Historical seal script

1. Under what historical background did seal script come into being? There are four options. 1. Rule 2 of cultural scene. There are many types of seal scripts that Qin unified the six countries. Let me give you a detailed introduction. Who created it is not simple. It has its historical evolution and development process. Cao Yu's seal script is hasty and rapid, so it has the characteristics of simplifying structure and correcting strokes. Ruan Yuan's Notes on Qi Yi in the Collection of Ancient Zhai and Zhong Ding in Qing Dynasty (Volume 4): Yi Hai Ding Ming: Biography of Cao. All I can know are the words' Wang Jiuyue's Righteousness to the Sea' and' It's true to use it as a tripod to enjoy filial piety', and the rest are unknown, so it's lost because of its arbitrariness and simplicity. "Ancient biography. People in the Yuan Dynasty were particularly abnormal. (2) refers to ancient Chinese characters, such as "Yi", Zhao Huanguang's "Hanshan Broom Talk" in the Ming Dynasty, and the "Nine-style Book": "The second is the ancient seal script, which is a book of three generations, which can be seen from left to right. "Ancient writing (ancient seal script) has three meanings: (65438) Compared with the' modern style' system after Qin and Han Dynasties, (2) It refers to ancient writing of Yin, Zhou or earlier. (3) refers to the words used in weekends and six countries. One of the seal scripts of Xiaozhuan, which is symmetrical with Dazhuan, is also called Qin Zhuan, which means that Qin Shihuang unified the world's scripts and ordered his heirs to make them. Small seal strokes turn around. Li in the Tang Dynasty, Xu Kai in the Five Dynasties and Deng in the Qing Dynasty are all masters of Xiao Zhuan. Jade rib seal is rich in strokes, which means "Xiao Zhuan". In the Jin Dynasty, there was a work called' bamboo', that is, chopsticks. The representative calligraphers of "Yujin Seal" are Li Si in Qin Dynasty and Li in Tang Dynasty. The iron line seal script has fine strokes. Just like iron. The legend of Xia refers to the characters of Xia Dynasty. It is generally believed that Taishigong Zhou Xuanwang wrote 15 pieces of Dazhuan, which was originally called Zhuan, and the "Zhuan" referred to in Xiazhuan is also called Zhuan. According to archaeological objects, no exact and reliable Xia Dynasty characters were found. If there is, it will be more primitive than Oracle Bone Inscriptions. The ancients often said that the bronze seal was attached to the Xia seal, which was based on the false theory. Zhou seal script and Zhou seal script refer to the characters of Zhong Dingwen, Shi Guwen and other big seal scripts. Because Xiao Zhuan is also called Qin Zhuan, Da Zhuan is a symmetrical Zhou Zhuan. Qin Zhuan is called "Xiao Zhuan". Zhang Tang Huai Guan seal script in Han Dynasty. Most of them are Xiao Zhuan, but the shape is close to the square and the brushwork is close to the official body. They are usually used for solemn occasions and gold wares. There are many kinds of seal scripts written by calligraphers in Tang Dynasty, including big seal and small seal, among which Li is the representative of the evolution of seal scripts. Since the Han Dynasty, most people think it was made by Taishi Shuan of Zhou Xuanwang (827 BC). Such as Ban Gu's note: "Master Zhou Xuanwang wrote fifteen pieces of Da Zhuan." Xu Shen also said: "Grandmaster Wang Xuan wrote fifteen pieces of Da Zhuan, which are different or different from ancient Chinese." Ancient prose or different versions, that is, Biography of a Taishi, are added to ancient prose, so Biography is also called Wen Zhuan. Therefore, future generations all think that "Da Zhuan" is a kind after ancient prose. Undoubtedly, it is the oldest and most reliable stone carving cultural relic in China. It is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Shi Guwen has an important position in the history of calligraphy. The oldest surviving rubbings in Shi Guwen are Song rubbings collected by Fan Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo, Zhejiang. The font is roughly between Zhou and Qin Xiaozhuan. It is known that it really belongs to the system of calligraphy before Qin Shihuang. It's a relatively small seal. It is the masterpiece of Da Zhuan. Its font is small and complicated, and it looks like a ritual vessel of the Zhou Dynasty, which is called a strict code. Kang Youwei called Shi Guwen in "Guang Yi Shuang Zhou": "Fine gold falls to the ground, and the grass covers the clouds, which is unique. The body is slightly flat, the insect drum is similar to the gas, and the stone drum is all. It was not until the middle of the Qing Dynasty that the style of archaeological monuments revived, and the stone drum characters were particularly valued by calligraphers. Wu Da, who can get its canon, is strict and elegant, and Wu Changshuo, who is proud of the past, both focus on the present and future generations.

Second, the history of Xiao Zhuan After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he implemented a series of reforms; Among them, unifying Chinese characters is a very important policy. Qin Xiaozhuan's calligraphy style inherited the inscriptions and stone inscriptions of Qin in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and integrated the calligraphy styles of various places. It is the first unified font in China, which is the key to change the history of books.

In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified the world, and in order to facilitate his rule, he reformed the script, and implemented the policy of "homonym" and "forbidding those who did not cooperate with Qin Wen". Qin Wen is a writing style developed on the basis of "bronze inscription" and "seal script" following the cultural tradition of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so Qin Wen is also called "Qin Zhuan", which is distinguished from "big seal script" by later generations.

Li Si is known as the originator of Xiao Zhuan. "Book Broken" said: "Painting is like a stone, and words fly, although I made it, I made it." His handed down works include Mount Tai Stone Carving, Langyatai Stone Carving, Yishan Stone Carving and Huiji Stone Carving.

After Li Si formulated the form and writing method of Xiao Zhuan, in order to promote it to the whole country, Li Si, Zhao Gao, Hu Wujing and others compiled a literacy textbook written in a standard font-Xiao Zhuan, which was well-known by Cang Xie, Ji Li and Bo Xue, and became an enlightenment textbook for children.

In addition, Xiao Zhuan was used to write imperial edicts, and stones were carved everywhere to sing praises, which made Xiao Zhuan widely circulated.

On the basis of seal script, the characteristics of Xiao Zhuan in Qin Dynasty are to create and unify national characters by deleting complicated characters and abolishing variant characters. This kind of book is relatively simple, with horizontal lines and vertical characters. This is a great progress of Chinese characters and an important milestone in the development history of Chinese characters. It opened up a broad road for the changes of later books such as Kai, Li, Xing and Cao. Some of them are cast on iron, and some are carved on stone tablets and stone tablets. Judging from the actual materials seen so far, Qin Xiaozhan is generally carved on iron, weights and measures, seals, coins and imperial edicts. There are big and small, natural laws, dignified words and neat branches, which are the essence and representative of Xiao Zhuan.

Third, how to use ZSZSZSZ to write the history of these two words is as follows:

History, for short, refers to the history of human society. It is a discipline that records and explains a series of historical events in the process of human activities, and it is also a mapping of the present era in many cases. If it is only summary and mapping, then history as an existence should disappear. The problem of history is to discover the real past constantly, to speak with materials, and how people can become a negotiable problem in reality. History is an extension. History is the inheritance, accumulation and expansion of culture and the track of human civilization.

Fourth, how to distinguish between seal script, regular script, running script and cursive script? Seal script is divided into big seal script and small seal script.

"Dazhuan": broadly speaking, it refers to the inscriptions before Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen and Xiaozhuan, as well as the six-country characters commonly used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In a narrow sense, it refers to essays.

"Xiao Zhuan" comes from "Da Zhuan" and is also called Qin Zhuan when it is popular in later generations. In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang unified China. In order to consolidate political power and develop economy and culture, the Qin Dynasty adopted a series of measures, one of which was to require "the same book", abolish all kinds of synonymous and different variant characters and traditional characters that were used in the six countries, and stipulate Xiao Zhuan as a unified national standard font.

From the calligraphy point of view, its strokes are basically uniform and round, which is very similar to embarrassing, so it is also called "jade embarrassing seal". The glyph is slightly longer, pay attention to balance and symmetry.

For example, the stone carving on Mount Tai and Mount Langya is said to have been written by Li Si, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty. As shown in the figure (from left to right), 1 "Langya Stone Carving" (click to enlarge).

The brush strokes of the model are straight, the structure is neat, the workmanship lies in stippling, and the charm lies in the structure. Honesty without stopping, neatness without informality.

The ancients said, "Dharma is like running a horse." "Big characters are hard to be seamless, and small characters are hard to be generous." The important thing is to fly cleanly.

The regular development of regular script strokes has formed the "Eight Methods of Permanent Characters". It is both a writing method and a writing method.

All strokes of regular script are summarized in eight methods. Each stroke is not isolated, but echoes other strokes.

The eight strokes of the word Yong have their own names according to their positions. Regular script starts with a 30-fold pen, and the pen is in the middle, which is a typical regular script writing method.

The ancients said: "It is really useful to fold more ... If you want to stay less, you will be strong." The pen center is more sleek.

As shown in figure 2, "permanent word eight methods". Running script is a kind of writing between regular script and cursive script.

It originated in the later Han Dynasty, and the earliest calligrapher famous for running script was Liu Desheng of the later Han Dynasty. Running script is a simple writing method of regular script, which is neither as blunt as regular script nor as difficult to read as cursive script, so it looks beautiful and easy to read, and is most popular with the masses.

Running script is one of the most widely circulated and used books. Among them, those who are neat and have the intention of opening letters are called "opening letters"; Grass, which means grass, is called "walking grass".

Preface to Lanting written by Wang Xizhi, a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is a famous calligraphy post. As shown in Figure 3, Preface to Lanting Collection.

The cursive script can be divided into "Cao Zhang", "Today Grass", "Big Grass" and "Crazy Grass". Cao Zhang: Early cursive script evolved from cursive script to official script.

"Cao Zhang" is the predecessor of modern grass. The so-called "grass now" is relative to "Cao Zhang".

It keeps the simple structure of Cao Zhang, and adds hooks and circles to the pen to make the writing smooth and continuous. If "Cao Zhang" is the cursive shorthand of official script, then "Cao Jin" is the cursive shorthand of regular script.

Famous posts include: Seventeen Posts by Wang Xizhi, Book Score by Sun, etc. The "big grass" and "wild grass" in modern grass, such as Zhang Xu's four poems and Huai Su's autobiographical posts. As shown in Figure 4, there are four ancient poems.

5. How did Xiao Zhuan develop in history? Seal script is a general term for big seal script and small seal script.

Dazhuan refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Jinwen and Six Kingdoms, and retains the obvious features of ancient hieroglyphics. Xiao Zhuan, also known as "Qin Zhuan", was popular in Qin Dynasty.

The shape is long, even and neat, and it evolved from Da Zhuan. It is said that the seal script engraved on Qin Quan was written by Li Si.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, he implemented the policy of "the same script, the same car and the same track", unified measurement. Prime minister Reese is in charge. On the basis of the original seal script used by Qin, he simplified it, canceled the variant characters of other six countries, and created a unified writing form of Chinese characters. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was gradually replaced by official script.

But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complex strokes and simple form, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was always used until the collapse of feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technology.

All the words in Kangxi Dictionary are also marked with seal script writing.

Sixth, what is the historical role of ending the picture and character seal script? After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang implemented the policy of "the same rule of characters", and Li Si and others sorted out the characters and changed the fonts.

Before the unification of the six countries, the script was Dazhuan, and after the unification, it was called Xiaozhuan or Qin Zhuan, which is a simplified Chinese character on Dazhuan. Xiao Zhuan, represented by Li Sibei, exists in Xi 'an stele forest.

At that time, Qin Shihuang personally promoted Xiao Zhuan, so he traveled around to make stone carvings. Xiao Zhuan is more orderly than Da Zhuan, and its pictographic meaning gradually weakens, making the characters more symbolic and reducing the confusion and difficulty in writing and reading. This is also the product of the first large-scale use of administrative means to standardize writing in the history of China.

The Qin Dynasty unified the national characters with the sorted Xiao Zhuan, which not only basically eliminated the phenomenon of variant characters in various places, but also greatly changed the situation of numerous ancient fonts in China, and played an important role in the development history of China characters.