Second, the history of Xiao Zhuan After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he implemented a series of reforms; Among them, unifying Chinese characters is a very important policy. Qin Xiaozhuan's calligraphy style inherited the inscriptions and stone inscriptions of Qin in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and integrated the calligraphy styles of various places. It is the first unified font in China, which is the key to change the history of books.
In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified the world, and in order to facilitate his rule, he reformed the script, and implemented the policy of "homonym" and "forbidding those who did not cooperate with Qin Wen". Qin Wen is a writing style developed on the basis of "bronze inscription" and "seal script" following the cultural tradition of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so Qin Wen is also called "Qin Zhuan", which is distinguished from "big seal script" by later generations.
Li Si is known as the originator of Xiao Zhuan. "Book Broken" said: "Painting is like a stone, and words fly, although I made it, I made it." His handed down works include Mount Tai Stone Carving, Langyatai Stone Carving, Yishan Stone Carving and Huiji Stone Carving.
After Li Si formulated the form and writing method of Xiao Zhuan, in order to promote it to the whole country, Li Si, Zhao Gao, Hu Wujing and others compiled a literacy textbook written in a standard font-Xiao Zhuan, which was well-known by Cang Xie, Ji Li and Bo Xue, and became an enlightenment textbook for children.
In addition, Xiao Zhuan was used to write imperial edicts, and stones were carved everywhere to sing praises, which made Xiao Zhuan widely circulated.
On the basis of seal script, the characteristics of Xiao Zhuan in Qin Dynasty are to create and unify national characters by deleting complicated characters and abolishing variant characters. This kind of book is relatively simple, with horizontal lines and vertical characters. This is a great progress of Chinese characters and an important milestone in the development history of Chinese characters. It opened up a broad road for the changes of later books such as Kai, Li, Xing and Cao. Some of them are cast on iron, and some are carved on stone tablets and stone tablets. Judging from the actual materials seen so far, Qin Xiaozhan is generally carved on iron, weights and measures, seals, coins and imperial edicts. There are big and small, natural laws, dignified words and neat branches, which are the essence and representative of Xiao Zhuan.
Third, how to use ZSZSZSZ to write the history of these two words is as follows:
History, for short, refers to the history of human society. It is a discipline that records and explains a series of historical events in the process of human activities, and it is also a mapping of the present era in many cases. If it is only summary and mapping, then history as an existence should disappear. The problem of history is to discover the real past constantly, to speak with materials, and how people can become a negotiable problem in reality. History is an extension. History is the inheritance, accumulation and expansion of culture and the track of human civilization.
Fourth, how to distinguish between seal script, regular script, running script and cursive script? Seal script is divided into big seal script and small seal script.
"Dazhuan": broadly speaking, it refers to the inscriptions before Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen and Xiaozhuan, as well as the six-country characters commonly used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In a narrow sense, it refers to essays.
"Xiao Zhuan" comes from "Da Zhuan" and is also called Qin Zhuan when it is popular in later generations. In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang unified China. In order to consolidate political power and develop economy and culture, the Qin Dynasty adopted a series of measures, one of which was to require "the same book", abolish all kinds of synonymous and different variant characters and traditional characters that were used in the six countries, and stipulate Xiao Zhuan as a unified national standard font.
From the calligraphy point of view, its strokes are basically uniform and round, which is very similar to embarrassing, so it is also called "jade embarrassing seal". The glyph is slightly longer, pay attention to balance and symmetry.
For example, the stone carving on Mount Tai and Mount Langya is said to have been written by Li Si, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty. As shown in the figure (from left to right), 1 "Langya Stone Carving" (click to enlarge).
The brush strokes of the model are straight, the structure is neat, the workmanship lies in stippling, and the charm lies in the structure. Honesty without stopping, neatness without informality.
The ancients said, "Dharma is like running a horse." "Big characters are hard to be seamless, and small characters are hard to be generous." The important thing is to fly cleanly.
The regular development of regular script strokes has formed the "Eight Methods of Permanent Characters". It is both a writing method and a writing method.
All strokes of regular script are summarized in eight methods. Each stroke is not isolated, but echoes other strokes.
The eight strokes of the word Yong have their own names according to their positions. Regular script starts with a 30-fold pen, and the pen is in the middle, which is a typical regular script writing method.
The ancients said: "It is really useful to fold more ... If you want to stay less, you will be strong." The pen center is more sleek.
As shown in figure 2, "permanent word eight methods". Running script is a kind of writing between regular script and cursive script.
It originated in the later Han Dynasty, and the earliest calligrapher famous for running script was Liu Desheng of the later Han Dynasty. Running script is a simple writing method of regular script, which is neither as blunt as regular script nor as difficult to read as cursive script, so it looks beautiful and easy to read, and is most popular with the masses.
Running script is one of the most widely circulated and used books. Among them, those who are neat and have the intention of opening letters are called "opening letters"; Grass, which means grass, is called "walking grass".
Preface to Lanting written by Wang Xizhi, a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is a famous calligraphy post. As shown in Figure 3, Preface to Lanting Collection.
The cursive script can be divided into "Cao Zhang", "Today Grass", "Big Grass" and "Crazy Grass". Cao Zhang: Early cursive script evolved from cursive script to official script.
"Cao Zhang" is the predecessor of modern grass. The so-called "grass now" is relative to "Cao Zhang".
It keeps the simple structure of Cao Zhang, and adds hooks and circles to the pen to make the writing smooth and continuous. If "Cao Zhang" is the cursive shorthand of official script, then "Cao Jin" is the cursive shorthand of regular script.
Famous posts include: Seventeen Posts by Wang Xizhi, Book Score by Sun, etc. The "big grass" and "wild grass" in modern grass, such as Zhang Xu's four poems and Huai Su's autobiographical posts. As shown in Figure 4, there are four ancient poems.
5. How did Xiao Zhuan develop in history? Seal script is a general term for big seal script and small seal script.
Dazhuan refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Jinwen and Six Kingdoms, and retains the obvious features of ancient hieroglyphics. Xiao Zhuan, also known as "Qin Zhuan", was popular in Qin Dynasty.
The shape is long, even and neat, and it evolved from Da Zhuan. It is said that the seal script engraved on Qin Quan was written by Li Si.
After Qin Shihuang unified China, he implemented the policy of "the same script, the same car and the same track", unified measurement. Prime minister Reese is in charge. On the basis of the original seal script used by Qin, he simplified it, canceled the variant characters of other six countries, and created a unified writing form of Chinese characters. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was gradually replaced by official script.
But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complex strokes and simple form, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was always used until the collapse of feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technology.
All the words in Kangxi Dictionary are also marked with seal script writing.
Sixth, what is the historical role of ending the picture and character seal script? After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang implemented the policy of "the same rule of characters", and Li Si and others sorted out the characters and changed the fonts.
Before the unification of the six countries, the script was Dazhuan, and after the unification, it was called Xiaozhuan or Qin Zhuan, which is a simplified Chinese character on Dazhuan. Xiao Zhuan, represented by Li Sibei, exists in Xi 'an stele forest.
At that time, Qin Shihuang personally promoted Xiao Zhuan, so he traveled around to make stone carvings. Xiao Zhuan is more orderly than Da Zhuan, and its pictographic meaning gradually weakens, making the characters more symbolic and reducing the confusion and difficulty in writing and reading. This is also the product of the first large-scale use of administrative means to standardize writing in the history of China.
The Qin Dynasty unified the national characters with the sorted Xiao Zhuan, which not only basically eliminated the phenomenon of variant characters in various places, but also greatly changed the situation of numerous ancient fonts in China, and played an important role in the development history of China characters.