The Four Treasures of the Study
Brush, ink, paper, and inkstone
1. Brush
1. Talk about the brush
The writing brush is said to have been created by Qin Shihuang's general Meng Tian. Of course, this is just a legend. In fact, a writing brush from the Warring States Period was unearthed from a Chu tomb in Changsha, Hunan. It was made of bamboo stems, rabbit hair, and had a brush cover. Almost a complete set of the Four Treasures of the Study was unearthed from the Fenghuang Mountain Tomb in Jingzhou, Hubei Province. In addition to using bamboo slips instead of paper, pens, inks and inkstones were all included. The pens were also made of bamboo tubes and animal hair
Made with a pen cover that opens in the middle. This is a product of Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty. Some people say that the pen was already used in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The holder of the writing brush is generally made of bamboo, and more sophisticated ones are made of mottled bamboo. It can also be made of rhinoceros horn, ivory, or gold and silver, which are considered arts and crafts. The animal hair used in the pen tip is divided into two categories: soft (soft) and hard (hard). The soft hair is mainly made of goat hair; the hard hair is made of rabbit spine hair and weasel tail hair. The soft hair is made of goat hair. Mixed together with Jianhao is called Jianhao. The nib is made of a cluster of long hair in the middle, called the front, which is the nib; surrounded by shorter hair, it's called the side hair. A good writing brush has the four major advantages of being sharp, neat, round and strong
. Pointy means that the tip of the pen is as sharp as a needle; Qi means that the pen is even and fine; round means that the pen tip absorbs water and is full and round; Jian means that it is elastic. There are many types of brushes. There are many types of brushes, and they should be used to write large characters. If you use a large pen to write small characters and a small pen to write large characters, you will not be able to achieve good results
without the appropriate pen. The area that produced writing brushes ranged from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, with Xuanzhou, Anhui Province being the most famous. The Zihao (old purple rabbit hair) brushes
produced were of the highest quality and were as valuable as gold. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were replaced by Hu
brushes with strict selection of materials and excellent production produced in Shanlian Town, Huzhou, Zhejiang, and are still used today.
2. Introduction to Xuan pen
Xuan pen is one of the four treasures of the study in Jingxian County, Anhui Province. According to Han Yu's "The Biography of Mao Ying", in 23 BC, General Qin Meng >
When Tian was going south, he passed through Zhongshan (the mountainous area in Jingxian County, Anhui Province) and found that the rabbit fat here was long and thick, so he used bamboo as a tube to make an improved brush based on the original bamboo
brush. By the Tang Dynasty, Jingxian County, Anhui Province had become the country's pen-making center, so it was named Xuan brush.
It was later listed as a tribute and royal brush. After that, famous pen-makers emerged in large numbers, and Xuan brush became popular throughout the country and became one of the Four Treasures of the Study. one.
In recent years, the Xuan brush manufacturing industry has carried forward traditional craftsmanship, sought advice from famous calligraphers and painters, inherited and innovated, and now has more than 300 varieties of Xuan brushes
The materials are strictly selected. Exquisite craftsmanship and excellence. The "Crane Neck", "Ancient Method Fetal Hair"
, "Lotus Puff Doubling Brush" and "North Tail Combined Hair" designed by famous artists all meet the four requirements of sharpness, roundness, neatness and health. It is not only sold well in domestic provinces and cities, but also exported to Japan, Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States.
3. Classification and performance of brushes
Writing brushes have a long history in our country. Legend has it that Meng Tian, ??the general sent by Qin Shihuang to build the Great Wall, took rabbit hair from Zhongshan
< p>Made. Although this legend is unreliable, it has some basis. Judging from the writing brush of the Warring States Period unearthed in Zuogong Mountain, Changsha in 1954, it is indeed made of rabbit hair. However, this kind of pen is different from the current pen. Its pen tip is made of rabbit hair wrapped around a bamboo tube, then wrapped in linen silk, and coated with lacquer; the tip of the pen is strong and suitable for writing . This is the earliest existing writing brush in my country. Later, with the development of calligraphy and painting art, the pen-making technology also developed. According to the needs of usersthe pen artists have tried various animal hairs as raw materials, such as deer hair, badger hair, pig hair, chicken hair, rabbit hair, wool, and weasel hair
< p>, etc., it was found that rabbit hair, weasel hair, and sheep hair had the best performance, and they were widely used in the future and became the three major raw materials for making pens.According to different raw materials and properties, brushes can be divided into three types: hard brush, soft brush and mixed brush. Hard pens include purple pens made from old rabbit neck hair
and wolf pens made from weasel tail hairs. The pen pens are both brown, with strong pen texture, strong elasticity and low water storage.< /p>
The lines drawn are vigorous and crisp.
In landscape paintings, the upright trunks, branches, hooks and points of leaves of trees, the outline, rubbing and point of mountains and rocks, and the thin lines of houses, characters, boats, bridges, water waves and waterfalls all need to be It can only be expressed by having strong elasticity. Ruanhao pen
Made from sheep hair, the pen is soft and has strong water storage capacity. It is often used for rendering landscape paintings. Midpoint landscapes and splash-ink landscapes are also commonly used
Sheep hair can achieve the effect of full and dripping ink. Jianhao pens are made of hard and soft hairs, including purple wolf hair, purple sheep hair, chicken wolf hair and other varieties. The hardness is between wolf hair and sheep hair, and can be selected according to personal habits and needs.
In addition, according to the length of the brush blade, the brushes are divided into long blade, center blade, and short blade, with different performances. The long edge is easy to draw graceful lines
The short edge is easy to make the lines dignified and thick, and the center edge is both. It is better to use the center edge when painting landscapes. According to
according to the size of the brush tip, brushes are divided into small, medium and large models. When painting landscapes, you need to prepare some preparations for various models. Generally, you should prepare one stick each for "small landscape" (little wolf hair) and "big landscape" (big wolf hair), and "small white cloud" and "big white cloud" sheep hair< /p>
Just have one pen of each, and a larger "double pen" with a brush. The new pen tip is very sharp and is only suitable for drawing thin lines. The old pen is more effective for chapping, erasing and dotting. Some painters like to use bare pens, and the dots and lines give off a vigorous and simple look. Good writing brushes all have the four characteristics of
roundness, neatness, sharpness, and strength, and they can operate smoothly when used. The brush should be rinsed promptly after use to prevent the ink from drying out and causing damage.
my country's pen-making history has two major centers: Xuanbi (Xuancheng, Anhui) and Hubi (Huzhou, Zhejiang). Nowadays, the paintbrushes produced in Shanghai, Suzhou, Beijing, Chengdu and other places also enjoy a high reputation.
4. Introduction to Hubi
Hubi is produced in Shanlian Town, Wuxing County, Zhejiang. Hu brushes pay attention to the selection of materials, fine craftsmanship, and various varieties. The thick ones are as big as the mouth of a bowl, and the thin ones are like embroidery needles. They have four characteristics: sharp, neat, round, and strong. Point: refers to the tip of the pen being like a cone; Qi: the tip of the pen is flattened and aligned like a knife; Round: the tip of the pen is round and full; Jian: the tip of the pen is upright and elastic. Hu brushes are divided into four categories: Yanghao, Langhao, Jianhao
and Zihao; according to size and specification, they can be divided into four types: large regular script, inch regular script, medium regular script and small regular script. Hubi, also known as "Huying
". Ying refers to the neat and transparent part at the tip of the pen, which is called "spot" by pen craftsmen. This is the biggest feature of Hu pen.
After this kind of pen is dipped in black, the tip of the pen is still pointed. When it is spread out, the hair inside and outside is neat and not short or long. The average yield for goats in this area is only three or two cents per goat, and those with a sharp edge only earn six cents. A Hu pen, every sharp hair on the head of the pen is selected from countless wools of thickness, length, softness, hardness, curvature, roundness and flatness. It has sharp, round and healthy hair. Thin and sharp,
Mao is pure and durable.
2. Ink
1. Talking about ink
The appearance of ink is very early. "Shu Zai Calligraphy Compilation" says: "Xing Yi began to make ink in the Western Zhou Dynasty" , the word is made from black soil, soot,
Soil and the like. "Black soil may refer to a type of black minerals or mineral pigments, so the black characters on the oracle bones
appeared earlier. It is said that it was caused by soot, but it happened after the Western Han Dynasty. The ink unearthed from the Western Han Dynasty Tomb in Fenghuangshan, Jingzhou is in the shape of particles. When grinding, it is placed on a concave inkstone, and an oblate grinding stone is used to press the ink particles and add water to grind them finely or into powder. Then
add water before use. The ink of later generations is indeed made of soot. Its raw materials are different and can be divided into oil smoke ink, lacquer smoke ink and pine smoke ink. They are made of tung oil, raw lacquer and soot burned from pine branches, with yellow added. Made of gelatin, musk, borneol, etc. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the paper produced in Yizhou and Yan County was very famous. During the Five Dynasties, Xi Chao and his son, Yizhou ink workers, fled chaos to the south of the Yangtze River, improved Yizhou's ink-making method, and made "Xin'an fragrant ink". Xin'an is Huizhou, which is the source of Hui ink. Until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Huizhou's ink-making industry developed further, with Hu Kaiwen's ink making being the most famous. The characteristics of Huizhou ink are: "The paper falls like paint, the color is dark and moist, does not fade over time, the paper and pen do not glue, the fragrance is rich, and the texture is rich and smooth."
"And carved landscape figures on the ink surface, made the ink ingots into various artistic forms and applied them with five colors, and embedded them in the brocade box.
It continues to this day and will last forever. It is one of the high-end arts and crafts in my country. . For convenience, most calligraphy and painting now use ink, preferably produced by Yidege and Cao Sugong, but people who are particular about using ink still use the method of grinding Hui ink to create calligraphy and painting.
2. Introduction to Hui ink
Hui ink is one of the "Four Treasures of the Study" in China and is named after it was produced in the ancient Huizhou Prefecture in present-day Tunxi District and Shexian County of Huangshan City.
It is the manufacturing center of Huizhou ink.
There are many varieties of Huizhou ink, including lacquer smoke, oil smoke, pine smoke, pure smoke, reduced glue, and scented ink.
High-grade lacquer smoke ink. , is made of more than 10 kinds of precious materials such as tung oil smoke, musk, borneol, gold foil, pearl powder and so on. Emblem ink is known to be light when picked, clear when polished, fragrant when smelled, and as strong as jade. It has the reputation of being silent, a bit like lacquer, and lasting for thousands of years. It is a must-have for calligraphers and calligraphers.
The calligraphy and painting of famous people are carved by skilled craftsmen on the ink mold, which is a collection of paintings. , calligraphy, sculpture, modeling and other arts, it has become a comprehensive art treasure. In many aspects such as industrial drawing, decorative arts, printing, medicine, and porcelain painting, Hui ink
It is also widely used.
Hui ink production has a history of more than 1,000 years.
3. Paper
1. Paper
Paper is one of the four great inventions in ancient my country. Among the cultural relics unearthed from the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, paper made of hemp has appeared, but it is very rough
Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty used a variety of raw materials and improved papermaking methods to make paper. The quality and output of paper have been greatly improved. Due to the widespread use of paper, Emperor Jin'an ordered the abolition of the bamboo slips that had been used since ancient times, advancing history to the era of comprehensive paper use. p>
The papermaking industry is very developed. Xuanzhou produces rice paper, Jiangxi Linchuan produces thin slippery paper, Yangzhou produces Liuhe paper, Guangzhou produces bamboo paper, etc., all of which are high-quality rice paper products. From Xuanzhou Prefecture (now Jingxian County, Anhui Province), since the Tang Dynasty, it has been used throughout the generations to make paper from green sandalwood bark
, and then gradually expanded to more than a dozen types such as mulberry, bamboo, and hemp. Raw materials. The characteristics of rice paper are: soft and tough texture, beautiful texture, white and fine, durable, and good at expressing the shades and moistness of pen and ink, with endless changes. An ancient poet wrote: "Smooth as spring<. /p>
Ice is as dense as a cocoon" and is known as the "King of Paper" and "Paper has a thousand-year lifespan". There are as many as fifty or sixty varieties of rice paper, divided into raw materials
Xuan paper and cooked xuan. Raw xuan is suitable for both calligraphy and painting. Raw xuan becomes cooked after being coated with alum. Because it does not bleed with water and can withstand multiple dyeings, it is suitable for painters.
Because rice paper is more expensive. It’s expensive, so you don’t need rice paper when learning calligraphy. You can use cheap rough-edged paper and even history paper.
2. Introduction to rice paper
Rice paper is produced in Jing County, Anhui Province, China. The hilly and mountainous areas within the territory (Jingxian County belonged to Xuanzhou Prefecture in ancient times and is now under the jurisdiction of Xuanzhou City, so it is called "Xuanzhi"). The mountains and rivers here are beautiful and the streams are gurgling. It provides abundant natural resources for hand-made rice paper: sandalwood, grass, seasonings, streams, etc. People here have been making rice paper for generations to make a living.
With a history of nearly a thousand years, all dynasties in the past dynasties have listed Jingxian rice paper as "tribute". Anhui Jingxian rice paper has won many gold medals at international expos
, sold well in all provinces and cities in China and in Japan, Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States.
Rice paper - the quality is pure white and fine, soft and even, the cotton is tough and strong, smooth but not slippery, transparent and glossy, the color remains unchanged, and
it does not rot after being stored for a long time. It is durable in every fold, resistant to aging, and insect-proof and moth-proof, so it is known as "thousand-year-old paper". Calligraphy and painting by literati and calligraphers of all dynasties
Famous artists all cherish and use it. When painting with inscriptions on rice paper, the ink rhyme is clear, the layers are clear, the backbone is strong, and the momentum is overflowing. It is thick but not muddy, light but not gray. The words and paintings appear on the paper with high energy and flying spirit. The eyes are bright. Produce a special and full artistic effect.
Albums, letterheads, seals, couplets and other arts and crafts supplies made of rice paper are the best for enterprises, groups and individuals
Written on, they will not change color or become insect-resistant for a long time termite. It has high historical, artistic and ornamental value.
4. Inkstone
1. Talking about inkstone
Inkstone has been used in the Western Han Dynasty. Inkstones were unearthed from the Western Han Dynasty Tomb in Fenghuang Mountain, Jingzhou, Hubei Province. Our country’s tradition has The four major inkstones are Duan inkstone, She inkstone, Tao inkstone and Chengni inkstone. Duan inkstone is produced in Duanxi, the eastern suburb of Duanzhou (Zhaoqing City), Guangdong, and has been very famous since the Tang Dynasty.
Li He wrote a poem: "Duanzhou stoneworkers are as skillful as gods, sharpening their swords in the sky and cutting purple clouds." , praised masons for climbing high places to chisel purple rocks to make inkstones. Duan inkstone is known as "the first of all inkstones". The stone is fine, solid, tender and moist, and it feels like a baby's skin. Warm
As moist as jade, it makes no sound when rubbed, and becomes ink and smooth. There are natural textures such as robin's eyes on the stone. She inkstone is produced in Huizhou. Huizhou is a prefectural government and She County is a county government. They are in the same place. Therefore, She Yan and Hui Mo are sisters from the same place among the "Four Treasures of the Study". The characteristics of She inkstones, according to "Dongtian Qinglu Collection": "It is as fine and moist as jade, the ink is like oil, and it is silent, and it will not retreat after long-term use. It may be faint
The white lines form the vision of mountains, rivers, stars, clouds and moon. "Duan inkstone resources are scarce, and there are not many precious ones; She County is located in the sunshine of Huangshan Mountain, and has a wide range of materials. In recent years, there are still very fine carvings. The artistic inkstone is produced. The stone material of Taohe inkstone is produced at the bottom of the deep water of Lintao River in Gansu Province
It is extremely difficult to obtain. Chengni inkstones are produced in Jiangzhou, Shanxi. They are not stone inkstones, but are sunk into the Fen River in silk bags. They are taken out after a year. The bags are filled with fine sand and used to make inkstones. There are also Lu inkstones produced in Shandong, Pangu inkstones produced in Henan, and ribbed inkstones produced in Jiangxi.
Generally speaking, any stone that is fine in quality, can be kept moist, has no sound when grinding ink, and produces smooth ink is a better inkstone.
2. Introduction to Duan Inkstone
Duan Inkstone is the best among the "Four Treasures of the Study" in China. It has a long history, excellent stone quality and exquisite carvings.
In the early Tang Dynasty, in the Duanxi area of ??Lanke Mountain in Lingyang Gorge, the eastern suburbs of Zhaoqing, Guangdong (known as Duanzhou in ancient times), there were people who made a living by mining inkstones
and producing Duan inkstones. laborers. Here, the water of the Xijiang River flowing eastward passes through the gorge and goes straight to the South China Sea. There are mountains on both sides of the bank
The mountains are steep and majestic, with heavy rocks and greenery. The Shuiyan (Laokeng), Kengziyan, Mazikeng, Chaotianyan, Gu
Gu
Tayan, Xuandeyan... are scattered in this picturesque place. environment. The Duan Inkstones produced gradually became Zhaoqing's unique arts and crafts; they were deeply loved by literati and appreciated by dignitaries, emperors and generals. In the Song Dynasty, Duan Inkstone was listed as a "tribute" and became famous both at home and abroad.
The reason why Duan Inkstone is so valuable is because the stone is particularly young, pure, delicate, moist, solid and tight. In addition to the characteristics of no damage and no freezing in winter. It is also related to the hardships of its mining and production.
The creation of a square duan inkstone requires more than ten processes, including detection, excavation, transportation, material selection, finishing, design, carving, polishing, washing, and assembly
A painstaking and delicate process. Mining inkstones cannot be mechanized and can only be done manually. Quarrymen of the past dynasties followed the direction of the stone veins, followed the flow of the stone veins, dug deep into the stone, and cut through the joints. It is rare to find that 30% to 40% of the inkstones can be used. The tunnel slopes downward and twists and turns. Workers have to squat and bend when entering and exiting. In some areas, only one person can crawl naked
. The ancients said: "The old pit is crawling and the pit is slanted, and the quarrymen used credit from the same generation. To cut the purple clouds and cut them, a thousand gold cuts are not a luxury."
In addition to the past dynasties The meticulous craftsmanship of inkstone makers has resulted in a variety of shapes and styles, which gradually improved from practicality in the early Tang Dynasty to a combination of practicality and appreciation in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and entered the national arts and crafts stage. of ranks. Now it has become a wonderful flower in the garden of Chinese arts and crafts
and is famous far and wide. Chinese and foreign tourists who come to Zhaoqing are all proud to own the exquisite and colorful Duan Inkstone.
Today, the largest Duan inkstone in the world is the "Duanxi Dragon Emperor Giant Inkstone", which is 2.76 meters long, 2.16 meters wide, 0.21 meters thick and weighs two tons. It is known as a "treasure of Chinese culture" and was selected into the "Guinness Book of Records". It is now collected in Baoding Garden of Dinghu Mountain.
3. Introduction to She Inkstone
She Inkstone is the name of a famous Chinese inkstone. It is one of the four famous inkstones in China and is a treasure as famous as Duan Inkstone in the history of inkstones. It is named after the inkstones were processed and distributed in ancient Shezhou Prefecture.
She inkstone began in the Tang Dynasty. According to the book "Shezhou Inkstone Book" written by Tang Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty: Wuyuan inkstone was in the "Kaiyuan Dynasty of Tang Dynasty." When the hunter Ye Shi chased animals
to the Great Wall, he saw stacked stones like fortresses, which were bright and clean, so he carried them with him. After returning, the inkstone was published, and it was warm and moist across Duan River." From then on, She inkstone became famous all over the world.
According to historical records, She inkstone was very popular during the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The skip-shaped She inkstone made in the fifth year of Tang Kaicheng's reign was unearthed in Hefei in 1976. The stone is fine and smooth
and the color is pure. It is a precious relic of the early She inkstone. During the Southern Tang Dynasty, She inkstones were greatly favored. The owner, Li Jing, was skilled in calligraphy and ink.
He treasured She inkstones. He set up an inkstone service in Shezhou and selected Li Shaowei, a master of inkstone craftsmanship, as the inkstone service officer; Later master Li Yu highly praised She inkstone and called She inkstone, Chengxintang paper and Li Ting silicon ink the best in the world.
In the Song Dynasty, She inkstones developed greatly, the scale of She stone mining expanded, and high-quality She inkstones continued to emerge. The variety of names and colors, the fine texture
and the carving work made them famous. The crown of all inkstones.
In 1953, 17 She inkstones were unearthed from the Song Dynasty kiln in She County. The stone quality and shape were different, and they were skillfully made, showing the exquisite appearance of the She stones.
According to the records of inkstone records, there are seven kinds of eyebrow patterns, 13 kinds of outer mountain rib patterns, and 10 kinds of Shuixuan inscriptions in the Song Dynasty.
The various patterns and colors are brilliant and brilliant, as described by Cai Junmo, a calligrapher of the Song Dynasty. Praise: "The quality of the jade is pure and refined, and its edge is completely silent
. Xiangru still insists on going after hearing the Tao, and is willing to take fifteen cities from the Qin people." In the poem, She inkstone is compared with Bian He's jade. , thinking that Sheshi is extremely valuable
. After the Yuan Dynasty, the mining of inkstones continued intermittently, but inkstones still emerged in large numbers, becoming a treasure that was frequently appreciated by the courts and gentry families of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Sheshi stone is of high quality, shiny and dense, and has eight virtues: "hard, moist, soft, healthy, fine, greasy, clean and beautiful". Tender and firm
, moist but not slippery, snapping has a sound, caressing it like skin, grinding it like a sharp edge, suitable for making ink, and its texture is brilliant, the color is like the sky, and it is long
After long-term use, the remaining ink and dirt on the inkstone will become clear and new when washed in water.
Sheshi pattern colors include ribs, eyebrows, gold stars and silver stars. Especially those with unique rib patterns and eyebrows are considered top quality.
The rhinoceros horn pattern, loach back pattern, fine rib pattern, and dark rib pattern in the pattern are all exquisite products produced by the moist ink and water of He. They have always been favored by connoisseurs
Baozhong.
In addition, She inkstones have their own characteristics in terms of carving, maintenance, and recording of inkstone history. The modern production of She inkstones has undergone great recovery and development, regardless of mining pits, inkstone making processes and carving techniques. Some patterned products that have become extinct in history
were rediscovered, and several new varieties were added at the same time, adding new style to the famous She inkstone production.
5. Principles for Beginners to Choose Copybooks
Copybook selection is an important step in learning pen calligraphy. Whether the copybook selection is appropriate or not is directly related to the effect of copying. The principles for beginners to choose copybooks are: high level, practical, and suitable for their own characteristics.
1. Choose standard, practical and favorite copybooks
For middle school students who have no foundation in regular script, you should pay attention to the following when choosing copybooks: First, the font of the selected copybook should be It is
correct and standardized, which is the minimum requirement for practicing regular script. Second, the style of the chosen copybook should be what you like. Both are relatively high-level copybooks, and their styles may be diverse. Only if you like them and can't put them down will you "copy them with your heart and pursue them with your hands."
2. Pay attention to the coherence and variability of the calligraphy selection
The coherence of the calligraphy selection is for beginners, while the variability is for those who have a certain level of writing. Humanly speaking.
This is actually the embodiment of the requirement of "first focus first and then erudition". For beginners, the specificity of copywriting is mainly reflected in
When carefully copying a regular script copybook, you can choose a regular script copybook that is close to the regular script style to practice (preferably the same book) /p>
Copybook written by one person). In this way, it is easy to follow the practice of copying, fast to write, and the effect is good.
For those who have a certain foundation in regular script and running script, after basically mastering one style of copybook, they should change to a copybook of other styles for copying. Through repeated copying training, he absorbed the strengths of each school and gradually formed his own writing style. This requires that the selection of posts should pay attention to diversity
and change, and not be restricted by one family.
3. Regarding the “taste” of calligraphy selection
Most calligraphers have historically advocated that calligraphers should choose high-grade copybooks for copying. Practice has proved that only by copying high-grade copybooks can one develop high-grade calligraphy. However, for beginners, they should deal with the specific situation.
If you do not blindly pursue high taste based on your actual level, it will not only be difficult to understand its subtleties, but also difficult to master
, as time goes by, you will inevitably lose confidence. Therefore, beginners must start from the basics, first seek for fairness, and then learn distribution; when posting, first seek for similarity in form, lay a solid foundation, gain a firm foothold, and then pursue similarity and danger step by step.
6. Use and maintenance of brushes
When brushes leave the factory, the tip of the brush is usually glued with carrageenan. In this way, it is easy to pack without damaging the bristles, and it can also make the bristles straight and solid. When using, gently pinch the pen bristles with your hands, soak the pen bristles with clean water (cold water), spread the entire pen head, rinse the vegetable liquid in the pen, and remove the root. If there are no stuck floating bristles, squeeze out clean water and straighten the brush bristles, then you can
use it with ink.
When using a brush for the first time, soak the pen tip in ink for a while to allow the pen tip to absorb enough ink before using it again. Especially for large pens,
the soaking time should be longer to allow the pen tip to absorb enough ink. Because the hairs inside the pen head cannot be completely soaked by ink in a short period of time,
Even if the surface of the pen hairs is covered with ink, the pen hairs are still not firm and swollen, and the use effect is not ideal. After using it a few times,
the tip of the brush will be completely saturated with ink, and it will become straight, solid, and integrated into one body. The elasticity will be slightly greater, and the use effect
The fruit is the best.
After using the brush, immediately rinse the ink contained in the pen tip with clean water, squeeze out the clean water, and "after the wonderful pen calligraphy..."
Remove the stagnant ink, and the ink will be firm. It doesn’t take off, its edge is not bald, and it can be used for a long time” (Tu Long’s “Kaopan Yushi”). Then gently smooth the brush bristles with your hands
and hang them up to dry for reuse.
It is not advisable to insert a wet pen that has just been rinsed into the pen holder immediately to prevent the water in the pen tip from seeping into the pen chamber, causing the root of the pen tip to become moldy and hairless.
When the brush is used again, it is necessary to soak the tip with cool water and squeeze out the clean water before it can be used for inking. If you do not saturate the pen tip with clean water before inserting ink directly, the inside of the pen tip cannot be soaked with ink in a short period of time, leaving a gap inside the pen tip
, and the pen tip will easily split. , it is difficult to rinse after use.
Some people insert used brushes into a copper pen cover or plastic cover without washing them to prevent the pen tip from drying out and for the convenience of
reuse. This is done , although it can prevent the pen tip from drying out, making it convenient to use again and eliminating the trouble of rinsing the pen, but the effect is very
not good. Because ink is very corrosive to the brush bristles, especially some low-quality inks, it is even more corrosive to the brush bristles. A good brush is often not used for a long time. Just become bald. Although there are many reasons for the baldness of the pen tip, such as the paper is too
rough, the quality of the pen tip hair is poor, the tail hair is prepared and handled improperly during production, etc., the corrosion of the pen tip by ink is often the main reason
One of the reasons. What's more, the tip of the pen completely rotted from the mouth of the pen. This phenomenon clearly proved that the ink was at work. Not to mention
the brush after use neither rinses the ink nor wears a pen cover, causing the tip of the brush to dry out and form a hard lump. If it doesn't open, just press the tip of the pen hard. Doing so will easily break the tip of the pen, leaving the pen without a tip, loose and unable to be used.
In addition, after using the brush, if the ink in the pen tip is not rinsed out, the ink residue inside the pen tip will accumulate more and more, causing the pen tip to deform
and the pen base to form like The hard knots of the ink block form a "big belly", causing the pen to be deformed, the tip of the pen to be split, and the pen tip to be loose.
For long-term storage, new brushes that are not in general use should be wrapped in plastic paper, sealed tightly, and added with insect repellent, usually with mothballs
, and then placed in a paper box In the interior or wooden box, the temperature and humidity are high in summer, so it needs to be dried frequently to prevent mold growth and also enhance the effect of preventing insects
. Soak the brush tip with yellow lotus water, then hang it to dry, and store it for a long time without being eaten by insects.
7. The knowledge of Chinese painting inscriptions
The Western paintings are full and the Chinese paintings are left blank. The blank space of Chinese painting brings out the ability and knowledge of Chinese painting, making Chinese painting a comprehensive art that organically combines poetry or literature, calligraphy, painting and sealing. No matter how it is synthesized, one principle cannot be changed
That is, painting must be the main focus, otherwise it will be nothing more than the alienation of Chinese painting.
Reminiscences of Pine Pot Paintings by Qian Du of the Qing Dynasty: "In the Tang Dynasty, the style of painting was just small characters, hidden in tree roots and stone fissures. Those who were not good at writing would probably end up on the back of the paper." There are dates and months recorded in the Song Dynasty, but they are still written in fine regular script and there are no double lines. However, the inscriptions in Dongpo are all in regular script, or there are three or five lines of postscripts, which are of the Kaiyuan people. Fang Xun's "Mountain Quiet Residence Painting Theory" also said: "Old paintings do not have a name, and those with a name are just inscriptions on tree cavities and stone corners." What the two said does not bother to obtain evidence. For example, the Chinese painting "Landscape" in the collection of Takatongin in Kyoto, Japan was once considered to be the work of Wu Daozi, a great painter of the Tang Dynasty. Later, a small inscription was found above the pine tree in the center - " The inscription "Li
Tang Painting" was attributed to Li Tang, a court painter in the early Southern Song Dynasty.
The paintings with inscriptions began from Su Shi and Mi Fu, and gradually increased in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. He is highly sentimental and relaxed, but if the painting is not enough, he will express it with an inscription.
The painting has a certain place for inscription. The number of lines may be long or short, double or single, horizontal or straight. There are many changes. If the inscription is appropriate, it will be appropriate.
If it is inappropriate, it will be appropriate. It is not weighed. Therefore, paintings are inherently better and better depending on the title, but there are also paintings that fail because of the title. The handmade calligraphy of the Yuan and Ming dynasties, although it invades the painting position
, is still meaningful. For example, Ni Yunlin not only wrote postscripts, but also included poems, often with more than a hundred characters, making the paintings even more elegant. To the Qingteng and Baiyang generations, the style is wild and elegant, and there is a suspicion of "stealing the spotlight". But a poem is sublime, such as the poem "Ink Grapes" written by Qing Teng:
"I have become an old man after half my life, and my independent study whistles in the evening breeze. There is nowhere to sell the pearls in my pen, and I throw them away in the wild. "In the vine." The theme is used to express feelings about nature; the calligraphy is wild and free, very harmonious with the picture, and can complement each other.
The style of painting has reached a state of complete maturity by modern art masters Wu Changshuo and Qi Baishi, and has become an organic part of the painting.
It not only expresses the meaning of the painting, but also expresses emotions. See the perfect composition of the picture. Until Mr. Pan Tianshou, there has been a huge change.
The knowledge of calligraphy and painting is indispensable from the following three aspects: first, literary proficiency, that is, exquisite self-composed poetry or prose, or appropriate borrowing from ancient poetry and prose
; second, calligraphy proficiency, which not only The calligraphy of the title itself is exquisite, but it must also be coordinated with the picture. No matter how precise the cursive calligraphy is, it is still very difficult in fine brush painting
The third is the composition, which is what is said above that "the painting has a certain place for inscription"
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8. Knowledge of Chinese Painting
The forms of Chinese calligraphy and painting are diverse, including horizontal, straight, square, round and flat shapes, as well as different sizes and lengths, except for murals
, the following are common ones.
Zhongtang
Chinese old-style houses have high ceilings, so it is suitable to hang a huge calligraphy and painting on the middle wall of the living room, called the "middle hall".
Banners
A long strip of calligraphy and painting becomes a banner, and the couplet is also composed of two banners. Banners can be horizontal or vertical, and the horizontal ones are similar to plaques
. Regardless of calligraphy or Chinese painting, it can be designed as one banner or four or even multiple banners. Common ones include spring, summer, autumn and winter banners
. Each painting depicts flowers, birds or landscapes of the four seasons, and is a group of four. As for longer poems, if they are not written in the nave, they can also be framed into banners
which is quite beautiful.
Sketches
The so-called sketches refer to calligraphy and painting that are relatively small in size. It can be horizontal or vertical. After being framed, it is suitable for hanging on thin walls or rooms
It is very delicate.
Mirror frame
The calligraphy and painting are framed in a wooden or metal frame, and glass or film is pressed on it to become a pressed mirror. Modern film has the advantages of being non-reflective and lightweight
. As for non-reflective glass, it will not affect people's appreciation of the picture, so it is very popular.
Scroll
Scroll is a characteristic of Chinese painting. Calligraphy and painting are framed into banners, with logs underneath as a shaft, and calligraphy and painting are rolled outside the shaft for easy collection.
Fan
Take the inscriptions and paintings on the folding fan or round fan and frame it to make a pressed mirror. Because the circular or fan-shaped form is beautiful,
so some people cut the picture into a fan shape before painting, and then framed it to create a unique style.
Album
Binding calligraphy and painting into a book is called an album. In modern times, some stationery stores specially framed album pages for people to write impromptuly.
The album pages can be folded into squares, which is different from the long scrolls below.
Long scroll
The painting is framed into a long scroll to form a long scroll, which is mostly viewed horizontally. The pictures are continuous, which is different from the album pages.
Doufang
The sketches are framed into calligraphy and paintings about a square foot to become Doufang. Can be mirrored and mounted flat.
Screen
A single screen that can be placed on the table is a mirror screen. It is mounted in a frame and stands on the Eight Immortals table. It is one of the traditional decorations. As for screens
there are single or folded screens, which can be equipped with calligraphy and painting, and can be used as a sitting or standing screen.
9. Understand pen calligraphy
1. Writing posture
Writing posture is very important for practicing writing. Correct writing can not only ensure free writing, reduce fatigue,
improve writing skills, but also promote the normal development of children and children, and prevent the occurrence of myopia, strabismus and other diseases
生. Therefore, attention must be paid.
Font pen calligraphy is mainly done while sitting. The correct sitting posture is: sit with your upper body upright, shoulders level; head upright, leaning slightly forward
; back straight, chest lifted, chest about a punch away from the edge of the table; feet flat on the ground. Shoulder width apart; place your left and right arms flat on the table
with your left hand pressing the paper and your right hand holding the pen. The distance between your eyes and the paper should be about one foot.
Students sit as required and the teacher guides and corrects them.
2. How to hold the pen
The correct way to hold the pen is to use the three-finger holding method. The specific requirements are: Hold the pen with your right hand, and hold the lower end of the folding rod about 3cm from the pen tip with your thumb, index finger, and middle finger from three directions. The index finger is slightly in front, behind the thumb, and the middle finger is on the inside
against the penholder. The ring finger and little finger are naturally placed under the middle finger in turn and bent toward the heart. The upper end of the pen holder is tilted against the highest bone of the index finger
. The pen holder and the paper are at about 50°. When holding the pen, the finger should be firm and the palm is empty. >