2. (Purpose) In order to strengthen the traffic between the north and the south and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country, Yang Di (Yang Guang) began to dig a Grand Canal running through the north and south in 605.
3. The Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty, with Luoyang as the center, reached Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north and Yuhang (now Hangzhou) in the south, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers, which was the longest canal in the ancient world. (status)
4. The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty was divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan. Communicate with five major rivers: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.
5. (Significance) The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty greatly promoted the economic exchanges between the north and the south of China, and became the main artery of traffic between the north and the south of China, which is of great significance to the future economic development of China.
In 6.6 18, Emperor Yang Di was killed by the Ministry in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished. In 6 18, Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital.
7. Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin attached importance to developing production and reducing the burden on farmers; Appoint talented people, remain humble and be good at receiving guidance. He appointed Fang and Du Ruhui, known as "the room seeks the Du Duan". Reuse Wei Zhi who dares to speak out. ("Take people as a mirror, you can see the gains and losses")
8. During the period of Emperor Taizong (Li Shimin), the politics was clear, the economy developed and the national strength was enhanced. The calendar is called "the rule of Zhenguan". "The boat is better than a gentleman, and the water is better than Li Shu. Water can carry a boat or overturn it. " -Emperor Taizong (meaning: the monarch is like a ship and the people are like water; The knife cuts bread and fingers. It shows that Emperor Taizong learned the lessons of the Sui Dynasty and realized the greatness of the people's power. )
9. The female emperor in the history of China was Wu Zetian, who attached great importance to developing production and appointing talents. It is said that her rule is "political enlightenment and macro-governance."
10. In the early period of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty entered its heyday and was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng". (Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty appointed Yao Chong as Prime Minister)
1 1. Tea drinking was popular in the Tang Dynasty, and the ceramic industry in the Tang Dynasty was developed. Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang tricolor are the most famous.
12, farmers in the Tang Dynasty improved the structure of plows, made crankshaft plows and created new irrigation tools. 13, Chang 'an, Tang Dou is a city in the world. Chang 'an Inner Square is a residential area and the city is a commercial area. 14 Emperor Wendi of Sui adopted the method of subject examination to select officials for the first time. When Yang Di established the imperial examination, the imperial examination system was formally born.
15, the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty was gradually improved, with Jinshi and Mingjing as the most important subjects.
16 The figures who perfected the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty were Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian. Emperor Taizong expanded Chinese studies.
On the scale, Wu Zetian initiated the imperial examination and martial arts, and poetry and fu became an important part of the Jinshi examination in Xuanzong period of Tang Dynasty.
17. The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1300 years in China feudal society until the late Qing Dynasty. 18, the influence of imperial examination system: 1. Politically, the imperial examination system improved the employment system and gave talented scholars the opportunity to serve in governments at all levels. 2. Education: The imperial examination system promoted the development of education, and the reading atmosphere prevailed. 3. Culturally, the imperial examination system promoted the development of literature and art, especially the examination that Jinshi attached importance to poetry and fu, which greatly benefited the prosperity of Tang poetry.
19, the Tang Dynasty carried out an enlightened ethnic policy and "lived in harmony with ethnic minorities". Emperor Taizong was called "Tiankhan".
20. Tubo is the ancestor of Tibetans. At the beginning of the 7th century, Tubo Zanpu Songzanganbu unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, making its capital more logical.
2 1, Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Fan and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet. In the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Wencheng to Tubo. Tubo and Tang Dynasty were "harmonious as one family".
22. The characteristics of foreign exchanges during the Sui and Tang Dynasties: active exchanges, frequent exchanges with Asian, African and European countries. Silla specialty ranks first in the import of Tang Dynasty. Foreign policy: opening to the outside world
23. Since the reign of Emperor Taizong Zhenguan, there have been more than ten Japanese envoys to China. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen traveled to Japan six times. Event: Jian Zhen Du Dong. Significance: promoting friendly exchanges between China and Japan.
24. During the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong, Xuanzang traveled to Tianzhu (India) and wrote The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang, which is an important classic for studying China, Central Asia, India and Xinjiang. Both Jian Zhen and Xuanzang promoted cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and spread China culture.
25. List the scientific and technological achievements of China during the Sui and Tang Dynasties:
A: ① Zhao Zhouqiao, designed and built by Li Chun of Sui Dynasty in China, is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world. Chang 'an, Tang Dou was a city in the world at that time.
Printing is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. There were carved Buddhist scriptures in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
(4) The Diamond Sutra, which was printed in the Tang Dynasty, is the earliest block printing with exact date in the world. Gunpowder was invented in Sui and Tang Dynasties. It was used in war at the end of Tang Dynasty.
26. Yan Zhenqing was the most accomplished calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty after Wang Xizhi. Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan called it "Yangu".
27. Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in western Gansu is one of the world's art treasures, mainly colored sculptures and murals. In the 28th century and the beginning of 10 century, Bao Zheng, the leader of the Khitan, unified the ministries of the Khitan and established the Khitan State, with Beijing as its capital. In AD 29 and 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, and established the Northern Song Dynasty, with its capital in Tokyo (now Kaifeng). When I was in Song Zhenzong,
He made an alliance with Liao, and Song gave Liao old coins, so the two sides kept peace.
30.165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, Yuan Hao, the leader of the Tangut, established Xixia with its capital in Xingqing (Yinchuan). The Song Dynasty gave Xixia a New Year's coin and became a vassal of the Song Dynasty.
3 1 and1At the beginning of the 2nd century, Akuta, the leader of the Jurchen nationality, established the Jin Dynasty, with its capital Huining (later moved to Zhongdu). 32,65,438+065,438+027 Jin Dynasty perished in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the same year, Zhao Gou ascended the throne, with its capital in Lin 'an (Hangzhou), known as the Southern Song Dynasty. 33. Yue Fei, a famous anti-Jin star in the Southern Song Dynasty, defeated Jin Jun in Yancheng and recovered many lost lands. He was killed by Qin Gui.
34. From the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the economic center of China began to move southward; During the Southern Song Dynasty, China's economic center of gravity moved south. ("the country is fundamental, relying on the southeast": the state's fiscal revenue mainly depends on the south, especially the southeast region) 35. Rice jumped to the top of grain output in Song Dynasty. Suzhou and Huzhou in Taihu Lake Basin are important granaries. Zhancheng rice imported from Vietnam is popularized in Jiangnan. Cotton planting has expanded from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to the Yangtze River basin. 36. The shipbuilding industry in Song Dynasty ranked first in the world. Overseas trade exceeds that of the previous generation. Guangzhou and Quanzhou are world-famous large commercial ports. The Song government encouraged overseas trade and set up shipping companies in major ports for management.
37. Silk fabrics in the Northern Song Dynasty are "the best in the world". Silk production in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces is very high, and many silks used by the imperial court come from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.
38. The Song Dynasty is the modernization of China porcelain. The ice-cracked porcelain fired in Zhejiang Geyao gives people a unique aesthetic feeling. It rose in Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty and later developed into a porcelain capital.
39. The commercial city in the Southern Song Dynasty was Lin 'an, which was far more prosperous than Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty. 40. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan, which was the earliest paper money in the world. The emergence of paper money is conducive to commercial development.
4 1. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, people could only wear black and white clothes, followed by small sleeve's narrow-body jacket (a manifestation of national integration). There are strict rules on the dress color of officials, and pearls and jade are not allowed on coats and hats. Later clothes were exquisite and gorgeous. Explain the economic development and the prevalence of luxury. Due to the advocacy of scholar-officials, the bad habit of female foot-binding spread. 42. Most of the meat in the Northern Song Dynasty was mutton; Eat more fish in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, pasta was the main food in the north and rice was the main food in the south.
43. Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Both existed in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the Spring Festival was called New Year's Day, and it was the most important.
44. 1206, Mongolian nobles elected Temujin as Khan, honorably called Genghis Khan, and established and unified Mongolia.
45. 127 1 year, Kublai Khan named the country yuan, 1272 year, and made its capital mostly. 1276, the Yuan army occupied Lin 'an and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. Anti-meta hero: Wen Tianxiang (life has never died since ancient times, leaving Danqing history to shine). The Yuan Dynasty was the first unified central government established by ethnic minorities in China.
46. Italian traveler Kyle? Poirot's book Kyle? Travel notes of Poirot. Described the bustling scene of the metropolis. 47. In order to facilitate the transportation of grain from south to north, two new canals were dug: Tonghui River and Huitong River.
The Yuan Dynasty practiced the provincial system and effectively ruled the whole country. In Yuan Shizu, a central province is established, and local provinces are established, referred to as "provinces" for short. The establishment of provincial administrative regions in China began in the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan government established Zheng Xuanyuan and strengthened its jurisdiction over Tibet, and Tibet became the official administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty. It also strengthened the jurisdiction over Taiwan Province Province (Ryukyu) (set up the Penghu Inspection Department).
48. The manifestations of ethnic integration in Yuan Dynasty: ① Han people moved to the frontier and developed the frontier; (2) Border ethnic minorities moved to the Central Plains and Jiangnan; (3) The Khitans and Jurchens who originally moved to the mainland merged with the Han people; (4) forming a new nationality-Hui nationality.
49. The Sui and Tang Dynasties invented block printing; Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the Northern Song Dynasty, which greatly promoted the spread of culture. Raw material: clay. Movable type printing only appeared in Europe in the15th century, about 400 years later than China.
50. Sina in the Warring States Period was the earliest guiding instrument in the world. The compass was made in the Northern Song Dynasty and began to be used in navigation. Compasses were widely used in navigation during the Southern Song Dynasty. The compass created conditions for the navigation activities of later European navigators. And promoted the development of China's navigation. (meaning)