemporary and future generations. Li Bai praised him and said: "The beauty is unlucky, so don't focus on the car, but on the clouds; Now, "White-haired" said admiringly: "Gaoshan, how I long to reach you, just to pay tribute to Chun Xiang (A Word to Meng Haoran). Wang Shiyuan said in the preface to Meng Haoran that he was "handsome in appearance and handsome in spirit; Rescuing patients, resolving disputes, in order to establish righteousness; Irrigation of vegetables and bamboo is noble. " Wang Wei once painted his portrait in Yunzhou Pavilion with the title "Haoran Pavilion". Later generations respected him and refused to call him by his first name, so he changed his name to "Meng Ting" and became a local scenic spot. It can be seen that he is famous among ancient poets.
Meng Haoran's life experience is relatively simple, and the theme of poetry creation is also very narrow. Meng's poems are mostly five-character short stories, mostly pastoral poems and secluded poems, and most of them are in the mood of serving immortals. Although it is not without cynicism, it is more of a poet's self-expression. He and Wang Wei also said that although Wang's poems are far less extensive and profound, they have unique artistic attainments.
Meng Shi's poetry is not carving, but thinking, full of wonderful self-satisfaction interest, not frugality and poverty. He is good at exploring the beauty of nature and life, immediately understanding the scene and writing his true feelings at the moment. For example, Qiu Deng Wan Shan sends Zhang Wu, Summer is in the South Pavilion, Guo Zhuang, Night Sleeping in Jiande, Night Song of Deer Gate, etc. , naturally become muddleheaded, but the artistic conception is clear and full of charm. Du Fu said that his poems and sentences in the Qing Dynasty were "perfect" ("Relieve boredom") and praised him for "why bother to write poems, they often give thanks" ("send happiness"). Pi Rixiu said: "Mr. Wang's works are full of praise when it comes to scenery, regardless of the strangeness, which makes those who are polluted and bound the population feel bored. If he loses, he will be lucky and unfortunate. " The beauty of the Northern Qi Dynasty' hibiscus is exposed, and willow is sparse in the middle of the month'; Mr. Wang has Wei Yun Lian Han, Shu Yu Wu Tong. Yuefu Rong' sunshine on the sand, wind and spring turbidity'; The king said, "The fog of clouds and dreams has trapped Yueyang." . Xie Tiao's poem is' dew wet cold pond grass, bright moon reflects clear Huai Liu'; Mr. Wang has "the wind sends lotus fragrance, and the bamboo leaves drip." "This is better than the ancients." His lyrical works, such as "Returning to the South Mountain at the End of the Year", "Feeling on the River at the Beginning of Cold", "Climbing the Wild Mountain with Friends", "Xunyang Looking at Lushan Mountain at Night" and "Talking about Wanshan", etc. Often touched by the ethereal spirit, the brushwork is like nothing, but the meaning is profound and inexhaustible. Yan Yu uses Zen as a metaphor for poetry, which means that Haoran's poem is "wonderful" (Cang Bian). In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Shi Lu introduced Yan's introduction, praised "the theory of verve" and Wang Meng. He used Ran He's poem "Xunyang Looking at Lushan Mountain at Night" as a model and said, "At this point, the poem is empty, and politics is like a gazelle, and there is no trace to be found. The painter called Yipin. " On the basis of inheriting Tao and Xie, the pastoral poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty has made new development and formed a school of poetry. Among his masterpieces, Meng Haoran is the longest. He is the pioneer and has great influence on that time and later generations. His poems are based on broad-mindedness, but "there is a strong and free-spirited spirit in broad-mindedness" (Tang Yingui cited Pu Yin for money). For example, "Clouds dream up and fog around Yueyang City" ("Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang") is linked with Du Fu's "There is Wu in the east and Chu in the south, and you can see the world drifting endlessly" ("Climbing Yueyang Tower"), which has become a famous sentence describing the wonders of Dongting. In Qing Dynasty, Pan Deyu once pointed out: "Pu Qin has been surprised by Xiangyang's poems, such as' Morning Light in Xu Dong'. Lying down in Pukou to smell the fish, the radial sound is dark, and the sunrise weather is divided, which shows that the rivers and lakes are wide and the boat knows the wind. Hanging seats for the morning hair, in the lake. See the middle stream, and press Jiujiang Bear. "In the morning, the incense burner rises and the waterfall sprays Chen Hong." You are full of energy and look down on everything. You can't just look at it and speak clearly. However, this is rare in Meng's poems and cannot represent the main aspects of his style. Generally speaking, the content of Meng's poems is thin, which makes him trapped by space. Su Shi said that he was "high in rhyme but short in talent, such as making wine by internal method without using materials" (quoted from Chen Shidao's Poems on Houshan), which was quite to the point.
Although Meng Xiangyang is the pioneer of Tangshan water poems, his achievements are not as good as Wang Wei's. Why? One is because of his talent, and the other is because his poems are often not as lofty as Wang Wei's. Meng Haoran has been an official all his life, and his heart is not sweet. This situation often appears in his poems, which makes his poems cold and frugal. Wang Moshu, however, was an official all his life. After many twists and turns, he had a profound understanding of the changes of the world. This emotion originated from poetry is often interesting and difficult to pursue.
Although, Meng's poems have their own merits. His poem Far Away not only inherits Tao Qian's thoughts, but also does not diminish Wang Wei. For example, the sentences such as "Going south to the wild, because the leaves are falling, the north wind comes to Shui Han" and "There is a breeze on both sides of the strait, and the moonlight is alone" can really be described as "empty and comfortable, indifferent", which is worthy of being a masterpiece in landscape poetry.
In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), Wang Shiyuan of Yicheng received Meng Haoran's poems and got 2 18 poems. He lost his book. Meng Haoran's poetry collection, which is now widely circulated, contains 263 poems, 45 more than Wang Ben's, including other people's works. For the deeds, see Biography of Old and New Books of Tang Dynasty.
Li shangyin
Li Shangyin (about 8 12 or 8 13- about 858), whose real name is Yuxi Sheng and Fan Nansheng. Poets in late Tang Dynasty. Originally from Hanoi, Huaizhou (now Qinyang, Henan), his ancestors moved to Xingyang (now Henan). His poems are of great literary value. Wen, which is called Xiao with Du Mu, is called Wen Li, which is similar to Duan and Wen in the same period, and both of them are ranked as 16 in the family, so they are also called "Thirty-six Style". There are 300 Tang poems, including 22 poems by Li Shangyin, ranking fourth.
all one's life
Li Shangyin was a scholar in Tang Wenzong in the second year (AD 847). He was a judge of Hongnongwei, Sasuke shogunate and Dongchuan Festival. In the early days, Li Shangyin won the appreciation of Ling Huchu, an important member of the Cattle Party, because of his literary talent, and Li Party married his daughter because he loved him, so he was rejected by the Cattle Party. Since then, Li Shangyin struggled for survival in the struggle between Niu and Li factions, worked as an aide in various provinces, and was frustrated and down and out for life. In the light of predecessors, the poetry circle in the late Tang Dynasty has reached the end of its tether, and Li Shangyin pushed it to another peak. He is the most famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty, along with Du Mu.
The social status of the family
Li Shangyin once claimed to belong to the same clan as the royal family in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Caitian's textual research confirmed that he was a distant imperial clan in the Tang Dynasty. But there is no official document to prove this, so it can be considered that this blood relationship between Li Shangyin and the royal family in the Tang Dynasty is quite distant. Li Shangyin affirmed his imperial clan status many times in his poems. However, this did not bring him any real benefits.
Li Shangyin's family can be traced back to his great-grandfather Li She. The highest administrative post that Li She once held was Meiyuan County Order; Great-great-grandfather Li Shuheng (uncle) is an Anyang county commandant. Grandfather Li Biao, a former Xingzhou document, joined the army; His father, Reese, was once an imperial adviser in the temple. When Li Shangyin was born, Li Siren was ordered by jia county (now jia county, Henan).
one's early years
Around 10, Li Shangyin's father died in the shogunate of Zhejiang, and he returned to his hometown in Henan with his mother and younger siblings, living in poverty and relying on relatives for help. At home, Li Shangyin is the eldest son, so he also bears the responsibility of supporting the portal. Later, he mentioned in his article that he was a "bookseller" when he was young, that is, copying books for others to earn money to supplement his family.
Li Shangyin's poor life in his early years had a great influence on the formation of his character and thoughts. On the one hand, he is eager to be an official as soon as possible to honor his ancestors. As a matter of fact, he did try to shoulder the responsibilities of the family. As an adult, Li Shangyin used the time of his mother's death to move the coffins of relatives buried in various places to Xingyang. Chen Yiyun believes that this is not only dominated by the patriarchal ideology, but also because he was lonely and poor since childhood, so he paid more attention to the love of flesh and blood. On the other hand, his early experience made him develop a hesitant, sensitive and lofty character, which was not only reflected in his poems, but also reflected in his tortuous career.
Li Shangyin's enlightenment education may come from his father, and the teacher who had the greatest influence on him was an uncle of the same clan he met after returning home. The uncle went to imperial academy, but he never became an official and lived in seclusion. According to Li Shangyin's memory, this uncle was very accomplished in Confucian classics, primary school, ancient prose and calligraphy, and was highly valued by Li Shangyin. Influenced by him, Li Shangyin "can write ancient prose, but he doesn't like accidentally". At about the age of 16, he wrote two excellent articles (the theory of genius and the theory of holiness, which no longer exist), and won the appreciation of some scholars. Among these scholars, Tian Pingjun was the envoy of Linghu Chu.
Linghu Chu is another important figure in Li Shangyin's study career. He is an expert in parallel prose and appreciates Li Shangyin's talent very much. Not only taught him the writing skills of parallel prose, but also subsidized his family life and encouraged him to make friends with his children. With the help of Ling Huchu, Li Shangyin's parallel prose writing has made rapid progress, from which he gained great confidence, hoping to develop his career with this ability. During this period (the fourth year of Taihe in 830), Li Shangyin's gratitude and self-satisfaction to Ling Huchu were beyond words: "There was never the slightest neglect, and I gave a pen and inkstone for nothing. Since I deliver books in the middle of the night, I don't envy Wang Xiang for having a sword. "
official career
In the Tang Dynasty, intellectuals who lacked family background all wanted to develop in their official career. There are two main entrances: imperial examination and shogunate. The former is considered as the qualification to enter the officialdom and the official recognition of its administrative ability; The latter is a political team cultivated by some powerful bureaucrats themselves. If they perform well, they can often become official officials of the court through the recommendation of these bureaucrats. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, many officials were qualified for the imperial examination and had experience as aides.
Li Shangyin was appreciated by Linghu Chu when he was young. He had the opportunity to learn Liu Siwen from him and naturally became Linghu Chu's assistant. However, it is precisely because of this experience that he has been entangled in the political whirlpool of the party struggle between Niu and Li all his life.
The dispute between Niu and Li originated from the imperial examination in the third year of Yuanhe (808). Li Jifu, then prime minister, attacked candidates Niu Senru and Li Zongmin because they severely criticized him in the examination paper. As a result, Li Jifu made enemies with Niu Sengru, Li Zongmin and others, and was later inherited by Li Deyu, the son of Ji Li Fu. The "Niu Party" led by Niu Senru and Li Zongmin and the "Li Party" led by Li Deyu attacked each other and fought endlessly for decades, which became a major political contradiction in the late Tang Dynasty.
Li Shangyin's former governor, Ling Huchu, belonged to the "Cattle Party". With his help, Li Shangyin entered the political arena. In the second year of Tang Wenzong (837), Linghu Mao, the son of Linghu Chu, helped Li Shangyin win the Jinshi. After Linghu Chu died, Li Shangyin became the adjutant of Wang Maoyuan, the envoy of Jingyuan, and was appreciated by him. He married his daughter. Wang Maoyuan made friends with Li Deyu and was regarded as a member of the Li Party. This marriage made him regarded as the middleman of Li Party by Niu Party. However, Li Shangyin himself may want to stay out of the party struggle between Niu and Li. His contacts include Niu and Li, and both of them are affirmed and criticized in his poems. However, it is obviously wishful thinking to remain neutral in political struggle. As a result, Li Shangyin didn't please both sides, which made the fox particularly hate him and thought he was ungrateful. Li Shangyin tried many times to remedy Hu Ling's high position, including writing some poems to Hu Ling (such as A Word to Secretary Hu Ling), hoping that he would look back, but Hu Ling always ignored him.
In this case, Li Shangyin's official career is obviously not smooth. He served in Tang Wenzong for four years (839) and Tang Wuzong Huichang for five years (845), but he was only a junior official for a short time. Li Shangyin also worked as a junior official in the grass-roots government (four to five years: Hongnong County Commandant; Two years-three years: lost), but also short and bumpy. He spent most of his life working under the protection of some foreign officials. In fact, whether the "Niu Party" or the "Li Party" is in power, Li Shangyin has never had a chance of promotion. His political career ended in the 12th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (856). At that time, he followed the transportation of salt and iron, making Liu Zhongying an official of salt and iron. When Liu was transferred to the Ministry of War, he immediately lost his job. He died soon after he returned to his hometown.
Widowed in his later years and frustrated in officialdom, he believed in Buddhism.